由于需要快速原型制作和广泛的测试，模拟在自主驾驶中的作用变得越来越重要。基于物理的模拟使用涉及多个利益和优势，以合理的成本消除了对原型，驱动因素和脆弱道路使用者的风险。但是，有两个主要局限性。首先，众所周知的现实差距是指现实与模拟之间的差异，这阻止了模拟自主驾驶体验实现有效的现实性能。其次，缺乏有关真实代理商的行为的经验知识，包括备用驾驶员或乘客以及其他道路使用者，例如车辆，行人或骑自行车的人。代理仿真通常是根据实际数据进行确定性，随机概率或生成的预编程的，但它不代表与特定模拟方案相互作用的真实试剂的行为。在本文中，我们提出了一个初步框架，以实现真实试剂与模拟环境（包括自动驾驶汽车）之间的实时互动，并从多个视图中从模拟传感器数据中生成合成序列，这些视图可用于培训依赖行为模型的预测系统。我们的方法将沉浸式的虚拟现实和人类运动捕获系统与Carla模拟器进行自主驾驶。我们描述了提出的硬件和软件体系结构，并讨论所谓的行为差距或存在。我们提出了支持这种方法的潜力并讨论未来步骤的初步但有希望的结果。

由于在道路驾驶实验的安全性，成本和实验控制问题，模拟器是驾驶的行为和交互研究的重要工具。最先进的模拟器使用昂贵的360度投影系统，以确保视觉保真度，完整的视野和浸入。然而，可以使用基于虚拟现实（VR）的可视界面可高效地实现类似的视觉保真度。我们展示了Dreyevr，这是一个基于开源VR的驾驶模拟器平台，设计了具有行为和互动研究优先事项的驾驶模拟器平台。 Dreyevr（读取“驱动程序”）是基于虚幻发动机和Carla自主车辆模拟器，并且具有眼睛跟踪等功能，功能驾驶头部显示器（HUD）和车辆音频，定制可定义路由和流量方案，实验测井，重播功能，以及与ROS的兼容性。我们描述了部署此模拟器的硬件低于$ 5000 $ USD，比市售的模拟器更便宜。最后，我们描述了如何利用Dreyevr在示例场景中回答交互研究问题。

Digital Twin is an emerging technology that replicates real-world entities into a digital space. It has attracted increasing attention in the transportation field and many researchers are exploring its future applications in the development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies. Connected vehicles (CVs) and pedestrians are among the major traffic participants in ITS. However, the usage of Digital Twin in research involving both CV and pedestrian remains largely unexplored. In this study, a Digital Twin framework for CV and pedestrian in-the-loop simulation is proposed. The proposed framework consists of the physical world, the digital world, and data transmission in between. The features for the entities (CV and pedestrian) that need digital twined are divided into external state and internal state, and the attributes in each state are described. We also demonstrate a sample architecture under the proposed Digital Twin framework, which is based on Carla-Sumo Co-simulation and Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE). The proposed framework is expected to provide guidance to the future Digital Twin research, and the architecture we build can serve as the testbed for further research and development of ITS applications on CV and pedestrian.

Autonomous vehicle (AV) algorithms need to be tested extensively in order to make sure the vehicle and the passengers will be safe while using it after the implementation. Testing these algorithms in real world create another important safety critical point. Real world testing is also subjected to limitations such as logistic limitations to carry or drive the vehicle to a certain location. For this purpose, hardware in the loop (HIL) simulations as well as virtual environments such as CARLA and LG SVL are used widely. This paper discusses a method that combines the real vehicle with the virtual world, called vehicle in virtual environment (VVE). This method projects the vehicle location and heading into a virtual world for desired testing, and transfers back the information from sensors in the virtual world to the vehicle. As a result, while vehicle is moving in the real world, it simultaneously moves in the virtual world and obtains the situational awareness via multiple virtual sensors. This would allow testing in a safe environment with the real vehicle while providing some additional benefits on vehicle dynamics fidelity, logistics limitations and passenger experience testing. The paper also demonstrates an example case study where path following and the virtual sensors are utilized to test a radar based stopping algorithm.

