现代高性能战斗机超出了传统的飞行信封通过使用推力矢量进行机动性，因此实现超级措施。随着较持续发展的仿生无人驾驶飞行器（无人机），通过仿生机制的超级制剂能力可能变得明显。到目前为止，这种潜力尚未得到很好的研究：尚未显示生物摩托的无人机能够能够有任何形式的古典超级算法可用于推动矢量。在这里，我们通过展示生物微米传动翼无人机在低变形复杂度下如何执行复杂的Multiaxis鼻子指向和射击（NPA）机动，展示这种能力。非线性飞行动力学分析用于表征飞机修剪状态的多维空间的程度和稳定性，从仿生变形中出现。导航此修剪空间提供了一种基于模型的基于模型的指导策略，用于在仿真中生成开环NPAS操纵。我们的结果展示了仿古飞机用于空战相关的超级借助性的能力，并提供勘探，表征和在此类飞机中进一步形式的经典和非古典超级运动性的指导的策略。

生物飞行，滑行和掉落的生物能够具有非凡形式的惯性操纵形式：基于对其多体动力学的精细控制，自由空间操纵，这是猫的自我倾向反射的特征。然而，将惯性的机动能力设计成仿生机器人，例如仿生无人机（UAV）是具有挑战性的。准确地模拟这些无人机在无奇异性环境中的耦合多体动力学需要数值集成符，以确保在强耦合系统中既可以确保无奇异性集成，又可以确保动量和能量保护 - 在现有常规集成商中不可用。在这项工作中，我们开发了一对新的四个季节变化积分器（QVI），显示了这些特性，并证明了它们在仿生无人机中模拟惯性操作的能力，显示了复杂的多体性耦合。这些QVIS被估计，这些QVIS天生没有奇异性。并且是变异的，它们可以表现出出色的能量和动量保护特性。我们探讨了变分集成顺序（左矩形与中点）对集成器的保护特性的影响，并得出结论，在复杂的耦合系统中，规范矩可能会随时间变化，需要中点积分器。所得的中点QVI非常适合分析仿生无人机中的惯性操纵 - 我们在仿真和其他复杂的动力学系统中所证明的功能。

本文提出了一项新颖的控制法，以使用尾随机翼无人驾驶飞机（UAV）进行准确跟踪敏捷轨迹，该轨道在垂直起飞和降落（VTOL）和向前飞行之间过渡。全球控制配方可以在整个飞行信封中进行操作，包括与Sideslip的不协调的飞行。显示了具有简化空气动力学模型的非线性尾尾动力学的差异平坦度。使用扁平度变换，提出的控制器结合了位置参考的跟踪及其导数速度，加速度和混蛋以及偏航参考和偏航速率。通过角速度进纸术语包含混蛋和偏航率参考，可以改善随着快速变化的加速度跟踪轨迹。控制器不取决于广泛的空气动力学建模，而是使用增量非线性动态反演（INDI）仅基于局部输入输出关系来计算控制更新，从而导致对简化空气动力学方程中差异的稳健性。非线性输入输出关系的精确反转是通过派生的平坦变换实现的。在飞行测试中对所得的控制算法进行了广泛的评估，在该测试中，它展示了准确的轨迹跟踪和挑战性敏捷操作，例如侧向飞行和转弯时的侵略性过渡。

A reduced order model of a generic submarine is presented. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are used to create and validate a model that includes depth dependence and the effect of waves on the craft. The model and the procedure to obtain its coefficients are discussed, and examples of the data used to obtain the model coefficients are presented. An example of operation following a complex path is presented and results from the reduced order model are compared to those from an equivalent CFD calculation. The controller implemented to complete these maneuvers is also presented.

We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.

Hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) integrate the efficient forward flight of fixed-wing and vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of multicopter UAVs. This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of a new type of hybrid micro-small UAVs, coined as lifting-wing quadcopters. The airframe orientation of the lifting wing needs to tilt a specific angle often within $ 45$ degrees, neither nearly $ 90$ nor approximately $ 0$ degrees. Compared with some convertiplane and tail-sitter UAVs, the lifting-wing quadcopter has a highly reliable structure, robust wind resistance, low cruise speed and reliable transition flight, making it potential to work fully-autonomous outdoor or some confined airspace indoor. In the modeling part, forces and moments generated by both lifting wing and rotors are considered. Based on the established model, a unified controller for the full flight phase is designed. The controller has the capability of uniformly treating the hovering and forward flight, and enables a continuous transition between two modes, depending on the velocity command. What is more, by taking rotor thrust and aerodynamic force under consideration simultaneously, a control allocation based on optimization is utilized to realize cooperative control for energy saving. Finally, comprehensive Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulations are performed to verify the advantages of the designed aircraft and the proposed controller.

