随着连接和自动化车辆(CAV)技术的出现,越来越需要在使用这种技术的同时评估驾驶员行为。在第一研究中,在驾驶模拟器环境中引入了使用CAV技术的行人碰撞警告(PCW)系统,以评估驾驶员制动行为,在jaywalking行人的存在下。招募了来自各种各样的社会经济背景的93名参与者,为这项研究招募了该研究的,为此开设了哈尔的摩市中心的虚拟网络。眼睛跟踪装置还用于观察分心和头部运动。对数逻辑加速故障时间(AFT)分配模型用于该分析,计算减速时间;从行人变得可见的那一刻到达到最小速度的点,让行人通过。 PCW系统的存在显着影响减速时间和减速率,因为它增加了前者并减少了后者,这证明了该系统在提供有效驾驶机动方面的有效性,通过大大降低速度。进行了混蛋分析,以分析制动和加速的突然性。凝视分析表明,该系统能够吸引司机的注意力,因为大多数司机都注意到了显示的警告。驾驶员与路线和连接的车辆的熟悉程度降低了减速时间;由于雄性往往具有更长的减速时间,性别也会产生重大影响,即更多的时间来舒适地刹车并允许行人通过。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Traffic jams occurring on highways cause increased travel time as well as increased fuel consumption and collisions. Traffic jams without a clear cause, such as an on-ramp or an accident, are called phantom traffic jams and are said to make up 50% of all traffic jams. They are the result of an unstable traffic flow caused by human driving behavior. Automating the longitudinal vehicle motion of only 5% of all cars in the flow can dissipate phantom traffic jams. However, driving automation introduces safety issues when human drivers need to take over the control from the automation. We investigated whether phantom traffic jams can be dissolved using haptic shared control. This keeps humans in the loop and thus bypasses the problem of humans' limited capacity to take over control, while benefiting from most advantages of automation. In an experiment with 24 participants in a driving simulator, we tested the effect of haptic shared control on the dynamics of traffic flow, and compared it with manual control and full automation. We also investigated the effect of two control types on participants' behavior during simulated silent automation failures. Results show that haptic shared control can help dissipating phantom traffic jams better than fully manual control but worse than full automation. We also found that haptic shared control reduces the occurrence of unsafe situations caused by silent automation failures compared to full automation. Our results suggest that haptic shared control can dissipate phantom traffic jams while preventing safety risks associated with full automation.
translated by 谷歌翻译
为连接和自动化车辆(CAVS)开发安全性和效率应用需要大量的测试和评估。在关键和危险情况下对这些系统运行的需求使他们的评估负担非常昂贵,可能危险且耗时。作为替代方案,研究人员试图使用仿真平台研究和评估其算法和设计。建模驾驶员或人类操作员在骑士或其他与他们相互作用的车辆中的行为是此类模拟的主要挑战之一。虽然为人类行为开发完美的模型是一项具有挑战性的任务和一个开放的问题,但我们展示了用于驾驶员行为的模拟器中当前模型的显着增强。在本文中,我们为混合运输系统提供了一个模拟平台,其中包括人类驱动和自动化车辆。此外,我们分解了人类驾驶任务,并提供了模拟大规模交通情况的模块化方法,从而可以彻底研究自动化和主动的安全系统。通过互连模块的这种表示形式提供了一个可以调节的人解剖系统,以代表不同类别的驱动程序。此外,我们分析了一个大型驾驶数据集以提取表达参数,以最好地描述不同的驾驶特性。最后,我们在模拟器中重新创建了类似密集的交通情况,并对各种人类特异性和系统特异性因素进行了彻底的分析,研究了它们对交通网络性能和安全性的影响。
translated by 谷歌翻译
This paper describes Waymo's Collision Avoidance Testing (CAT) methodology: a scenario-based testing method that evaluates the safety of the Waymo Driver Automated Driving Systems' (ADS) intended functionality in conflict situations initiated by other road users that require urgent evasive maneuvers. Because SAE Level 4 ADS are responsible for the dynamic driving task (DDT), when engaged, without immediate human intervention, evaluating a Level 4 ADS using scenario-based testing is difficult due to the potentially infinite number of operational scenarios in which hazardous situations may unfold. To that end, in this paper we first describe the safety test objectives for the CAT methodology, including the collision and serious injury metrics and the reference behavior model representing a non-impaired eyes on conflict human driver used to form an acceptance criterion. Afterward, we introduce the process for identifying potentially hazardous situations from a combination of human data, ADS testing data, and expert knowledge about the product design and associated Operational Design Domain (ODD). The test allocation and execution strategy is presented next, which exclusively utilize simulations constructed from sensor data collected on a test track, real-world driving, or from simulated sensor data. The paper concludes with the presentation of results from applying CAT to the fully autonomous ride-hailing service that Waymo operates in San Francisco, California and Phoenix, Arizona. The iterative nature of scenario identification, combined with over ten years of experience of on-road testing, results in a scenario database that converges to a representative set of responder role scenarios for a given ODD. Using Waymo's virtual test platform, which is calibrated to data collected as part of many years of ADS development, the CAT methodology provides a robust and scalable safety evaluation.