Reliable and efficient validation technologies are critical for the recent development of multi-vehicle cooperation and vehicle-road-cloud integration. In this paper, we introduce our miniature experimental platform, Mixed Cloud Control Testbed (MCCT), developed based on a new notion of Mixed Digital Twin (mixedDT). Combining Mixed Reality with Digital Twin, mixedDT integrates the virtual and physical spaces into a mixed one, where physical entities coexist and interact with virtual entities via their digital counterparts. Under the framework of mixedDT, MCCT contains three major experimental platforms in the physical, virtual and mixed spaces respectively, and provides a unified access for various human-machine interfaces and external devices such as driving simulators. A cloud unit, where the mixed experimental platform is deployed, is responsible for fusing multi-platform information and assigning control instructions, contributing to synchronous operation and real-time cross-platform interaction. Particularly, MCCT allows for multi-vehicle coordination composed of different multi-source vehicles (\eg, physical vehicles, virtual vehicles and human-driven vehicles). Validations on vehicle platooning demonstrate the flexibility and scalability of MCCT.

We introduce CARLA, an open-source simulator for autonomous driving research. CARLA has been developed from the ground up to support development, training, and validation of autonomous urban driving systems. In addition to open-source code and protocols, CARLA provides open digital assets (urban layouts, buildings, vehicles) that were created for this purpose and can be used freely. The simulation platform supports flexible specification of sensor suites and environmental conditions. We use CARLA to study the performance of three approaches to autonomous driving: a classic modular pipeline, an endto-end model trained via imitation learning, and an end-to-end model trained via reinforcement learning. The approaches are evaluated in controlled scenarios of increasing difficulty, and their performance is examined via metrics provided by CARLA, illustrating the platform's utility for autonomous driving research.

随着自动驾驶的发展，单个车辆的自动驾驶技术的提高已达到瓶颈。车辆合作自动驾驶技术的进步可以扩大车辆的感知范围，补充感知盲区并提高感知的准确性，以促进自主驾驶技术的发展并实现车辆路整合。该项目主要使用LIDAR来开发数据融合方案，以实现车辆和道路设备数据的共享和组合，并实现动态目标的检测和跟踪。同时，设计和用于测试我们的车辆道路合作意识系统的一些测试方案，这证明了车辆道路合作自动驾驶在单车自动驾驶上的优势。

自动化驾驶系统（广告）开辟了汽车行业的新领域，为未来的运输提供了更高的效率和舒适体验的新可能性。然而，在恶劣天气条件下的自主驾驶已经存在，使自动车辆（AVS）长时间保持自主车辆（AVS）或更高的自主权。本文评估了天气在分析和统计方式中为广告传感器带来的影响和挑战，并对恶劣天气条件进行了解决方案。彻底报道了关于对每种天气的感知增强的最先进技术。外部辅助解决方案如V2X技术，当前可用的数据集，模拟器和天气腔室的实验设施中的天气条件覆盖范围明显。通过指出各种主要天气问题，自主驾驶场目前正在面临，近年来审查硬件和计算机科学解决方案，这项调查概述了在不利的天气驾驶条件方面的障碍和方向的障碍和方向。

There are many artificial intelligence algorithms for autonomous driving, but directly installing these algorithms on vehicles is unrealistic and expensive. At the same time, many of these algorithms need an environment to train and optimize. Simulation is a valuable and meaningful solution with training and testing functions, and it can say that simulation is a critical link in the autonomous driving world. There are also many different applications or systems of simulation from companies or academies such as SVL and Carla. These simulators flaunt that they have the closest real-world simulation, but their environment objects, such as pedestrians and other vehicles around the agent-vehicle, are already fixed programmed. They can only move along the pre-setting trajectory, or random numbers determine their movements. What is the situation when all environmental objects are also installed by Artificial Intelligence, or their behaviors are like real people or natural reactions of other drivers? This problem is a blind spot for most of the simulation applications, or these applications cannot be easy to solve this problem. The Neurorobotics Platform from the TUM team of Prof. Alois Knoll has the idea about "Engines" and "Transceiver Functions" to solve the multi-agents problem. This report will start with a little research on the Neurorobotics Platform and analyze the potential and possibility of developing a new simulator to achieve the true real-world simulation goal. Then based on the NRP-Core Platform, this initial development aims to construct an initial demo experiment. The consist of this report starts with the basic knowledge of NRP-Core and its installation, then focus on the explanation of the necessary components for a simulation experiment, at last, about the details of constructions for the autonomous driving system, which is integrated object detection and autonomous control.

