基于对高分辨率水下视觉调查的需求，本研究表明，现有的烟囱II自主水下车辆（AUV）适应完全悬停的AUV完全能够进行自主，近​​距离成像调查任务。本文重点介绍了AUV机动能力的增强（实现了改进的机动控制），实现了最新推进器分配算法的状态（允许最佳推进器分配和推进器冗余），以及在控制器之后的升级路径的开发以便于精确开发高分辨率成像任务所需的精致运动。为了便于车辆适应，开发了一种动态模型。提出了使用良好接受的公式，通过计算流体动力学和实际海上实验获得最初获得的动态模型系数的校准过程。还提出了耐压成像系统的房屋开发。该系统包括立体声相机和高功率闪电闪光灯，并作为专用AUV有效载荷装配。最后，在实际海床视觉调查任务中证明了平台的性能。

A reduced order model of a generic submarine is presented. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are used to create and validate a model that includes depth dependence and the effect of waves on the craft. The model and the procedure to obtain its coefficients are discussed, and examples of the data used to obtain the model coefficients are presented. An example of operation following a complex path is presented and results from the reduced order model are compared to those from an equivalent CFD calculation. The controller implemented to complete these maneuvers is also presented.

本文提出了一项新颖的控制法，以使用尾随机翼无人驾驶飞机（UAV）进行准确跟踪敏捷轨迹，该轨道在垂直起飞和降落（VTOL）和向前飞行之间过渡。全球控制配方可以在整个飞行信封中进行操作，包括与Sideslip的不协调的飞行。显示了具有简化空气动力学模型的非线性尾尾动力学的差异平坦度。使用扁平度变换，提出的控制器结合了位置参考的跟踪及其导数速度，加速度和混蛋以及偏航参考和偏航速率。通过角速度进纸术语包含混蛋和偏航率参考，可以改善随着快速变化的加速度跟踪轨迹。控制器不取决于广泛的空气动力学建模，而是使用增量非线性动态反演（INDI）仅基于局部输入输出关系来计算控制更新，从而导致对简化空气动力学方程中差异的稳健性。非线性输入输出关系的精确反转是通过派生的平坦变换实现的。在飞行测试中对所得的控制算法进行了广泛的评估，在该测试中，它展示了准确的轨迹跟踪和挑战性敏捷操作，例如侧向飞行和转弯时的侵略性过渡。

We designed and constructed an A-sized base autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), augmented with a stack of modular and extendable hardware and software, including autonomy, navigation, control and high fidelity simulation capabilities (A-size stands for the standard sonobuoy form factor, with a maximum diameter of 124 mm). Subsequently, we extended this base vehicle with a novel tuna-inspired morphing fin payload module (referred to as the Morpheus AUV), to achieve good directional stability and exceptional maneuverability; properties that are highly desirable for rigid hull AUVs, but are presently difficult to achieve because they impose contradictory requirements. The morphing fin payload allows the base AUV to dynamically change its stability-maneuverability qualities by using morphing fins, which can be deployed, deflected and retracted, as needed. The base vehicle and Morpheus AUV were both extensively field tested in-water in the Charles river, Massachusetts, USA; by conducting hundreds of hours of operations over a period of two years. The maneuvering capability of the Morpheus AUV was evaluated with and without the use of morphing fins to quantify the performance improvement. The Morpheus AUV was able to showcase an exceptional turning rate of around 25-35 deg/s. A maximum turn rate improvement of around 35% - 50% was gained through the use of morphing fins.

安装在微空中车辆（MAV）上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而，合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达（GPSAR）系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成，使得在地面上方，雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形（GPSAR）轨迹的生成和自动执行，以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动（RTK）全局导航卫星系统（GNSS）和惯性测量单元（IMU）的测量值，以获得精确，高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明，传感器时机为0.8美元，正如0.1美元的那样，定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比，双位置因子配方可提高高达40％，批量定位精度高达59％。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度，使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。

虽然在各种应用中广泛使用刚性机器人，但它们在他们可以执行的任务中受到限制，并且在密切的人机交互中可以保持不安全。另一方面，软机器鞋面超越了刚性机器人的能力，例如与工作环境，自由度，自由度，制造成本和与环境安全互动的兼容性。本文研究了纤维增强弹性机壳（释放）作为一种特定类型的软气动致动器的行为，可用于软装饰器。创建动态集参数模型以在各种操作条件下模拟单一免费的运动，并通知控制器的设计。所提出的PID控制器使用旋转角度来控制多项式函数之后的自由到限定的步进输入或轨迹的响应来控制末端执行器的方向。另外，采用有限元分析方法，包括释放的固有非线性材料特性，精确地评估释放的各种参数和配置。该工具还用于确定模块中多个释放的工作空间，这基本上是软机械臂的构建块。

We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.