translated by 谷歌翻译
自动化驾驶系统(广告)开辟了汽车行业的新领域,为未来的运输提供了更高的效率和舒适体验的新可能性。然而,在恶劣天气条件下的自主驾驶已经存在,使自动车辆(AVS)长时间保持自主车辆(AVS)或更高的自主权。本文评估了天气在分析和统计方式中为广告传感器带来的影响和挑战,并对恶劣天气条件进行了解决方案。彻底报道了关于对每种天气的感知增强的最先进技术。外部辅助解决方案如V2X技术,当前可用的数据集,模拟器和天气腔室的实验设施中的天气条件覆盖范围明显。通过指出各种主要天气问题,自主驾驶场目前正在面临,近年来审查硬件和计算机科学解决方案,这项调查概述了在不利的天气驾驶条件方面的障碍和方向的障碍和方向。
translated by 谷歌翻译
自动化车辆功能最佳接受和舒适性的关键因素是驾驶方式。自动化和驱动程序偏爱的驾驶方式之间的不匹配可以使用户更频繁地接管甚至禁用自动化功能。这项工作建议用多模式信号识别用户驾驶样式偏好,因此该车辆可以以连续自动的方式匹配用户偏好。我们对36名参与者进行了驾驶模拟器研究,并收集了广泛的多模式数据,包括行为,生理和情境数据。这包括眼目光,转向抓地力,驾驶演习,制动和节气门踏板输入以及距踏板的脚距离,瞳孔直径,电流皮肤反应,心率和情境驱动驱动环境。然后,我们建立了机器学习模型来识别首选的驾驶方式,并确认所有模式对于识别用户偏好都很重要。这项工作为自动车辆的隐性自适应驾驶风格铺平了道路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Before the transition of AVs to urban roads and subsequently unprecedented changes in traffic conditions, evaluation of transportation policies and futuristic road design related to pedestrian crossing behavior is of vital importance. Recent studies analyzed the non-causal impact of various variables on pedestrian waiting time in the presence of AVs. However, we mainly investigate the causal effect of traffic density on pedestrian waiting time. We develop a Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DML) model in which the impact of confounders variable influencing both a policy and an outcome of interest is addressed, resulting in unbiased policy evaluation. Furthermore, we try to analyze the effect of traffic density by developing a copula-based joint model of two main components of pedestrian crossing behavior, pedestrian stress level and waiting time. The copula approach has been widely used in the literature, for addressing self-selection problems, which can be classified as a causality analysis in travel behavior modeling. The results obtained from copula approach and DML are compared based on the effect of traffic density. In DML model structure, the standard error term of density parameter is lower than copula approach and the confidence interval is considerably more reliable. In addition, despite the similar sign of effect, the copula approach estimates the effect of traffic density lower than DML, due to the spurious effect of confounders. In short, the DML model structure can flexibly adjust the impact of confounders by using machine learning algorithms and is more reliable for planning future policies.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Digital Twin is an emerging technology that replicates real-world entities into a digital space. It has attracted increasing attention in the transportation field and many researchers are exploring its future applications in the development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies. Connected vehicles (CVs) and pedestrians are among the major traffic participants in ITS. However, the usage of Digital Twin in research involving both CV and pedestrian remains largely unexplored. In this study, a Digital Twin framework for CV and pedestrian in-the-loop simulation is proposed. The proposed framework consists of the physical world, the digital world, and data transmission in between. The features for the entities (CV and pedestrian) that need digital twined are divided into external state and internal state, and the attributes in each state are described. We also demonstrate a sample architecture under the proposed Digital Twin framework, which is based on Carla-Sumo Co-simulation and Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE). The proposed framework is expected to provide guidance to the future Digital Twin research, and the architecture we build can serve as the testbed for further research and development of ITS applications on CV and pedestrian.