空中操纵器（AM）表现出特别具有挑战性的非线性动力学；无人机和操纵器携带的是一个紧密耦合的动态系统，相互影响。描述这些动力学的数学模型构成了非线性控制和深度强化学习中许多解决方案的核心。传统上，动力学的配方涉及在拉格朗日框架中的欧拉角参数化或牛顿 - 欧拉框架中的四元素参数化。前者的缺点是诞生奇异性，而后者在算法上是复杂的。这项工作提出了一个混合解决方案，结合了两者的好处，即利用拉格朗日框架的四元化方法，将无奇异参数化与拉格朗日方法的算法简单性联系起来。我们通过提供有关运动学建模过程的详细见解以及一般空中操纵器动力学的表述。获得的动力学模型对实时物理引擎进行了实验验证。获得的动力学模型的实际应用显示在计算的扭矩反馈控制器（反馈线性化）的上下文中，我们通过日益复杂的模型分析其实时功能。

飞行脊椎动物表现出复杂的Wingbeat运动学。他们的专门的前肢允许机翼变形动作在他们的水平飞行过程中与拍打动作加上，以前的可传单仿生平台已经成功地应用了生物启发的翼形变形，但不能被变形耦合的翼展图案推动。由此促进了这一点，我们开发了一个生物启发型扑翼空中车辆（FWAV），题为Robofalcon，配备了一种新颖的机制来推动蝙蝠式的变形翅膀，表现出变形耦合的翼型模式，并整体管理吸引力航班。 Robofalcon的新机制允许在需要在需要操纵时耦合变形和拍打，并在需要操纵时去耦，产生双侧不对称下划作，提供高轧制敏捷性。蝙蝠式的变形翼设计在腕关节的半径周围的倾斜安装角，以模仿飞行脊椎动物的手腕浸湿效果。通过几种轧制机动飞行测试评估了Robofalcon的敏捷性，与飞行生物和当前拍打翼平台相比，我们展示了其性能良好的敏捷性能力。风洞测试表明，不对称下午的辊矩与拍打频率相关，腕部安装角可用于调谐静止飞行状态的攻击角度和提升 - 推力配置。我们认为，这项工作产生了一个良好的仿生平台，为变形耦合扑拍飞行提供了新的驱动策略。

Enabling vertical take-off and landing while providing the ability to fly long ranges opens the door to a wide range of new real-world aircraft applications while improving many existing tasks. Tiltrotor vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a better choice than fixed-wing and multirotor aircraft for such applications. Prior works on these aircraft have addressed aerodynamic performance, design, modeling, and control. However, a less explored area is the study of their potential fault tolerance due to their inherent redundancy, which allows them to tolerate some degree of actuation failure. This paper introduces tolerance to several types of actuator failures in a tiltrotor VTOL aircraft. We discuss the design and modeling of a custom tiltrotor VTOL UAV, which is a combination of a fixed-wing aircraft and a quadrotor with tilting rotors, where the four propellers can be rotated individually. Then, we analyze the feasible wrench space the vehicle can generate and design the dynamic control allocation so that the system can adapt to actuator failures, benefiting from the configuration redundancy. The proposed approach is lightweight and is implemented as an extension to an already-existing flight control stack. Extensive experiments validate that the system can maintain the controlled flight under different actuator failures. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first study of the tiltrotor VTOL's fault-tolerance that exploits the configuration redundancy. The source code and simulation can be accessed at https://theairlab.org/vtol.