MODBOAT是一种低成本，不足的模块化机器人，能够进行表面游泳，停靠到其他模块，并仅使用一个电动机和两个被动式拖鞋从中脱落。通过在某些配置中引起相邻模块的尾巴之间的故意自我碰撞来实现撤消；但是，当集体游泳作为一个连接的组件是理想的时，这将成为一个挑战。在这项工作中，我们制定了一种集中式控制策略，以允许\ textit {任意}配置Modboats作为单个可通道的车辆游泳，并保证不会意外撤离。我们还提出了一个简化的模型，用于在实时控制的配置中以船只之间的流体动力相互作用。我们在实验上证明，我们的控制器的性能很好，对于各种尺寸和形状的配置都是一致的，并且可以同时控制潮流速度和偏航角。游泳时保持可控性，但是纯偏航控制会导致侧向运动，而横向运动不能被提出的框架抵消。

The performance of inertial navigation systems is largely dependent on the stable flow of external measurements and information to guarantee continuous filter updates and bind the inertial solution drift. Platforms in different operational environments may be prevented at some point from receiving external measurements, thus exposing their navigation solution to drift. Over the years, a wide variety of works have been proposed to overcome this shortcoming, by exploiting knowledge of the system current conditions and turning it into an applicable source of information to update the navigation filter. This paper aims to provide an extensive survey of information aided navigation, broadly classified into direct, indirect, and model aiding. Each approach is described by the notable works that implemented its concept, use cases, relevant state updates, and their corresponding measurement models. By matching the appropriate constraint to a given scenario, one will be able to improve the navigation solution accuracy, compensate for the lost information, and uncover certain internal states, that would otherwise remain unobservable.

Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles are deployed for a variety tasks including surveillance and monitoring. Perching and staring allow the vehicle to monitor targets without flying, saving battery power and increasing the overall mission time without the need to frequently replace batteries. This paper addresses the Active Visual Perching (AVP) control problem to autonomously perch on inclined surfaces up to $90^\circ$. Our approach generates dynamically feasible trajectories to navigate and perch on a desired target location, while taking into account actuator and Field of View (FoV) constraints. By replanning in mid-flight, we take advantage of more accurate target localization increasing the perching maneuver's robustness to target localization or control errors. We leverage the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to identify the compatibility between planning objectives and the visual sensing constraint during the planned maneuver. Furthermore, we experimentally identify the corresponding boundary conditions that maximizes the spatio-temporal target visibility during the perching maneuver. The proposed approach works on-board in real-time with significant computational constraints relying exclusively on cameras and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Experimental results validate the proposed approach and shows the higher success rate as well as increased target interception precision and accuracy with respect to a one-shot planning approach, while still retaining aggressive capabilities with flight envelopes that include large excursions from the hover position on inclined surfaces up to 90$^\circ$, angular speeds up to 750~deg/s, and accelerations up to 10~m/s$^2$.

众所周知，在ADAS应用中，需要良好的估计车辆的姿势。本文提出了一种鉴定的2.5D内径术，由此由横摆率传感器和四轮速度传感器衍生的平面内径测量由悬架的线性模型增强。虽然平面内径术的核心是在文献中已经理解的横摆率模型，但我们通过拟合二次传入信号，实现内插，推断和车辆位置的更精细的整合来增强这一点。我们通过DGPS / IMU参考的实验结果表明，该模型提供了与现有方法相比的高精度的内径估计。利用返回车辆参考点高度变化的传感器改变悬架配置，我们定义了车辆悬架的平面模型，从而增加了内径模型。我们提出了一个实验框架和评估标准，通过该标准评估了内径术的良好和与现有方法进行了比较。该测距模型旨在支持众所周知的低速环绕式摄像头系统。因此，我们介绍了一些应用程序结果，该应用结果显示使用所提出的内径术来查看和计算机视觉应用程序的性能提升