translated by 谷歌翻译
汽车行业在过去几十年中见证了越来越多的发展程度;从制造手动操作车辆到具有高自动化水平的制造车辆。随着近期人工智能(AI)的发展,汽车公司现在雇用BlackBox AI模型来使车辆能够感知其环境,并使人类少或没有输入的驾驶决策。希望能够在商业规模上部署自治车辆(AV),通过社会接受AV成为至关重要的,并且可能在很大程度上取决于其透明度,可信度和遵守法规的程度。通过为AVS行为的解释提供对这些接受要求的遵守对这些验收要求的评估。因此,解释性被视为AVS的重要要求。 AV应该能够解释他们在他们运作的环境中的“见到”。在本文中,我们对可解释的自动驾驶的现有工作体系进行了全面的调查。首先,我们通过突出显示并强调透明度,问责制和信任的重要性来开放一个解释的动机;并审查与AVS相关的现有法规和标准。其次,我们识别并分类了参与发展,使用和监管的不同利益相关者,并引出了AV的解释要求。第三,我们对以前的工作进行了严格的审查,以解释不同的AV操作(即,感知,本地化,规划,控制和系统管理)。最后,我们确定了相关的挑战并提供建议,例如AV可解释性的概念框架。该调查旨在提供对AVS中解释性感兴趣的研究人员所需的基本知识。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在灯号路口闯红灯是一个成长的道路安全问题全球,导致先进的智能交通技术和对策的快速发展。然而,现有的研究还没有总结并提出改进安全技术,这些基于创新的效果。本文代表的闯红灯行为的预测方法和技术为基础的对策进行全面审查。具体来说,本研究的重点是提供有关文献的两个流进行全面审查靶向闯红灯,并在灯号控制路口停时走的行为(1)研究专注于模拟和预测闯红灯和停止-and-go相关驾驶员的行为,(2)侧重于不同的技术为基础的措施,其打击这种不安全行为的有效性研究。这项研究提供了系统的指导,以帮助研究人员和利益相关者了解如何最好地识别闯红灯和停止和去相关的驾驶行为,并随后采取对策,以制止这种危险行为,提高相关的安全。
translated by 谷歌翻译
The pattern of pedestrian crashes varies greatly depending on lighting circumstances, emphasizing the need of examining pedestrian crashes in various lighting conditions. Using Louisiana pedestrian fatal and injury crash data (2010-2019), this study applied Association Rules Mining (ARM) to identify the hidden pattern of crash risk factors according to three different lighting conditions (daylight, dark-with-streetlight, and dark-no-streetlight). Based on the generated rules, the results show that daylight pedestrian crashes are associated with children (less than 15 years), senior pedestrians (greater than 64 years), older drivers (>64 years), and other driving behaviors such as failure to yield, inattentive/distracted, illness/fatigue/asleep. Additionally, young drivers (15-24 years) are involved in severe pedestrian crashes in daylight conditions. This study also found pedestrian alcohol/drug involvement as the most frequent item in the dark-with-streetlight condition. This crash type is particularly associated with pedestrian action (crossing intersection/midblock), driver age (55-64 years), speed limit (30-35 mph), and specific area type (business with mixed residential area). Fatal pedestrian crashes are found to be associated with roadways with high-speed limits (>50 mph) during the dark without streetlight condition. Some other risk factors linked with high-speed limit related crashes are pedestrians walking with/against the traffic, presence of pedestrian dark clothing, pedestrian alcohol/drug involvement. The research findings are expected to provide an improved understanding of the underlying relationships between pedestrian crash risk factors and specific lighting conditions. Highway safety experts can utilize these findings to conduct a decision-making process for selecting effective countermeasures to reduce pedestrian crashes strategically.