随着垂直起飞和着陆和长航时的特点，倾转旋翼吸引了相当多的关注近几十年来其在民用和科研应用潜力。然而，强耦合，非线性特性和不匹配的干扰的问题，不可避免地存在于倾转旋翼机，它带来的过渡模式控制器的设计极大的挑战。在本文中，我们结合一个超扭曲扩张状态观测器（STESO）具有自适应递归滑模控制（ARSMC）一起使用STESO-ARSMC（SAC）来设计以过渡模式倾转旋翼飞行器姿态系统控制器。首先，六个自由度的倾转旋翼的（DOF）的非线性数学模型被建立。其次，美国和干扰是由STES观察者估计。第三，ARSM控制器旨在实现有限时间内收敛。 Lyapunov函数用来作证的倾转旋翼无人机系统的融合。新的方面是，状态的评估被并入控制规则来调整中断。相较于先前技术，控制系统，这项工作可以大大提高抗干扰性能提出。最后，模拟试验，是要证明建议的技术的有效性。

在过去的十年中，自动驾驶航空运输车辆引起了重大兴趣。这是通过空中操纵器和新颖的握手的技术进步来实现这一目标的。此外，改进的控制方案和车辆动力学能够更好地对有效载荷进行建模和改进的感知算法，以检测无人机（UAV）环境中的关键特征。在这项调查中，对自动空中递送车辆的技术进步和开放研究问题进行了系统的审查。首先，详细讨论了各种类型的操纵器和握手，以及动态建模和控制方法。然后，讨论了降落在静态和动态平台上的。随后，诸如天气状况，州估计和避免碰撞之类的风险以确保安全过境。最后，调查了交付的UAV路由，该路由将主题分为两个领域：无人机操作和无人机合作操作。

由于非线性动力学，执行器约束和耦合的纵向和横向运动，部分地，固定翼无人驾驶飞行器（无人机）的姿态控制是一个困难的控制问题。目前的最先进的自动驾驶仪基于线性控制，因此有限于其有效性和性能。深度加强学习（DRL）是一种通过与受控系统的交互自动发现最佳控制法的机器学习方法，可以处理复杂的非线性动态。我们在本文中展示DRL可以成功学习直接在原始非线性动态上运行的固定翼UAV的态度控制，需要短至三分钟的飞行数据。我们最初在仿真环境中培训我们的模型，然后在飞行测试中部署无人机的学习控制器，向最先进的ArduplaneProportional-Integry-artivation（PID）姿态控制器的表现展示了可比的性能，而无需进一步的在线学习。为了更好地理解学习控制器的操作，我们呈现了对其行为的分析，包括与现有良好调整的PID控制器的比较。

This book provides a solution to the control and motion planning design for an octocopter system. It includes a particular choice of control and motion planning algorithms which is based on the authors' previous research work, so it can be used as a reference design guidance for students, researchers as well as autonomous vehicles hobbyists. The control is constructed based on a fault tolerant approach aiming to increase the chances of the system to detect and isolate a potential failure in order to produce feasible control signals to the remaining active motors. The used motion planning algorithm is risk-aware by means that it takes into account the constraints related to the fault-dependant and mission-related maneuverability analysis of the octocopter system during the planning stage. Such a planner generates only those reference trajectories along which the octocopter system would be safe and capable of good tracking in case of a single motor fault and of majority of double motor fault scenarios. The control and motion planning algorithms presented in the book aim to increase the overall reliability of the system for completing the mission.

This paper introduces a structure-deformable land-air robot which possesses both excellent ground driving and flying ability, with smooth switching mechanism between two modes. The elaborate coupled dynamics model of the proposed robot is established, including rotors, chassis, especially the deformable structures. Furthermore, taking fusion locomotion and complex near-ground situations into consideration, a model based controller is designed for landing and mode switching under various harsh conditions, in which we realise the cooperation between fused two motion modes. The entire system is implemented in ADAMS/Simulink simulation and in practical. We conduct experiments under various complex scenarios. The results show our robot can accomplish land-air switching swiftly and smoothly, and the designed controller can effectively improve the landing flexibility and reliability.

本文提出了一种用于特技飞行轨迹生成的新型算法，用于垂直起飞和降落（VTOL）TAILSITTER飞行飞机。该算法与固定翼轨迹生成的现有方法不同，因为它考虑了现实的六度自由度（6DOF）飞行动力学模型，包括空气动力学方程。使用全球动力学模型，能够生成特技轨迹，从而利用整个飞行信封，从而使敏捷的操纵通过摊位策略，侧向飞行，倒置飞行等。是在这项工作中得出的。通过在差异平坦的输出空间中执行快速最小化，可以获得适合在线运动计划的计算高效算法。该算法在包括六架特技飞行器的大型飞行实验中证明了这一算法，一个时间优势的无人机赛车轨迹以及三架尾灯飞机的飞机样有机赛序列。