This book provides a solution to the control and motion planning design for an octocopter system. It includes a particular choice of control and motion planning algorithms which is based on the authors' previous research work, so it can be used as a reference design guidance for students, researchers as well as autonomous vehicles hobbyists. The control is constructed based on a fault tolerant approach aiming to increase the chances of the system to detect and isolate a potential failure in order to produce feasible control signals to the remaining active motors. The used motion planning algorithm is risk-aware by means that it takes into account the constraints related to the fault-dependant and mission-related maneuverability analysis of the octocopter system during the planning stage. Such a planner generates only those reference trajectories along which the octocopter system would be safe and capable of good tracking in case of a single motor fault and of majority of double motor fault scenarios. The control and motion planning algorithms presented in the book aim to increase the overall reliability of the system for completing the mission.

We present a dynamic path planning algorithm to navigate an amphibious rotor craft through a concave time-invariant obstacle field while attempting to minimize energy usage. We create a nonlinear quaternion state model that represents the rotor craft dynamics above and below the water. The 6 degree of freedom dynamics used within a layered architecture to generate motion paths for the vehicle to follow and the required control inputs. The rotor craft has a 3 dimensional map of its surroundings that is updated via limited range onboard sensor readings within the current medium (air or water). Path planning is done via PRM and D* Lite.

在本报告中，我们提出了在哥斯达黎加太平洋架子和圣托里尼 - Kolumbo Caldera Complex中，在寻找寿命中的寻找寿命任务中的自主海洋机器人技术协调，操作策略和结果。它作为可能存在于海洋超越地球的环境中的类似物。本报告侧重于ROV操纵器操作的自动化，用于从海底获取有针对性的生物样品收集和返回的。在未来的外星勘查任务到海洋世界的背景下，ROV是一个模拟的行星着陆器，必须能够有能力的高水平自主权。我们的田间试验涉及两个水下车辆，冰（Nui）杂交ROV的两个水下车辆（即，龙眼或自主）任务，都配备了7-DOF液压机械手。我们描述了一种适应性，硬件无关的计算机视觉架构，可实现高级自动化操作。 Vision系统提供了对工作空间的3D理解，以便在复杂的非结构化环境中通知操纵器运动计划。我们展示了视觉系统和控制框架通过越来越具有挑战性的环境中的现场试验的有效性，包括来自活性Undersea火山，Kolumbo内的自动收集和生物样品的回报。根据我们在该领域的经验，我们讨论了我们的系统的表现，并确定了未来研究的有希望的指示。

Hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) integrate the efficient forward flight of fixed-wing and vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of multicopter UAVs. This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of a new type of hybrid micro-small UAVs, coined as lifting-wing quadcopters. The airframe orientation of the lifting wing needs to tilt a specific angle often within $ 45$ degrees, neither nearly $ 90$ nor approximately $ 0$ degrees. Compared with some convertiplane and tail-sitter UAVs, the lifting-wing quadcopter has a highly reliable structure, robust wind resistance, low cruise speed and reliable transition flight, making it potential to work fully-autonomous outdoor or some confined airspace indoor. In the modeling part, forces and moments generated by both lifting wing and rotors are considered. Based on the established model, a unified controller for the full flight phase is designed. The controller has the capability of uniformly treating the hovering and forward flight, and enables a continuous transition between two modes, depending on the velocity command. What is more, by taking rotor thrust and aerodynamic force under consideration simultaneously, a control allocation based on optimization is utilized to realize cooperative control for energy saving. Finally, comprehensive Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulations are performed to verify the advantages of the designed aircraft and the proposed controller.

Many aerial robotic applications require the ability to land on moving platforms, such as delivery trucks and marine research boats. We present a method to autonomously land an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on a moving vehicle. A visual servoing controller approaches the ground vehicle using velocity commands calculated directly in image space. The control laws generate velocity commands in all three dimensions, eliminating the need for a separate height controller. The method has shown the ability to approach and land on the moving deck in simulation, indoor and outdoor environments, and compared to the other available methods, it has provided the fastest landing approach. Unlike many existing methods for landing on fast-moving platforms, this method does not rely on additional external setups, such as RTK, motion capture system, ground station, offboard processing, or communication with the vehicle, and it requires only the minimal set of hardware and localization sensors. The videos and source codes are also provided.