translated by 谷歌翻译
自主系统(AS)越来越多地提出或在安全关键(SC)应用中使用,例如公路车辆。许多这样的系统利用复杂的传感器套件和处理来提供场景理解,从而使“决策”(例如路径计划)提供了信息。传感器处理通常利用机器学习(ML),并且必须在具有挑战性的环境中工作,此外,ML算法具有已知的局限性,例如,对象分类中错误的负面因素或假阳性的可能性。为常规SC系统开发的完善的安全分析方法与AS使用的AS,ML或传感系统没有很好的匹配。本文提出了适应良好的安全分析方法的适应,以解决AS的传感系统的细节,包括解决环境效应和ML的潜在故障模式,并为选择特定的指南或提示集提供了理由。安全分析。它继续展示了如何使用分析结果来告知AS系统的设计和验证,并通过对移动机器人进行部分分析来说明新方法。本文中的插图主要基于光学传感,但是本文讨论了该方法对其他感应方式的适用性及其在更广泛的安全过程中的作用,以解决AS的整体功能
translated by 谷歌翻译
高速公路飞行员辅助已成为先进驾驶员辅助系统的前线。对安全和用户验收的提高要求正在呼吁在此类系统的开发过程中进行个性化。通过对横向对驾驶员的偏好进行了启发的启发,提出了一种个性化的公路导频辅助算法,其包括基于智能驱动器模型(IDM)的速度控制模型和考虑领先的车辆横向的新车道保持模型。移动。进行了模拟驾驶实验,以分析自由驾驶和行驶场景中的驾驶员凝视和泳道保持行为。驱动程序集中成两个驾驶样式组,指的是其受前方车辆影响的驾驶行为,然后优化每个特定主题驱动程序的个性化参数。通过基于移动基础模拟器的驾驶员实验验证了所提出的算法。结果表明,与未个性化算法相比,个性化公路试点算法可以显着降低心理工作量,并提高用户接受辅助功能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
无罪化的交叉路口驾驶对自动车辆有挑战性。为了安全有效的性能,应考虑相互作用的车辆的多样化和动态行为。基于游戏理论框架,提出了一种用于无罪交叉口的自动决策的人类收益设计方法。展望理论被引入将客观碰撞风险映射到主观驾驶员收益,并且驾驶风格可以量化为安全和速度之间的权衡。为了考虑相互作用的动态,进一步引入了概率模型来描述司机的加速趋势。仿真结果表明,该决策算法可以描述极限情况下双车交互的动态过程。统一采样案例模拟的统计数据表明,安全互动的成功率达到98%,而且还可以保证速度效率。在四臂交叉路口的四车辆交互情景中进一步应用并验证了所提出的方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
由于需要快速原型制作和广泛的测试,模拟在自主驾驶中的作用变得越来越重要。基于物理的模拟使用涉及多个利益和优势,以合理的成本消除了对原型,驱动因素和脆弱道路使用者的风险。但是,有两个主要局限性。首先,众所周知的现实差距是指现实与模拟之间的差异,这阻止了模拟自主驾驶体验实现有效的现实性能。其次,缺乏有关真实代理商的行为的经验知识,包括备用驾驶员或乘客以及其他道路使用者,例如车辆,行人或骑自行车的人。代理仿真通常是根据实际数据进行确定性,随机概率或生成的预编程的,但它不代表与特定模拟方案相互作用的真实试剂的行为。在本文中,我们提出了一个初步框架,以实现真实试剂与模拟环境(包括自动驾驶汽车)之间的实时互动,并从多个视图中从模拟传感器数据中生成合成序列,这些视图可用于培训依赖行为模型的预测系统。我们的方法将沉浸式的虚拟现实和人类运动捕获系统与Carla模拟器进行自主驾驶。我们描述了提出的硬件和软件体系结构,并讨论所谓的行为差距或存在。我们提出了支持这种方法的潜力并讨论未来步骤的初步但有希望的结果。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在公共道路上大规模的自动车辆部署有可能大大改变当今社会的运输方式。尽管这种追求是在几十年前开始的,但仍有公开挑战可靠地确保此类车辆在开放环境中安全运行。尽管功能安全性是一个完善的概念,但测量车辆行为安全的问题仍然需要研究。客观和计算分析交通冲突的一种方法是开发和利用所谓的关键指标。在与自动驾驶有关的各种应用中,当代方法利用了关键指标的潜力,例如用于评估动态风险或过滤大型数据集以构建方案目录。作为系统地选择适当的批判性指标的先决条件,我们在自动驾驶的背景下广泛回顾了批判性指标,其属性及其应用的现状。基于这篇综述,我们提出了一种适合性分析,作为一种有条不紊的工具,可以由从业者使用。然后,可以利用提出的方法和最新审查的状态来选择涵盖应用程序要求的合理的测量工具,如分析的示例性执行所证明。最终,高效,有效且可靠的衡量自动化车辆安全性能是证明其可信赖性的关键要求。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has been proposed as a potential solution to improve the robustness and safety of autonomous vehicles by improving coordination and removing the barrier of non-line-of-sight sensing. Cooperative Vehicle Safety (CVS) applications are tightly dependent on the reliability of the underneath data system, which can suffer from loss of information due to the inherent issues of their different components, such as sensors failures or the poor performance of V2X technologies under dense communication channel load. Particularly, information loss affects the target classification module and, subsequently, the safety application performance. To enable reliable and robust CVS systems that mitigate the effect of information loss, we proposed a Context-Aware Target Classification (CA-TC) module coupled with a hybrid learning-based predictive modeling technique for CVS systems. The CA-TC consists of two modules: A Context-Aware Map (CAM), and a Hybrid Gaussian Process (HGP) prediction system. Consequently, the vehicle safety applications use the information from the CA-TC, making them more robust and reliable. The CAM leverages vehicles path history, road geometry, tracking, and prediction; and the HGP is utilized to provide accurate vehicles' trajectory predictions to compensate for data loss (due to communication congestion) or sensor measurements' inaccuracies. Based on offline real-world data, we learn a finite bank of driver models that represent the joint dynamics of the vehicle and the drivers' behavior. We combine offline training and online model updates with on-the-fly forecasting to account for new possible driver behaviors. Finally, our framework is validated using simulation and realistic driving scenarios to confirm its potential in enhancing the robustness and reliability of CVS systems.
