在汽车行业中，标记数据的匮乏是典型的挑战。注释的时间序列测量需要固体域知识和深入的探索性数据分析，这意味着高标签工作。传统的主动学习（AL）通过根据估计的分类概率积极查询最有用的实例来解决此问题，并在迭代中重新审视该模型。但是，学习效率强烈依赖于初始模型，从而导致初始数据集和查询编号的大小之间的权衡。本文提出了一个新颖的几杆学习（FSL）基于AL框架，该框架通过将原型网络（Protonet）纳入AL迭代来解决权衡问题。一方面，结果表明了对初始模型的鲁棒性，另一方面，通过在每种迭代中的支持设置的主动选择方面的学习效率。该框架已在UCI HAR/HAPT数据集​​和现实世界制动操纵数据集上进行了验证。学习绩效在两个数据集上都显着超过了传统的AL算法，分别以10％和5％的标签工作实现了90％的分类精度。

As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.

Recent developments in in-situ monitoring and process control in Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D-printing, allows the collection of large amounts of emission data during the build process of the parts being manufactured. This data can be used as input into 3D and 2D representations of the 3D-printed parts. However the analysis and use, as well as the characterization of this data still remains a manual process. The aim of this paper is to propose an adaptive human-in-the-loop approach using Machine Learning techniques that automatically inspect and annotate the emissions data generated during the AM process. More specifically, this paper will look at two scenarios: firstly, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically inspect and classify emission data collected by in-situ monitoring and secondly, applying Active Learning techniques to the developed classification model to construct a human-in-the-loop mechanism in order to accelerate the labeling process of the emission data. The CNN-based approach relies on transfer learning and fine-tuning, which makes the approach applicable to other industrial image patterns. The adaptive nature of the approach is enabled by uncertainty sampling strategy to automatic selection of samples to be presented to human experts for annotation.

主动学习（al）试图通过标记最少的样本来最大限度地提高模型的性能增益。深度学习（DL）是贪婪的数据，需要大量的数据电源来优化大量参数，因此模型了解如何提取高质量功能。近年来，由于互联网技术的快速发展，我们处于信息种类的时代，我们有大量的数据。通过这种方式，DL引起了研究人员的强烈兴趣，并已迅速发展。与DL相比，研究人员对Al的兴趣相对较低。这主要是因为在DL的崛起之前，传统的机器学习需要相对较少的标记样品。因此，早期的Al很难反映其应得的价值。虽然DL在各个领域取得了突破，但大多数这一成功都是由于大量现有注释数据集的宣传。然而，收购大量高质量的注释数据集消耗了很多人力，这在某些领域不允许在需要高专业知识，特别是在语音识别，信息提取，医学图像等领域中， al逐渐受到适当的关注。自然理念是AL是否可用于降低样本注释的成本，同时保留DL的强大学习能力。因此，已经出现了深度主动学习（DAL）。虽然相关的研究非常丰富，但它缺乏对DAL的综合调查。本文要填补这一差距，我们为现有工作提供了正式的分类方法，以及全面和系统的概述。此外，我们还通过申请的角度分析并总结了DAL的发展。最后，我们讨论了DAL中的混乱和问题，为DAL提供了一些可能的发展方向。

Time-series anomaly detection is an important task and has been widely applied in the industry. Since manual data annotation is expensive and inefficient, most applications adopt unsupervised anomaly detection methods, but the results are usually sub-optimal and unsatisfactory to end customers. Weak supervision is a promising paradigm for obtaining considerable labels in a low-cost way, which enables the customers to label data by writing heuristic rules rather than annotating each instance individually. However, in the time-series domain, it is hard for people to write reasonable labeling functions as the time-series data is numerically continuous and difficult to be understood. In this paper, we propose a Label-Efficient Interactive Time-Series Anomaly Detection (LEIAD) system, which enables a user to improve the results of unsupervised anomaly detection by performing only a small amount of interactions with the system. To achieve this goal, the system integrates weak supervision and active learning collaboratively while generating labeling functions automatically using only a few labeled data. All of these techniques are complementary and can promote each other in a reinforced manner. We conduct experiments on three time-series anomaly detection datasets, demonstrating that the proposed system is superior to existing solutions in both weak supervision and active learning areas. Also, the system has been tested in a real scenario in industry to show its practicality.

