A reduced order model of a generic submarine is presented. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are used to create and validate a model that includes depth dependence and the effect of waves on the craft. The model and the procedure to obtain its coefficients are discussed, and examples of the data used to obtain the model coefficients are presented. An example of operation following a complex path is presented and results from the reduced order model are compared to those from an equivalent CFD calculation. The controller implemented to complete these maneuvers is also presented.

基于对高分辨率水下视觉调查的需求，本研究表明，现有的烟囱II自主水下车辆（AUV）适应完全悬停的AUV完全能够进行自主，近​​距离成像调查任务。本文重点介绍了AUV机动能力的增强（实现了改进的机动控制），实现了最新推进器分配算法的状态（允许最佳推进器分配和推进器冗余），以及在控制器之后的升级路径的开发以便于精确开发高分辨率成像任务所需的精致运动。为了便于车辆适应，开发了一种动态模型。提出了使用良好接受的公式，通过计算流体动力学和实际海上实验获得最初获得的动态模型系数的校准过程。还提出了耐压成像系统的房屋开发。该系统包括立体声相机和高功率闪电闪光灯，并作为专用AUV有效载荷装配。最后，在实际海床视觉调查任务中证明了平台的性能。

本文提出了一项新颖的控制法，以使用尾随机翼无人驾驶飞机（UAV）进行准确跟踪敏捷轨迹，该轨道在垂直起飞和降落（VTOL）和向前飞行之间过渡。全球控制配方可以在整个飞行信封中进行操作，包括与Sideslip的不协调的飞行。显示了具有简化空气动力学模型的非线性尾尾动力学的差异平坦度。使用扁平度变换，提出的控制器结合了位置参考的跟踪及其导数速度，加速度和混蛋以及偏航参考和偏航速率。通过角速度进纸术语包含混蛋和偏航率参考，可以改善随着快速变化的加速度跟踪轨迹。控制器不取决于广泛的空气动力学建模，而是使用增量非线性动态反演（INDI）仅基于局部输入输出关系来计算控制更新，从而导致对简化空气动力学方程中差异的稳健性。非线性输入输出关系的精确反转是通过派生的平坦变换实现的。在飞行测试中对所得的控制算法进行了广泛的评估，在该测试中，它展示了准确的轨迹跟踪和挑战性敏捷操作，例如侧向飞行和转弯时的侵略性过渡。

虽然在各种应用中广泛使用刚性机器人，但它们在他们可以执行的任务中受到限制，并且在密切的人机交互中可以保持不安全。另一方面，软机器鞋面超越了刚性机器人的能力，例如与工作环境，自由度，自由度，制造成本和与环境安全互动的兼容性。本文研究了纤维增强弹性机壳（释放）作为一种特定类型的软气动致动器的行为，可用于软装饰器。创建动态集参数模型以在各种操作条件下模拟单一免费的运动，并通知控制器的设计。所提出的PID控制器使用旋转角度来控制多项式函数之后的自由到限定的步进输入或轨迹的响应来控制末端执行器的方向。另外，采用有限元分析方法，包括释放的固有非线性材料特性，精确地评估释放的各种参数和配置。该工具还用于确定模块中多个释放的工作空间，这基本上是软机械臂的构建块。

We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.

现代高性能战斗机超出了传统的飞行信封通过使用推力矢量进行机动性，因此实现超级措施。随着较持续发展的仿生无人驾驶飞行器（无人机），通过仿生机制的超级制剂能力可能变得明显。到目前为止，这种潜力尚未得到很好的研究：尚未显示生物摩托的无人机能够能够有任何形式的古典超级算法可用于推动矢量。在这里，我们通过展示生物微米传动翼无人机在低变形复杂度下如何执行复杂的Multiaxis鼻子指向和射击（NPA）机动，展示这种能力。非线性飞行动力学分析用于表征飞机修剪状态的多维空间的程度和稳定性，从仿生变形中出现。导航此修剪空间提供了一种基于模型的基于模型的指导策略，用于在仿真中生成开环NPAS操纵。我们的结果展示了仿古飞机用于空战相关的超级借助性的能力，并提供勘探，表征和在此类飞机中进一步形式的经典和非古典超级运动性的指导的策略。

Hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) integrate the efficient forward flight of fixed-wing and vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of multicopter UAVs. This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of a new type of hybrid micro-small UAVs, coined as lifting-wing quadcopters. The airframe orientation of the lifting wing needs to tilt a specific angle often within $ 45$ degrees, neither nearly $ 90$ nor approximately $ 0$ degrees. Compared with some convertiplane and tail-sitter UAVs, the lifting-wing quadcopter has a highly reliable structure, robust wind resistance, low cruise speed and reliable transition flight, making it potential to work fully-autonomous outdoor or some confined airspace indoor. In the modeling part, forces and moments generated by both lifting wing and rotors are considered. Based on the established model, a unified controller for the full flight phase is designed. The controller has the capability of uniformly treating the hovering and forward flight, and enables a continuous transition between two modes, depending on the velocity command. What is more, by taking rotor thrust and aerodynamic force under consideration simultaneously, a control allocation based on optimization is utilized to realize cooperative control for energy saving. Finally, comprehensive Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulations are performed to verify the advantages of the designed aircraft and the proposed controller.

微空中车辆（MAVS）在户外操作的限制靠近障碍物，通过他们承受风阵风的能力。目前广泛的位置控制方法，例如比例整体衍生物控制在阵风的影响下不会均匀。增量非线性动态反转（INDI）是一种基于传感器的控制技术，可以控制受扰动的非线性系统。它是为载人飞机或MAVS的态度控制而开发的。在本文中，我们将这种方法概括为严重燃烧负载下MAV的外环控制。在一个实验中对传统的比例积分衍生物（PID）控制器的显着改进进行了说明，其中四轮电机在10米/秒的吹风机排气进出中。控制方法不依赖于频繁的位置更新，如使用标准GPS模块的外部实验中所示。最后，我们研究了使用线性化来计算推力向量增量的效果，与非线性计算相比。该方法需要很少的建模并且是计算效率。

This book provides a solution to the control and motion planning design for an octocopter system. It includes a particular choice of control and motion planning algorithms which is based on the authors' previous research work, so it can be used as a reference design guidance for students, researchers as well as autonomous vehicles hobbyists. The control is constructed based on a fault tolerant approach aiming to increase the chances of the system to detect and isolate a potential failure in order to produce feasible control signals to the remaining active motors. The used motion planning algorithm is risk-aware by means that it takes into account the constraints related to the fault-dependant and mission-related maneuverability analysis of the octocopter system during the planning stage. Such a planner generates only those reference trajectories along which the octocopter system would be safe and capable of good tracking in case of a single motor fault and of majority of double motor fault scenarios. The control and motion planning algorithms presented in the book aim to increase the overall reliability of the system for completing the mission.

该论文提出了两种控制方法，用于用微型四轮驱动器进行反弹式操纵。首先，对专门为反转设计设计的现有前馈控制策略进行了修订和改进。使用替代高斯工艺模型的贝叶斯优化通过在模拟环境中反复执行翻转操作来找到最佳运动原语序列。第二种方法基于闭环控制，它由两个主要步骤组成：首先，即使在模型不确定性的情况下，自适应控制器也旨在提供可靠的参考跟踪。控制器是通过通过测量数据调整的高斯过程来增强无人机的标称模型来构建的。其次，提出了一种有效的轨迹计划算法，该算法仅使用二次编程来设计可行的轨迹为反弹操作设计。在模拟和使用BitCraze Crazyflie 2.1四肢旋转器中对两种方法进行了分析。

This paper introduces a structure-deformable land-air robot which possesses both excellent ground driving and flying ability, with smooth switching mechanism between two modes. The elaborate coupled dynamics model of the proposed robot is established, including rotors, chassis, especially the deformable structures. Furthermore, taking fusion locomotion and complex near-ground situations into consideration, a model based controller is designed for landing and mode switching under various harsh conditions, in which we realise the cooperation between fused two motion modes. The entire system is implemented in ADAMS/Simulink simulation and in practical. We conduct experiments under various complex scenarios. The results show our robot can accomplish land-air switching swiftly and smoothly, and the designed controller can effectively improve the landing flexibility and reliability.