基于对高分辨率水下视觉调查的需求，本研究表明，现有的烟囱II自主水下车辆（AUV）适应完全悬停的AUV完全能够进行自主，近​​距离成像调查任务。本文重点介绍了AUV机动能力的增强（实现了改进的机动控制），实现了最新推进器分配算法的状态（允许最佳推进器分配和推进器冗余），以及在控制器之后的升级路径的开发以便于精确开发高分辨率成像任务所需的精致运动。为了便于车辆适应，开发了一种动态模型。提出了使用良好接受的公式，通过计算流体动力学和实际海上实验获得最初获得的动态模型系数的校准过程。还提出了耐压成像系统的房屋开发。该系统包括立体声相机和高功率闪电闪光灯，并作为专用AUV有效载荷装配。最后，在实际海床视觉调查任务中证明了平台的性能。

虽然在各种应用中广泛使用刚性机器人，但它们在他们可以执行的任务中受到限制，并且在密切的人机交互中可以保持不安全。另一方面，软机器鞋面超越了刚性机器人的能力，例如与工作环境，自由度，自由度，制造成本和与环境安全互动的兼容性。本文研究了纤维增强弹性机壳（释放）作为一种特定类型的软气动致动器的行为，可用于软装饰器。创建动态集参数模型以在各种操作条件下模拟单一免费的运动，并通知控制器的设计。所提出的PID控制器使用旋转角度来控制多项式函数之后的自由到限定的步进输入或轨迹的响应来控制末端执行器的方向。另外，采用有限元分析方法，包括释放的固有非线性材料特性，精确地评估释放的各种参数和配置。该工具还用于确定模块中多个释放的工作空间，这基本上是软机械臂的构建块。

提出了一种能够改变形状中空飞行的新型Quadcopter，允许在四种配置中进行操作，其中包含持续的悬停在三个配置中。这是实现的，而不需要超出Quadcopter典型的四个电动机的执行器。通过自由旋转铰链来实现变形，使车臂通过减少或逆转推力向下折叠。放置在车辆的控制输入上的约束防止臂意外折叠或展开。这允许使用现有的四转器控制器和轨迹生成算法，只有最小的增加的复杂性。对于我们在悬停的实验载体中，我们发现这些约束导致车辆可以产生的最大偏航扭矩的36％减少，但不会导致最大推力或卷和螺距扭矩的减少。实验结果表明，对于典型的操纵，增加的限制对轨迹跟踪性能的影响忽略不计。最后，示出了改变配置的能力，使车辆能够在悬挂导线上移动小通道，并且执行有限的抓取任务。

MODBOAT是一种低成本，不足的模块化机器人，能够进行表面游泳，停靠到其他模块，并仅使用一个电动机和两个被动式拖鞋从中脱落。通过在某些配置中引起相邻模块的尾巴之间的故意自我碰撞来实现撤消；但是，当集体游泳作为一个连接的组件是理想的时，这将成为一个挑战。在这项工作中，我们制定了一种集中式控制策略，以允许\ textit {任意}配置Modboats作为单个可通道的车辆游泳，并保证不会意外撤离。我们还提出了一个简化的模型，用于在实时控制的配置中以船只之间的流体动力相互作用。我们在实验上证明，我们的控制器的性能很好，对于各种尺寸和形状的配置都是一致的，并且可以同时控制潮流速度和偏航角。游泳时保持可控性，但是纯偏航控制会导致侧向运动，而横向运动不能被提出的框架抵消。

We designed and constructed an A-sized base autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), augmented with a stack of modular and extendable hardware and software, including autonomy, navigation, control and high fidelity simulation capabilities (A-size stands for the standard sonobuoy form factor, with a maximum diameter of 124 mm). Subsequently, we extended this base vehicle with a novel tuna-inspired morphing fin payload module (referred to as the Morpheus AUV), to achieve good directional stability and exceptional maneuverability; properties that are highly desirable for rigid hull AUVs, but are presently difficult to achieve because they impose contradictory requirements. The morphing fin payload allows the base AUV to dynamically change its stability-maneuverability qualities by using morphing fins, which can be deployed, deflected and retracted, as needed. The base vehicle and Morpheus AUV were both extensively field tested in-water in the Charles river, Massachusetts, USA; by conducting hundreds of hours of operations over a period of two years. The maneuvering capability of the Morpheus AUV was evaluated with and without the use of morphing fins to quantify the performance improvement. The Morpheus AUV was able to showcase an exceptional turning rate of around 25-35 deg/s. A maximum turn rate improvement of around 35% - 50% was gained through the use of morphing fins.