本文解决了几秒钟学习问题，旨在从几个例子中学习新的视觉概念。在几次拍摄分类中的常见问题设置假设在获取数据标签中的随机采样策略，其在实际应用中效率低下。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一个新的预算感知几秒钟学习问题，不仅旨在学习新的对象类别，还需要选择信息实例来注释以实现数据效率。我们为我们的预算感知几秒钟学习任务开发了一个元学习策略，该任务共同了解基于图形卷积网络（GCN）和基于示例的少量拍摄分类器的新型数据选择策略。我们的选择策略通过图形消息传递计算每个未标记数据的上下文敏感表示，然后用于预测顺序选择的信息性分数。我们在迷你想象网，分层 - 想象项目和omniglot数据集上进行广泛的实验验证我们的方法。结果表明，我们的几次学习策略优于一个相当大的边缘，这表明了我们的方法的功效。

标记数据可以是昂贵的任务，因为它通常由域专家手动执行。对于深度学习而言，这是繁琐的，因为它取决于大型标记的数据集。主动学习（AL）是一种范式，旨在通过仅使用二手车型认为最具信息丰富的数据来减少标签努力。在文本分类设置中，在AL上完成了很少的研究，旁边没有涉及最近的最先进的自然语言处理（NLP）模型。在这里，我们介绍了一个实证研究，可以将基于不确定性的基于不确定性的算法与Bert $ _ {base} $相比，作为使用的分类器。我们评估两个NLP分类数据集的算法：斯坦福情绪树木银行和kvk-Front页面。此外，我们探讨了旨在解决不确定性的al的预定问题的启发式;即，它是不可规范的，并且易于选择异常值。此外，我们探讨了查询池大小对al的性能的影响。虽然发现，AL的拟议启发式没有提高AL的表现;我们的结果表明，使用BERT $ _ {Base} $概率使用不确定性的AL。随着查询池大小变大，性能的这种差异可以减少。

The generalisation performance of a convolutional neural networks (CNN) is majorly predisposed by the quantity, quality, and diversity of the training images. All the training data needs to be annotated in-hand before, in many real-world applications data is easy to acquire but expensive and time-consuming to label. The goal of the Active learning for the task is to draw most informative samples from the unlabeled pool which can used for training after annotation. With total different objective, self-supervised learning which have been gaining meteoric popularity by closing the gap in performance with supervised methods on large computer vision benchmarks. self-supervised learning (SSL) these days have shown to produce low-level representations that are invariant to distortions of the input sample and can encode invariance to artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc. self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches rely on simpler and more scalable frameworks for learning. In this paper, we unify these two families of approaches from the angle of active learning using self-supervised learning mainfold and propose Deep Active Learning using BarlowTwins(DALBT), an active learning method for all the datasets using combination of classifier trained along with self-supervised loss framework of Barlow Twins to a setting where the model can encode the invariance of artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc.

Metric-based meta-learning is one of the de facto standards in few-shot learning. It composes of representation learning and metrics calculation designs. Previous works construct class representations in different ways, varying from mean output embedding to covariance and distributions. However, using embeddings in space lacks expressivity and cannot capture class information robustly, while statistical complex modeling poses difficulty to metric designs. In this work, we use tensor fields (``areas'') to model classes from the geometrical perspective for few-shot learning. We present a simple and effective method, dubbed hypersphere prototypes (HyperProto), where class information is represented by hyperspheres with dynamic sizes with two sets of learnable parameters: the hypersphere's center and the radius. Extending from points to areas, hyperspheres are much more expressive than embeddings. Moreover, it is more convenient to perform metric-based classification with hypersphere prototypes than statistical modeling, as we only need to calculate the distance from a data point to the surface of the hypersphere. Following this idea, we also develop two variants of prototypes under other measurements. Extensive experiments and analysis on few-shot learning tasks across NLP and CV and comparison with 20+ competitive baselines demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

业务分析和机器学习已成为各个行业的基本成功因素 - 具有成本密集的收集和数据标签的缺点。很少有学习可以解决这一挑战，并通过学习新颖的课程的标记数据来减少数据收集和标记成本。在本文中，我们设计了一个人类的（HITL）系统，用于几次学习，并分析了广泛的机制，这些机制可用于获得不确定预测结果的实例的人类专家知识。我们表明，获得人类专家知识的获取可以显着加速鉴于可忽略的标签工作，这使得少量模型的表现。我们在计算机视觉和现实世界数据集中的基准数据集上的各种实验中验证了我们的发现。我们进一步证明了HITL系统的成本效益，用于几次学习。总体而言，我们的工作旨在支持研究人员和从业人员有效地将机器学习模型以降低的成本调整为新颖的课程。