由于这些要求的竞争性质，尤其是在一系列的运行速度和条件下，在转向控制中的准确性和误差融合与优美运动的平衡路径与优美的运动具有挑战性。本文表明，考虑滑移对运动学控制，动态控制和转向执行器速率命令的影响的集成多层转向控制器可实现准确且优美的路径。这项工作建立在多层侧滑和基于YAW的模型上，该模型允许派生控制器考虑由于侧滑而引起的误差以及转向命令和优美的侧向运动之间的映射。基于观察者的侧滑估计与运动控制器中的标题误差相结合，以提供前馈滑移补偿。使用基于速度的路径歧管，通过连续变量结构控制器（VSC）来补偿路径以下误差，以平衡优雅的运动和误差收敛。后台动态控制器使用结果偏航率命令来生成转向率命令。高增益观察者（HGO）估计输出反馈控制的侧滑和偏航率。提供了输出反馈控制器的稳定性分析，并解决了峰值。该工作仅针对侧向控制，因此转向控制器可以与其他速度控制器结合使用。现场结果提供了与相关方法的比较，这些方法在不同的复杂情况下证明了具有不同天气条件和扰动的不同复杂情况。

本文提出了一种用于特技飞行轨迹生成的新型算法，用于垂直起飞和降落（VTOL）TAILSITTER飞行飞机。该算法与固定翼轨迹生成的现有方法不同，因为它考虑了现实的六度自由度（6DOF）飞行动力学模型，包括空气动力学方程。使用全球动力学模型，能够生成特技轨迹，从而利用整个飞行信封，从而使敏捷的操纵通过摊位策略，侧向飞行，倒置飞行等。是在这项工作中得出的。通过在差异平坦的输出空间中执行快速最小化，可以获得适合在线运动计划的计算高效算法。该算法在包括六架特技飞行器的大型飞行实验中证明了这一算法，一个时间优势的无人机赛车轨迹以及三架尾灯飞机的飞机样有机赛序列。

二次运动的准确轨迹跟踪控制对于在混乱环境中的安全导航至关重要。但是，由于非线性动态，复杂的空气动力学效应和驱动约束，这在敏捷飞行中具有挑战性。在本文中，我们通过经验比较两个最先进的控制框架：非线性模型预测控制器（NMPC）和基于差异的控制器（DFBC），通过以速度跟踪各种敏捷轨迹，最多20 m/s（即72 km/h）。比较在模拟和现实世界环境中进行，以系统地评估这两种方法从跟踪准确性，鲁棒性和计算效率的方面。我们以更高的计算时间和数值收敛问题的风险来表明NMPC在跟踪动态不可行的轨迹方面的优势。对于这两种方法，我们还定量研究了使用增量非线性动态反演（INDI）方法添加内环控制器的效果，以及添加空气动力学阻力模型的效果。我们在世界上最大的运动捕获系统之一中进行的真实实验表明，NMPC和DFBC的跟踪误差降低了78％以上，这表明有必要使用内环控制器和用于敏捷轨迹轨迹跟踪的空气动力学阻力模型。

MODBOAT是一种低成本，不足的模块化机器人，能够进行表面游泳，停靠到其他模块，并仅使用一个电动机和两个被动式拖鞋从中脱落。通过在某些配置中引起相邻模块的尾巴之间的故意自我碰撞来实现撤消；但是，当集体游泳作为一个连接的组件是理想的时，这将成为一个挑战。在这项工作中，我们制定了一种集中式控制策略，以允许\ textit {任意}配置Modboats作为单个可通道的车辆游泳，并保证不会意外撤离。我们还提出了一个简化的模型，用于在实时控制的配置中以船只之间的流体动力相互作用。我们在实验上证明，我们的控制器的性能很好，对于各种尺寸和形状的配置都是一致的，并且可以同时控制潮流速度和偏航角。游泳时保持可控性，但是纯偏航控制会导致侧向运动，而横向运动不能被提出的框架抵消。

提出了一种能够改变形状中空飞行的新型Quadcopter，允许在四种配置中进行操作，其中包含持续的悬停在三个配置中。这是实现的，而不需要超出Quadcopter典型的四个电动机的执行器。通过自由旋转铰链来实现变形，使车臂通过减少或逆转推力向下折叠。放置在车辆的控制输入上的约束防止臂意外折叠或展开。这允许使用现有的四转器控制器和轨迹生成算法，只有最小的增加的复杂性。对于我们在悬停的实验载体中，我们发现这些约束导致车辆可以产生的最大偏航扭矩的36％减少，但不会导致最大推力或卷和螺距扭矩的减少。实验结果表明，对于典型的操纵，增加的限制对轨迹跟踪性能的影响忽略不计。最后，示出了改变配置的能力，使车辆能够在悬挂导线上移动小通道，并且执行有限的抓取任务。

Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles are deployed for a variety tasks including surveillance and monitoring. Perching and staring allow the vehicle to monitor targets without flying, saving battery power and increasing the overall mission time without the need to frequently replace batteries. This paper addresses the Active Visual Perching (AVP) control problem to autonomously perch on inclined surfaces up to $90^\circ$. Our approach generates dynamically feasible trajectories to navigate and perch on a desired target location, while taking into account actuator and Field of View (FoV) constraints. By replanning in mid-flight, we take advantage of more accurate target localization increasing the perching maneuver's robustness to target localization or control errors. We leverage the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to identify the compatibility between planning objectives and the visual sensing constraint during the planned maneuver. Furthermore, we experimentally identify the corresponding boundary conditions that maximizes the spatio-temporal target visibility during the perching maneuver. The proposed approach works on-board in real-time with significant computational constraints relying exclusively on cameras and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Experimental results validate the proposed approach and shows the higher success rate as well as increased target interception precision and accuracy with respect to a one-shot planning approach, while still retaining aggressive capabilities with flight envelopes that include large excursions from the hover position on inclined surfaces up to 90$^\circ$, angular speeds up to 750~deg/s, and accelerations up to 10~m/s$^2$.

机器人社区在为软机器人设备建模提供的理论工具的复杂程度中看到了指数增长。已经提出了不同的解决方案以克服与软机器人建模相关的困难，通常利用其他科学学科，例如连续式机械和计算机图形。这些理论基础通常被认为是理所当然的，这导致复杂的文献，因此，从未得到完整审查的主题。Withing这种情况下，提交的文件的目标是双重的。突出显示涉及建模技术的不同系列的常见理论根源，采用统一语言，以简化其主要连接和差异的分析。因此，对上市接近自然如下，并最终提供在该领域的主要作品的完整，解开，审查。

We designed and constructed an A-sized base autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), augmented with a stack of modular and extendable hardware and software, including autonomy, navigation, control and high fidelity simulation capabilities (A-size stands for the standard sonobuoy form factor, with a maximum diameter of 124 mm). Subsequently, we extended this base vehicle with a novel tuna-inspired morphing fin payload module (referred to as the Morpheus AUV), to achieve good directional stability and exceptional maneuverability; properties that are highly desirable for rigid hull AUVs, but are presently difficult to achieve because they impose contradictory requirements. The morphing fin payload allows the base AUV to dynamically change its stability-maneuverability qualities by using morphing fins, which can be deployed, deflected and retracted, as needed. The base vehicle and Morpheus AUV were both extensively field tested in-water in the Charles river, Massachusetts, USA; by conducting hundreds of hours of operations over a period of two years. The maneuvering capability of the Morpheus AUV was evaluated with and without the use of morphing fins to quantify the performance improvement. The Morpheus AUV was able to showcase an exceptional turning rate of around 25-35 deg/s. A maximum turn rate improvement of around 35% - 50% was gained through the use of morphing fins.

研究界，工业和社会中地面移动机器人（MRS）和无人机（UAV）的重要性正在迅速发展。如今，这些代理中的许多代理都配备了通信系统，在某些情况下，对于成功完成某些任务至关重要。在这种情况下，我们已经开始见证在机器人技术和通信的交集中开发一个新的跨学科研究领域。该研究领域的意图是将无人机集成到5G和6G通信网络中。这项研究无疑将在不久的将来导致许多重要的应用。然而，该研究领域发展的主要障碍之一是，大多数研究人员通过过度简化机器人技术或通信方面来解决这些问题。这阻碍了达到这个新的跨学科研究领域的全部潜力的能力。在本教程中，我们介绍了一些建模工具，从跨学科的角度来解决涉及机器人技术和通信的问题所需的一些建模工具。作为此类问题的说明性示例，我们将重点放在本教程上，讨论通信感知轨迹计划的问题。