深度神经网络(DNN)在解释图像数据方面取得了令人印象深刻的进步,因此可以在某种程度上可以在某种程度上使用它们,以在自动驾驶(例如自动驾驶)中使用它们。从道德的角度来看,AI算法应考虑到街道上的物体或受试者的脆弱性,范围从“完全没有”,例如这条路本身,是行人的“高脆弱性”。考虑到这一点的一种方法是定义一个语义类别与另一个语义类别的混淆成本,并使用基于成本的决策规则来解释概率,即DNN的输出。但是,如何定义成本结构是一个开放的问题,应该负责谁来执行此操作,从而定义了AI-Algorithms实际上将“看到”。作为一个可能的答案,我们遵循一种参与式方法,并建立在线调查,要求公众定义成本结构。我们介绍了调查设计和获取的数据以及评估,该评估还区分了视角(汽车乘客与外部交通参与者)和性别。使用基于仿真的$ f $检验,我们发现两组之间存在很大的显着差异。这些差异对在与自动驾驶汽车的安全临界距离内的可靠检测有后果。我们讨论与这种方法相关的道德问题,并从心理学的角度讨论了从人机相互作用到调查出现的问题。最后,我们在AI安全领域的行业领导者对基于调查的元素在自动驾驶中的AI功能设计中的适用性进行了评论。
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\ EMPH {人工智能}(AI)系统越来越多地参与影响我们生活的决策,确保自动决策是公平的,道德已经成为最优先事项。直观地,我们觉得类似人的决定,人工代理人的判断应该必然地以一些道德原则为基础。然而,如果有关决定所基础的所有有关因素的全部信息,可以真正伦理(人类或人为)和公平(根据任何道德理论)和公平(根据公平的任何概念)的规定在决策时。这提出了两个问题:(1)在设置中,我们依赖使用通过监督学习获得的分类器的AI系统,存在一些感应/泛化,即使在学习期间也可能不存在一些相关属性。 (2)根据游戏揭示任何 - 无论是道德的纯策略都不可避免地易于剥削,建模这些决定。此外,在许多游戏中,只能通过使用混合策略来获得纳什均衡,即实现数学上最佳结果,决定必须随机化。在本文中,我们认为,在监督学习设置中,存在至少以及确定性分类器的随机分类器,因此在许多情况下可能是最佳选择。我们支持我们的理论效果,具有一个实证研究,表明对随机人工决策者的积极社会态度,并讨论了与使用与当前的AI政策和标准化举措相关的随机分类器相关的一些政策和实施问题。
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汽车行业在过去几十年中见证了越来越多的发展程度;从制造手动操作车辆到具有高自动化水平的制造车辆。随着近期人工智能(AI)的发展,汽车公司现在雇用BlackBox AI模型来使车辆能够感知其环境,并使人类少或没有输入的驾驶决策。希望能够在商业规模上部署自治车辆(AV),通过社会接受AV成为至关重要的,并且可能在很大程度上取决于其透明度,可信度和遵守法规的程度。通过为AVS行为的解释提供对这些接受要求的遵守对这些验收要求的评估。因此,解释性被视为AVS的重要要求。 AV应该能够解释他们在他们运作的环境中的“见到”。在本文中,我们对可解释的自动驾驶的现有工作体系进行了全面的调查。首先,我们通过突出显示并强调透明度,问责制和信任的重要性来开放一个解释的动机;并审查与AVS相关的现有法规和标准。其次,我们识别并分类了参与发展,使用和监管的不同利益相关者,并引出了AV的解释要求。第三,我们对以前的工作进行了严格的审查,以解释不同的AV操作(即,感知,本地化,规划,控制和系统管理)。最后,我们确定了相关的挑战并提供建议,例如AV可解释性的概念框架。该调查旨在提供对AVS中解释性感兴趣的研究人员所需的基本知识。
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The optimal liability framework for AI systems remains an unsolved problem across the globe. In a much-anticipated move, the European Commission advanced two proposals outlining the European approach to AI liability in September 2022: a novel AI Liability Directive and a revision of the Product Liability Directive. They constitute the final, and much-anticipated, cornerstone of AI regulation in the EU. Crucially, the liability proposals and the EU AI Act are inherently intertwined: the latter does not contain any individual rights of affected persons, and the former lack specific, substantive rules on AI development and deployment. Taken together, these acts may well trigger a Brussels effect in AI regulation, with significant consequences for the US and other countries. This paper makes three novel contributions. First, it examines in detail the Commission proposals and shows that, while making steps in the right direction, they ultimately represent a half-hearted approach: if enacted as foreseen, AI liability in the EU will primarily rest on disclosure of evidence mechanisms and a set of narrowly defined presumptions concerning fault, defectiveness and causality. Hence, second, the article suggests amendments, which are collected in an Annex at the end of the paper. Third, based on an analysis of the key risks AI poses, the final part of the paper maps out a road for the future of AI liability and regulation, in the EU and beyond. This includes: a comprehensive framework for AI liability; provisions to support innovation; an extension to non-discrimination/algorithmic fairness, as well as explainable AI; and sustainability. I propose to jump-start sustainable AI regulation via sustainability impact assessments in the AI Act and sustainable design defects in the liability regime. In this way, the law may help spur not only fair AI and XAI, but potentially also sustainable AI (SAI).