在这项工作中，我们通过混合现实（MR）应用中的视频传球来探讨自幻想的创建。我们介绍了我们的端到端系统，包括：在商业头部安装显示器（HMD）上进行自定义MR视频通行证实现，我们基于深度学习的实时egpocentric身体细分算法以及我们优化的卸载体系结构，以交流使用HMD分割服务器。为了验证这项技术，我们设计了一种身临其境的VR体验，用户必须在活跃的火山火山口中穿过狭窄的瓷砖路径。这项研究是在三个身体表示条件下进行的：虚拟手，带有颜色的全身分割的视频传递以及深度学习全身分割的视频通行。这种身临其境的经历由30名女性和28名男性进行。据我们所知，这是首次旨在评估基于视频的自我avatar的用户研究，以代表用户在MR场景中。结果表明，不同身体表示在存在方面没有显着差异，虚拟手和全身表示之间的某些实施方案中等改善。视觉质量结果表明，就整个身体感知和整体分割质量而言，深入学习算法的结果更好。我们提供了一些关于使用基于视频的自我幻想的讨论，以及对评估方法的一些思考。提出的E2E解决方案处于最新技术状态的边界，因此在达到成熟之前仍有改进的空间。但是，该溶液是新型MR分布式溶液的关键起点。

汽车行业在过去几十年中见证了越来越多的发展程度;从制造手动操作车辆到具有高自动化水平的制造车辆。随着近期人工智能（AI）的发展，汽车公司现在雇用BlackBox AI模型来使车辆能够感知其环境，并使人类少或没有输入的驾驶决策。希望能够在商业规模上部署自治车辆（AV），通过社会接受AV成为至关重要的，并且可能在很大程度上取决于其透明度，可信度和遵守法规的程度。通过为AVS行为的解释提供对这些接受要求的遵守对这些验收要求的评估。因此，解释性被视为AVS的重要要求。 AV应该能够解释他们在他们运作的环境中的“见到”。在本文中，我们对可解释的自动驾驶的现有工作体系进行了全面的调查。首先，我们通过突出显示并强调透明度，问责制和信任的重要性来开放一个解释的动机;并审查与AVS相关的现有法规和标准。其次，我们识别并分类了参与发展，使用和监管的不同利益相关者，并引出了AV的解释要求。第三，我们对以前的工作进行了严格的审查，以解释不同的AV操作（即，感知，本地化，规划，控制和系统管理）。最后，我们确定了相关的挑战并提供建议，例如AV可解释性的概念框架。该调查旨在提供对AVS中解释性感兴趣的研究人员所需的基本知识。

具有自动化和连通性的赋予，连接和自动化的车辆旨在成为合作驾驶自动化的革命性推动者。然而，骑士需要对周围环境的高保真感知信息，但从各种车载传感器以及车辆到所有的通信（v2x）通信中都可以昂贵。因此，通过具有成本效益的平台基于高保真传感器的真实感知信息对于启用与CDA相关的研究（例如合作决策或控制）至关重要。大多数针对CAVS的最先进的交通模拟研究都通过直接呼吁对象的内在属性来依赖情况 - 意识信息，这阻碍了CDA算法评估的可靠性和保真度。在这项研究中，\ textit {网络移动镜（CMM）}共模拟平台设计用于通过提供真实感知信息来启用CDA。 \ textit {cmm}共模拟平台可以通过高保真传感器感知系统和具有实时重建系统的网络世界模仿现实世界。具体而言，现实世界的模拟器主要负责模拟交通环境，传感器以及真实的感知过程。 Mirror-World Simulator负责重建对象，并将其信息作为模拟器的内在属性，以支持CD​​A算法的开发和评估。为了说明拟议的共模拟平台的功能，将基于路边的激光雷达的车辆感知系统原型作为研究案例。特定的流量环境和CDA任务是为实验设计的，其结果得到了证明和分析以显示平台的性能。