本文解决了在水模型部署民主化中采用了机器学习的一些挑战。第一个挑战是减少了在主动学习的帮助下减少了标签努力（因此关注数据质量），模型推断与Oracle之间的反馈循环：如在保险中，未标记的数据通常丰富，主动学习可能会成为一个重要的资产减少标签成本。为此目的，本文在研究其对合成和真实数据集的实证影响之前，阐述了各种古典主动学习方法。保险中的另一个关键挑战是模型推论中的公平问题。我们将在此主动学习框架中介绍和整合一个用于多级任务的后处理公平，以解决这两个问题。最后对不公平数据集的数值实验突出显示所提出的设置在模型精度和公平性之间存在良好的折衷。

很少有图像分类是一个具有挑战性的问题，旨在仅基于少量培训图像来达到人类的识别水平。少数图像分类的一种主要解决方案是深度度量学习。这些方法是，通过将看不见的样本根据距离的距离进行分类，可在强大的深神经网络中学到的嵌入空间中看到的样品，可以避免以少数图像分类的少数训练图像过度拟合，并实现了最新的图像表现。在本文中，我们提供了对深度度量学习方法的最新审查，以进行2018年至2022年的少量图像分类，并根据度量学习的三个阶段将它们分为三组，即学习功能嵌入，学习课堂表示和学习距离措施。通过这种分类法，我们确定了他们面临的不同方法和问题的新颖性。我们通过讨论当前的挑战和未来趋势进行了少量图像分类的讨论。

机器学习（ML）为生物处理工程的发展做出了重大贡献，但其应用仍然有限，阻碍了生物过程自动化的巨大潜力。用于模型构建自动化的ML可以看作是引入另一种抽象水平的一种方式，将专家的人类集中在生物过程开发的最认知任务中。首先，概率编程用于预测模型的自动构建。其次，机器学习会通过计划实验来测试假设并进行调查以收集信息性数据来自动评估替代决策，以收集基于模型预测不确定性的模型选择的信息数据。这篇评论提供了有关生物处理开发中基于ML的自动化的全面概述。一方面，生物技术和生物工程社区应意识到现有ML解决方案在生物技术和生物制药中的应用的限制。另一方面，必须确定缺失的链接，以使ML和人工智能（AI）解决方案轻松实施在有价值的生物社区解决方案中。我们总结了几个重要的生物处理系统的ML实施，并提出了两个至关重要的挑战，这些挑战仍然是生物技术自动化的瓶颈，并减少了生物技术开发的不确定性。没有一个合适的程序；但是，这项综述应有助于确定结合生物技术和ML领域的潜在自动化。

主动学习（AL）算法旨在识别注释的最佳数据子集，使得深神经网络（DNN）在此标记子集上培训时可以实现更好的性能。 AL特别有影响的工业规模设置，其中数据标签成本高，从业者使用各种工具来处理，以提高模型性能。最近自我监督预测（SSP）的成功突出了利用丰富的未标记数据促进模型性能的重要性。通过将AL与SSP结合起来，我们可以使用未标记的数据，同时标记和培训特别是信息样本。在这项工作中，我们研究了Imagenet上的AL和SSP的组合。我们发现小型玩具数据集上的性能 - 文献中的典型基准设置 - 由于活动学习者选择的类不平衡样本，而不是想象中的性能。在我们测试的现有基线中，各种小型和大规​​模设置的流行AL算法未能以随机抽样优于差异。为了解决类别不平衡问题，我们提出了平衡选择（基础），这是一种简单，可伸缩的AL算法，通过选择比现有方法更加平衡样本来始终如一地始终采样。我们的代码可用于：https://github.com/zeyademam/active_learning。

Open Relation Extraction (OpenRE) aims to discover novel relations from open domains. Previous OpenRE methods mainly suffer from two problems: (1) Insufficient capacity to discriminate between known and novel relations. When extending conventional test settings to a more general setting where test data might also come from seen classes, existing approaches have a significant performance decline. (2) Secondary labeling must be performed before practical application. Existing methods cannot label human-readable and meaningful types for novel relations, which is urgently required by the downstream tasks. To address these issues, we propose the Active Relation Discovery (ARD) framework, which utilizes relational outlier detection for discriminating known and novel relations and involves active learning for labeling novel relations. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets show that ARD significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on both conventional and our proposed general OpenRE settings. The source code and datasets will be available for reproducibility.