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自动驾驶在过去十年中取得了重大的研究和发展中的重要里程碑。在道路上的自动车辆部署时,对该领域的兴趣越来越令人兴趣,承诺更安全,更生态的运输系统。随着计算强大的人工智能(AI)技术的兴起,自动车辆可以用高精度感测它们的环境,进行安全的实时决策,并在没有人类干预的情况下更可靠地运行。然而,在现有技术中,人类智能决策通常不可能理解,这种缺陷阻碍了这种技术在社会上可接受。因此,除了制造安全的实时决策之外,自治车辆的AI系统还需要解释如何构建这些决策,以便在许多司法管辖区兼容监管。我们的研究在开发可解释的人工智能(XAI)的自治车辆方法上阐明了全面的光芒。特别是,我们做出以下贡献。首先,我们在最先进的自主车辆行业的解释方面彻底概述了目前的差距。然后,我们显示了该领域的解释和解释接收器的分类。第三,我们为端到端自主驾驶系统的架构提出了一个框架,并证明了Xai在调试和调节这些系统中的作用。最后,作为未来的研究方向,我们提供了XAI自主驾驶方法的实地指南,可以提高运营安全性和透明度,以实现监管机构,制造商和所有参与利益相关者的公共批准。
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With the rise of AI and automation, moral decisions are being put into the hands of algorithms that were formerly the preserve of humans. In autonomous driving, a variety of such decisions with ethical implications are made by algorithms for behavior and trajectory planning. Therefore, we present an ethical trajectory planning algorithm with a framework that aims at a fair distribution of risk among road users. Our implementation incorporates a combination of five essential ethical principles: minimization of the overall risk, priority for the worst-off, equal treatment of people, responsibility, and maximum acceptable risk. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first ethical algorithm for trajectory planning of autonomous vehicles in line with the 20 recommendations from the EU Commission expert group and with general applicability to various traffic situations. We showcase the ethical behavior of our algorithm in selected scenarios and provide an empirical analysis of the ethical principles in 2000 scenarios. The code used in this research is available as open-source software.
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随着全球人口越来越多的人口驱动世界各地的快速城市化,有很大的需要蓄意审议值得生活的未来。特别是,随着现代智能城市拥抱越来越多的数据驱动的人工智能服务,值得记住技术可以促进繁荣,福祉,城市居住能力或社会正义,而是只有当它具有正确的模拟补充时(例如竭尽全力,成熟机构,负责任治理);这些智能城市的最终目标是促进和提高人类福利和社会繁荣。研究人员表明,各种技术商业模式和特征实际上可以有助于极端主义,极化,错误信息和互联网成瘾等社会问题。鉴于这些观察,解决了确保了诸如未来城市技术基岩的安全,安全和可解释性的哲学和道德问题,以为未来城市的技术基岩具有至关重要的。在全球范围内,有能够更加人性化和以人为本的技术。在本文中,我们分析和探索了在人以人为本的应用中成功部署AI的安全,鲁棒性,可解释性和道德(数据和算法)挑战的关键挑战,特别强调这些概念/挑战的融合。我们对这些关键挑战提供了对现有文献的详细审查,并分析了这些挑战中的一个可能导致他人的挑战方式或帮助解决其他挑战。本文还建议了这些域的当前限制,陷阱和未来研究方向,以及如何填补当前的空白并导致更好的解决方案。我们认为,这种严谨的分析将为域名的未来研究提供基准。
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机器学习显着增强了机器人的能力,使他们能够在人类环境中执行广泛的任务并适应我们不确定的现实世界。机器学习各个领域的最新作品强调了公平性的重要性,以确保这些算法不会再现人类的偏见并导致歧视性结果。随着机器人学习系统在我们的日常生活中越来越多地执行越来越多的任务,了解这种偏见的影响至关重要,以防止对某些人群的意外行为。在这项工作中,我们从跨学科的角度进行了关于机器人学习公平性的首次调查,该研究跨越了技术,道德和法律挑战。我们提出了偏见来源的分类法和由此产生的歧视类型。使用来自不同机器人学习域的示例,我们研究了不公平结果和减轻策略的场景。我们通过涵盖不同的公平定义,道德和法律考虑以及公平机器人学习的方法来介绍该领域的早期进步。通过这项工作,我们旨在为公平机器人学习中的开创性发展铺平道路。
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There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.