The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1

自动驾驶在过去十年中取得了重大的研究和发展中的重要里程碑。在道路上的自动车辆部署时，对该领域的兴趣越来越令人兴趣，承诺更安全，更生态的运输系统。随着计算强大的人工智能（AI）技术的兴起，自动车辆可以用高精度感测它们的环境，进行安全的实时决策，并在没有人类干预的情况下更可靠地运行。然而，在现有技术中，人类智能决策通常不可能理解，这种缺陷阻碍了这种技术在社会上可接受。因此，除了制造安全的实时决策之外，自治车辆的AI系统还需要解释如何构建这些决策，以便在许多司法管辖区兼容监管。我们的研究在开发可解释的人工智能（XAI）的自治车辆方法上阐明了全面的光芒。特别是，我们做出以下贡献。首先，我们在最先进的自主车辆行业的解释方面彻底概述了目前的差距。然后，我们显示了该领域的解释和解释接收器的分类。第三，我们为端到端自主驾驶系统的架构提出了一个框架，并证明了Xai在调试和调节这些系统中的作用。最后，作为未来的研究方向，我们提供了XAI自主驾驶方法的实地指南，可以提高运营安全性和透明度，以实现监管机构，制造商和所有参与利益相关者的公共批准。

Prototyping and validating hardware-software components, sub-systems and systems within the intelligent transportation system-of-systems framework requires a modular yet flexible and open-access ecosystem. This work presents our attempt towards developing such a comprehensive research and education ecosystem, called AutoDRIVE, for synergistically prototyping, simulating and deploying cyber-physical solutions pertaining to autonomous driving as well as smart city management. AutoDRIVE features both software as well as hardware-in-the-loop testing interfaces with openly accessible scaled vehicle and infrastructure components. The ecosystem is compatible with a variety of development frameworks, and supports both single and multi-agent paradigms through local as well as distributed computing. Most critically, AutoDRIVE is intended to be modularly expandable to explore emergent technologies, and this work highlights various complementary features and capabilities of the proposed ecosystem by demonstrating four such deployment use-cases: (i) autonomous parking using probabilistic robotics approach for mapping, localization, path planning and control; (ii) behavioral cloning using computer vision and deep imitation learning; (iii) intersection traversal using vehicle-to-vehicle communication and deep reinforcement learning; and (iv) smart city management using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and internet-of-things.

This paper describes Waymo's Collision Avoidance Testing (CAT) methodology: a scenario-based testing method that evaluates the safety of the Waymo Driver Automated Driving Systems' (ADS) intended functionality in conflict situations initiated by other road users that require urgent evasive maneuvers. Because SAE Level 4 ADS are responsible for the dynamic driving task (DDT), when engaged, without immediate human intervention, evaluating a Level 4 ADS using scenario-based testing is difficult due to the potentially infinite number of operational scenarios in which hazardous situations may unfold. To that end, in this paper we first describe the safety test objectives for the CAT methodology, including the collision and serious injury metrics and the reference behavior model representing a non-impaired eyes on conflict human driver used to form an acceptance criterion. Afterward, we introduce the process for identifying potentially hazardous situations from a combination of human data, ADS testing data, and expert knowledge about the product design and associated Operational Design Domain (ODD). The test allocation and execution strategy is presented next, which exclusively utilize simulations constructed from sensor data collected on a test track, real-world driving, or from simulated sensor data. The paper concludes with the presentation of results from applying CAT to the fully autonomous ride-hailing service that Waymo operates in San Francisco, California and Phoenix, Arizona. The iterative nature of scenario identification, combined with over ten years of experience of on-road testing, results in a scenario database that converges to a representative set of responder role scenarios for a given ODD. Using Waymo's virtual test platform, which is calibrated to data collected as part of many years of ADS development, the CAT methodology provides a robust and scalable safety evaluation.