近年来，空中机器人背景下的高速导航和环境互动已成为几个学术和工业研究研究的兴趣领域。特别是，由于其若干环境中的潜在可用性，因此搜索和拦截（SAI）应用程序造成引人注目的研究区域。尽管如此，SAI任务涉及有关感官权重，板载计算资源，致动设计和感知和控制算法的具有挑战性的发展。在这项工作中，已经提出了一种用于高速对象抓握的全自动空中机器人。作为一个额外的子任务，我们的系统能够自主地刺穿位于靠近表面的杆中的气球。我们的第一款贡献是在致动和感觉水平的致动和感觉水平的空中机器人的设计，包括具有额外传感器的新型夹具设计，使机器人能够高速抓住物体。第二种贡献是一种完整的软件框架，包括感知，状态估计，运动计划，运动控制和任务控制，以便快速且强大地执行自主掌握任务。我们的方法已在一个具有挑战性的国际竞争中验证，并显示出突出的结果，能够在室外环境中以6米/分来自动搜索，遵循和掌握移动物体

本文介绍了设计，开发，并通过IISC-TCS团队为穆罕默德·本·扎耶德国际机器人挑战赛2020年挑战1的目标的挑战1硬件 - 软件系统的测试是抓住从移动和机动悬挂球UAV和POP气球锚定到地面，使用合适的操纵器。解决这一挑战的重要任务包括具有高效抓取和突破机制的硬件系统的设计和开发，考虑到体积和有效载荷的限制，使用适用于室外环境的可视信息的准确目标拦截算法和开发动态多功能机空中系统的软件架构，执行复杂的动态任务。在本文中，设计了具有末端执行器的单个自由度机械手设计用于抓取和突发，并且开发了鲁棒算法以拦截在不确定的环境中的目标。基于追求参与和人工潜在功能的概念提出了基于视觉的指导和跟踪法。本工作中提供的软件架构提出了一种操作管理系统（OMS）架构，其在多个无人机之间协同分配静态和动态任务，以执行任何给定的任务。这项工作的一个重要方面是所有开发的系统都设计用于完全自主模式。在这项工作中还包括对凉亭环境和现场实验结果中完全挑战的模拟的详细描述。所提出的硬件软件系统对反UAV系统特别有用，也可以修改以满足其他几种应用。

二次运动的准确轨迹跟踪控制对于在混乱环境中的安全导航至关重要。但是，由于非线性动态，复杂的空气动力学效应和驱动约束，这在敏捷飞行中具有挑战性。在本文中，我们通过经验比较两个最先进的控制框架：非线性模型预测控制器（NMPC）和基于差异的控制器（DFBC），通过以速度跟踪各种敏捷轨迹，最多20 m/s（即72 km/h）。比较在模拟和现实世界环境中进行，以系统地评估这两种方法从跟踪准确性，鲁棒性和计算效率的方面。我们以更高的计算时间和数值收敛问题的风险来表明NMPC在跟踪动态不可行的轨迹方面的优势。对于这两种方法，我们还定量研究了使用增量非线性动态反演（INDI）方法添加内环控制器的效果，以及添加空气动力学阻力模型的效果。我们在世界上最大的运动捕获系统之一中进行的真实实验表明，NMPC和DFBC的跟踪误差降低了78％以上，这表明有必要使用内环控制器和用于敏捷轨迹轨迹跟踪的空气动力学阻力模型。

由于这些要求的竞争性质，尤其是在一系列的运行速度和条件下，在转向控制中的准确性和误差融合与优美运动的平衡路径与优美的运动具有挑战性。本文表明，考虑滑移对运动学控制，动态控制和转向执行器速率命令的影响的集成多层转向控制器可实现准确且优美的路径。这项工作建立在多层侧滑和基于YAW的模型上，该模型允许派生控制器考虑由于侧滑而引起的误差以及转向命令和优美的侧向运动之间的映射。基于观察者的侧滑估计与运动控制器中的标题误差相结合，以提供前馈滑移补偿。使用基于速度的路径歧管，通过连续变量结构控制器（VSC）来补偿路径以下误差，以平衡优雅的运动和误差收敛。后台动态控制器使用结果偏航率命令来生成转向率命令。高增益观察者（HGO）估计输出反馈控制的侧滑和偏航率。提供了输出反馈控制器的稳定性分析，并解决了峰值。该工作仅针对侧向控制，因此转向控制器可以与其他速度控制器结合使用。现场结果提供了与相关方法的比较，这些方法在不同的复杂情况下证明了具有不同天气条件和扰动的不同复杂情况。