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Recommender systems can strongly influence which information we see online, e.g., on social media, and thus impact our beliefs, decisions, and actions. At the same time, these systems can create substantial business value for different stakeholders. Given the growing potential impact of such AI-based systems on individuals, organizations, and society, questions of fairness have gained increased attention in recent years. However, research on fairness in recommender systems is still a developing area. In this survey, we first review the fundamental concepts and notions of fairness that were put forward in the area in the recent past. Afterward, through a review of more than 150 scholarly publications, we present an overview of how research in this field is currently operationalized, e.g., in terms of general research methodology, fairness measures, and algorithmic approaches. Overall, our analysis of recent works points to specific research gaps. In particular, we find that in many research works in computer science, very abstract problem operationalizations are prevalent, and questions of the underlying normative claims and what represents a fair recommendation in the context of a given application are often not discussed in depth. These observations call for more interdisciplinary research to address fairness in recommendation in a more comprehensive and impactful manner.
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情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪,并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是,即使没有明确提及情感名称,也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中,被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量,通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的,如果该人认为自己负责,是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的,例如,新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性,目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念,如果可以通过文本分类器预测,以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标,我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后,我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估,并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明,两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明,评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。
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关键应用程序中机器学习(ML)组件的集成引入了软件认证和验证的新挑战。正在开发新的安全标准和技术准则,以支持基于ML的系统的安全性,例如ISO 21448 SOTIF用于汽车域名,并保证机器学习用于自主系统(AMLAS)框架。 SOTIF和AMLA提供了高级指导,但对于每个特定情况,必须将细节凿出来。我们启动了一个研究项目,目的是证明开放汽车系统中ML组件的完整安全案例。本文报告说,Smikk的安全保证合作是由行业级别的行业合作的,这是一个基于ML的行人自动紧急制动示威者,在行业级模拟器中运行。我们演示了AMLA在伪装上的应用,以在简约的操作设计域中,即,我们为其基于ML的集成组件共享一个完整的安全案例。最后,我们报告了经验教训,并在开源许可下为研究界重新使用的开源许可提供了傻笑和安全案例。
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如果未来的AI系统在新的情况下是可靠的安全性,那么他们将需要纳入指导它们的一般原则,以便强烈地认识到哪些结果和行为将是有害的。这样的原则可能需要得到约束力的监管制度的支持,该法规需要广泛接受的基本原则。它们还应该足够具体用于技术实施。本文从法律中汲取灵感,解释了负面的人权如何履行此类原则的作用,并为国际监管制度以及为未来的AI系统建立技术安全限制的基础。
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即将开发我们呼叫所体现的系统的新一代越来越自主和自学习系统。在将这些系统部署到真实上下文中,我们面临各种工程挑战,因为它以有益的方式协调所体现的系统的行为至关重要,确保他们与我们以人为本的社会价值观的兼容性,并且设计可验证安全可靠的人类-Machine互动。我们正在争辩说,引发系统工程将来自嵌入到体现系统的温室,并确保动态联合的可信度,这种情况意识到的情境意识,意图,探索,探险,不断发展,主要是不可预测的,越来越自主的体现系统在不确定,复杂和不可预测的现实世界环境中。我们还识别了许多迫切性的系统挑战,包括可信赖的体现系统,包括强大而人为的AI,认知架构,不确定性量化,值得信赖的自融化以及持续的分析和保证。