大型标记数据集的可用性是深度学习成功的关键组成部分。但是，大型数据集上的标签通常很耗时且昂贵。主动学习是一个研究领域，通过选择最重要的标签样本来解决昂贵的标签问题。基于多样性的采样算法被称为基于表示的主动学习方法的组成部分。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新的基于多样性的初始数据集选择算法，以选择有效学习环境中初始标记的最有用的样本集。自我监督的表示学习用于考虑初始数据集选择算法中样品的多样性。此外，我们提出了一种新型的主动学习查询策略，该策略使用基于多样性的基于一致性的嵌入方式采样。通过考虑基于一致性的嵌入方案中多样性的一致性信息，该方法可以在半监督的学习环境中选择更多信息的样本来标记。比较实验表明，通过利用未标记的数据的多样性，与先前的主动学习方法相比，该提出的方法在CIFAR-10和CALTECH-101数据集上取得了令人信服的结果。

随着深度学习技术的快速发展和计算能力的提高，深度学习已广泛应用于高光谱图像（HSI）分类领域。通常，深度学习模型通常包含许多可训练参数，并且需要大量标记的样品来实现最佳性能。然而，关于HSI分类，由于手动标记的难度和耗时的性质，大量标记的样本通常难以获取。因此，许多研究工作侧重于建立一个少数标记样本的HSI分类的深层学习模型。在本文中，我们专注于这一主题，并对相关文献提供系统审查。具体而言，本文的贡献是双重的。首先，相关方法的研究进展根据学习范式分类，包括转移学习，积极学习和少量学习。其次，已经进行了许多具有各种最先进的方法的实验，总结了结果以揭示潜在的研究方向。更重要的是，虽然深度学习模型（通常需要足够的标记样本）和具有少量标记样本的HSI场景之间存在巨大差距，但是通过深度学习融合，可以很好地表征小样本集的问题方法和相关技术，如转移学习和轻量级模型。为了再现性，可以在HTTPS://github.com/shuguoj/hsi-classification中找到纸张中评估的方法的源代码.git。

虽然深度学习（DL）是渴望数据的，并且通常依靠广泛的标记数据来提供良好的性能，但主动学习（AL）通过从未标记的数据中选择一小部分样本进行标签和培训来降低标签成本。因此，近年来，在有限的标签成本/预算下，深入的积极学习（DAL）是可行的解决方案，可在有限的标签成本/预算下最大化模型性能。尽管已经开发了大量的DAL方法并进行了各种文献综述，但在公平比较设置下对DAL方法的性能评估尚未可用。我们的工作打算填补这一空白。在这项工作中，我们通过重新实现19种引用的DAL方法来构建DAL Toolkit，即Deepal+。我们调查和分类与DAL相关的作品，并构建经常使用的数据集和DAL算法的比较实验。此外，我们探讨了影响DAL功效的一些因素（例如，批处理大小，训练过程中的时期数），这些因素为研究人员设计其DAL实验或执行DAL相关应用程序提供了更好的参考。

Annotated driving scenario trajectories are crucial for verification and validation of autonomous vehicles. However, annotation of such trajectories based only on explicit rules (i.e. knowledge-based methods) may be prone to errors, such as false positive/negative classification of scenarios that lie on the border of two scenario classes, missing unknown scenario classes, or even failing to detect anomalies. On the other hand, verification of labels by annotators is not cost-efficient. For this purpose, active learning (AL) could potentially improve the annotation procedure by including an annotator/expert in an efficient way. In this study, we develop a generic active learning framework to annotate driving trajectory time series data. We first compute an embedding of the trajectories into a latent space in order to extract the temporal nature of the data. Given such an embedding, the framework becomes task agnostic since active learning can be performed using any classification method and any query strategy, regardless of the structure of the original time series data. Furthermore, we utilize our active learning framework to discover unknown driving scenario trajectories. This will ensure that previously unknown trajectory types can be effectively detected and included in the labeled dataset. We evaluate our proposed framework in different settings on novel real-world datasets consisting of driving trajectories collected by Volvo Cars Corporation. We observe that active learning constitutes an effective tool for labelling driving trajectories as well as for detecting unknown classes. Expectedly, the quality of the embedding plays an important role in the success of the proposed framework.

在数十年中收集的数字数据，并且使用信息技术目前生产的数据是无标记的数据或数据，没有描述。未标记的数据相对容易获取，但即使使用域专家也可以标记昂贵。最近的大多数作品都集中在使用不确定性指标来解决此问题的主动学习上。尽管大多数不确定性选择策略都非常有效，但他们未能考虑到未标记的实例的信息，并且很容易查询异常值。为了解决这些挑战，我们提出了一种混合方法来计算实例的不确定性和信息性，然后使用预算注释者自动标记计算的实例。为了降低注释成本，我们采用了最先进的预培训模型，以避免查询这些模型中已包含的信息。我们对不同数据集的广泛实验证明了该方法的功效。