我们描述了一个软件框架和用于串联的硬件平台，用于设计和分析模拟和现实中机器人自主算法。该软件是开源的，独立的容器和操作系统（OS）的软件，具有三个主要组件：COS ++车辆仿真框架（Chrono）的ROS 2接口（Chrono），该框架提供了高保真的轮毂/跟踪的车辆和传感器仿真；基于ROS 2的基本基于算法设计和测试的自治堆栈；以及一个开发生态系统，可在感知，状态估计，路径计划和控制中进行可视化和硬件实验。随附的硬件平台是1/6刻度的车辆，并具有可重新配置的用于计算，传感和跟踪的可重新配置的安装。其目的是允许对算法和传感器配置进行物理测试和改进。由于该车辆平台在模拟环境中具有数字双胞胎，因此可以测试和比较模拟和现实中相同的算法和自主堆栈。该平台的构建是为了表征和管理模拟到现实差距。在此，我们描述了如何建立，部署和用于改善移动应用程序的自主权。

We discuss a platform that has both software and hardware components, and whose purpose is to support research into characterizing and mitigating the sim-to-real gap in robotics and vehicle autonomy engineering. The software is operating-system independent and has three main components: a simulation engine called Chrono, which supports high-fidelity vehicle and sensor simulation; an autonomy stack for algorithm design and testing; and a development environment that supports visualization and hardware-in-the-loop experimentation. The accompanying hardware platform is a 1/6th scale vehicle augmented with reconfigurable mountings for computing, sensing, and tracking. Since this vehicle platform has a digital twin within the simulation environment, one can test the same autonomy perception, state estimation, or controls algorithms, as well as the processors they run on, in both simulation and reality. A demonstration is provided to show the utilization of this platform for autonomy research. Future work will concentrate on augmenting ART/ATK with support for a full-sized Chevy Bolt EUV, which will be made available to this group in the immediate future.

我们呈现Nureality，一个虚拟现实'VR'环境，旨在测试车辆行为在城市交叉路口自主车辆和行人之间的相互作用中沟通意图的效果。在这个项目中，我们专注于表达行为作为行人的手段，即易于认识到AV运动的潜在意图。 VR是用于测试这些情况的理想工具，因为它可以被沉浸，并将受试者放入这些潜在的危险情景中而没有风险。 Nureality提供了一种新颖的和沉浸式虚拟现实环境，包括众多视觉细节（道路和建筑纹理，停放的汽车，摇曳的树肢）以及听觉细节（鸟儿唧唧喳喳，距离距离的汽车）。在这些文件中，我们呈现Nureality环境，其10个独特的车辆行为场景，以及每个场景的虚幻引擎和Autodesk Maya源文件。这些文件在www.nureality.org上公开发布为开源，以支持学术界，研究临界公平互动。

为连接和自动化车辆（CAVS）开发安全性和效率应用需要大量的测试和评估。在关键和危险情况下对这些系统运行的需求使他们的评估负担非常昂贵，可能危险且耗时。作为替代方案，研究人员试图使用仿真平台研究和评估其算法和设计。建模驾驶员或人类操作员在骑士或其他与他们相互作用的车辆中的行为是此类模拟的主要挑战之一。虽然为人类行为开发完美的模型是一项具有挑战性的任务和一个开放的问题，但我们展示了用于驾驶员行为的模拟器中当前模型的显着增强。在本文中，我们为混合运输系统提供了一个模拟平台，其中包括人类驱动和自动化车辆。此外，我们分解了人类驾驶任务，并提供了模拟大规模交通情况的模块化方法，从而可以彻底研究自动化和主动的安全系统。通过互连模块的这种表示形式提供了一个可以调节的人解剖系统，以代表不同类别的驱动程序。此外，我们分析了一个大型驾驶数据集以提取表达参数，以最好地描述不同的驾驶特性。最后，我们在模拟器中重新创建了类似密集的交通情况，并对各种人类特异性和系统特异性因素进行了彻底的分析，研究了它们对交通网络性能和安全性的影响。