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随着各种公开的AI伦理原则的共识,差距仍然可以随时采用设计和开发负责任的AI系统。我们研究了来自澳大利亚国家科学研究机构(CSIRO)的研究人员和工程师的实践和经验,他们参与设计和开发AI系统的一系列目的。半结构化访谈用于检查参与者的做法如何与澳大利亚政府提出的一套高级AI伦理原则涉及并对齐。原则包括:隐私保护和安全,可靠性和安全性,透明度和解释性,公平性,竞争性,责任,人以人为本的价值观和人类,社会与环境福祉。研究了研究人员和工程师的见解以及在原则的实际应用中为它们提供的挑战。最后,提供了一系列组织响应,以支持实施高级AI道德原则。
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保证案件提出了一个明确且可辩护的论点,并得到证据支持,即系统将按照特定情况下的意图运行。通常,保证案例提出了一个论点,即系统在其预期的上下文中将是安全的。值得信赖的AI研究社区中的一项新兴建议是扩展和应用这种方法,以保证使用AI系统或自治系统(AI/AS)在特定情况下将是可接受的道德。在本文中,我们进一步提出了这一建议。我们通过为AI/AS提供基于原则的道德保证(PBEA)论点模式来做到这一点。 PBEA参数模式为推理给定AI/AS的整体道德可接受性提供了一个框架,它可能是特定道德保证案例的早期原型模板。构成PBEA论证模式基础的四个核心道德原则是:正义;福利;非遗憾;并尊重个人自主权。在整个过程中,我们将参数模式的阶段连接到AI/作为应用程序的示例。这有助于显示其最初的合理性。
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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Advocates of algorithmic techniques like data mining argue that these techniques eliminate human biases from the decision-making process. But an algorithm is only as good as the data it works with. Data is frequently imperfect in ways that allow these algorithms to inherit the prejudices of prior decision makers. In other cases, data may simply reflect the widespread biases that persist in society at large. In still others, data mining can discover surprisingly useful regularities that are really just preexisting patterns of exclusion and inequality. Unthinking reliance on data mining can deny historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups full participation in society. Worse still, because the resulting discrimination is almost always an unintentional emergent property of the algorithm's use rather than a conscious choice by its programmers, it can be unusually hard to identify the source of the problem or to explain it to a court. This Essay examines these concerns through the lens of American antidiscrimination law-more particularly, through Title
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Explainable AI (XAI) is widely viewed as a sine qua non for ever-expanding AI research. A better understanding of the needs of XAI users, as well as human-centered evaluations of explainable models are both a necessity and a challenge. In this paper, we explore how HCI and AI researchers conduct user studies in XAI applications based on a systematic literature review. After identifying and thoroughly analyzing 85 core papers with human-based XAI evaluations over the past five years, we categorize them along the measured characteristics of explanatory methods, namely trust, understanding, fairness, usability, and human-AI team performance. Our research shows that XAI is spreading more rapidly in certain application domains, such as recommender systems than in others, but that user evaluations are still rather sparse and incorporate hardly any insights from cognitive or social sciences. Based on a comprehensive discussion of best practices, i.e., common models, design choices, and measures in user studies, we propose practical guidelines on designing and conducting user studies for XAI researchers and practitioners. Lastly, this survey also highlights several open research directions, particularly linking psychological science and human-centered XAI.
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过去十年已经看到人工智能(AI)的显着进展,这导致了用于解决各种问题的算法。然而,通过增加模型复杂性并采用缺乏透明度的黑匣子AI模型来满足这种成功。为了响应这种需求,已经提出了说明的AI(Xai)以使AI更透明,从而提高关键结构域中的AI。虽然有几个关于Xai主题的Xai主题的评论,但在Xai中发现了挑战和潜在的研究方向,这些挑战和研究方向被分散。因此,本研究为Xai组织的挑战和未来的研究方向提出了系统的挑战和未来研究方向:(1)基于机器学习生命周期的Xai挑战和研究方向,基于机器的挑战和研究方向阶段:设计,开发和部署。我们认为,我们的META调查通过为XAI地区的未来探索指导提供了XAI文学。
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