translated by 谷歌翻译
深度神经网络(DNN)在解释图像数据方面取得了令人印象深刻的进步,因此可以在某种程度上可以在某种程度上使用它们,以在自动驾驶(例如自动驾驶)中使用它们。从道德的角度来看,AI算法应考虑到街道上的物体或受试者的脆弱性,范围从“完全没有”,例如这条路本身,是行人的“高脆弱性”。考虑到这一点的一种方法是定义一个语义类别与另一个语义类别的混淆成本,并使用基于成本的决策规则来解释概率,即DNN的输出。但是,如何定义成本结构是一个开放的问题,应该负责谁来执行此操作,从而定义了AI-Algorithms实际上将“看到”。作为一个可能的答案,我们遵循一种参与式方法,并建立在线调查,要求公众定义成本结构。我们介绍了调查设计和获取的数据以及评估,该评估还区分了视角(汽车乘客与外部交通参与者)和性别。使用基于仿真的$ f $检验,我们发现两组之间存在很大的显着差异。这些差异对在与自动驾驶汽车的安全临界距离内的可靠检测有后果。我们讨论与这种方法相关的道德问题,并从心理学的角度讨论了从人机相互作用到调查出现的问题。最后,我们在AI安全领域的行业领导者对基于调查的元素在自动驾驶中的AI功能设计中的适用性进行了评论。
translated by 谷歌翻译
关键应用程序中机器学习(ML)组件的集成引入了软件认证和验证的新挑战。正在开发新的安全标准和技术准则,以支持基于ML的系统的安全性,例如ISO 21448 SOTIF用于汽车域名,并保证机器学习用于自主系统(AMLAS)框架。 SOTIF和AMLA提供了高级指导,但对于每个特定情况,必须将细节凿出来。我们启动了一个研究项目,目的是证明开放汽车系统中ML组件的完整安全案例。本文报告说,Smikk的安全保证合作是由行业级别的行业合作的,这是一个基于ML的行人自动紧急制动示威者,在行业级模拟器中运行。我们演示了AMLA在伪装上的应用,以在简约的操作设计域中,即,我们为其基于ML的集成组件共享一个完整的安全案例。最后,我们报告了经验教训,并在开源许可下为研究界重新使用的开源许可提供了傻笑和安全案例。
translated by 谷歌翻译
通常根据历史崩溃数据来实践道路的风险评估。有时缺少有关驾驶员行为和实时交通情况的信息。在本文中,安全的路线映射(SRM)模型是一种开发道路动态风险热图的方法,可扩展在做出预测时考虑驾驶员行为。 Android应用程序旨在收集驱动程序的信息并将其上传到服务器。在服务器上,面部识别提取了驱动程序的数据,例如面部地标,凝视方向和情绪。检测到驾驶员的嗜睡和分心,并评估驾驶性能。同时,动态的流量信息由路边摄像头捕获并上传到同一服务器。采用基于纵向扫描的动脉交通视频分析来识别视频中的车辆以建立速度和轨迹概况。基于这些数据,引入了LightGBM模型,以预测接下来一两秒钟的驾驶员的冲突指数。然后,使用模糊逻辑模型合并了多个数据源,包括历史崩溃计数和预测的交通冲突指标,以计算道路细分的风险评分。使用从实际的交通交叉点和驾驶模拟平台收集的数据来说明所提出的SRM模型。预测结果表明该模型是准确的,并且增加的驱动程序行为功能将改善模型的性能。最后,为可视化目的而生成风险热图。当局可以使用动态热图来指定安全的走廊,并调度执法部门以及驱动程序,以预警和行程计划。
translated by 谷歌翻译