Enabling vertical take-off and landing while providing the ability to fly long ranges opens the door to a wide range of new real-world aircraft applications while improving many existing tasks. Tiltrotor vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a better choice than fixed-wing and multirotor aircraft for such applications. Prior works on these aircraft have addressed aerodynamic performance, design, modeling, and control. However, a less explored area is the study of their potential fault tolerance due to their inherent redundancy, which allows them to tolerate some degree of actuation failure. This paper introduces tolerance to several types of actuator failures in a tiltrotor VTOL aircraft. We discuss the design and modeling of a custom tiltrotor VTOL UAV, which is a combination of a fixed-wing aircraft and a quadrotor with tilting rotors, where the four propellers can be rotated individually. Then, we analyze the feasible wrench space the vehicle can generate and design the dynamic control allocation so that the system can adapt to actuator failures, benefiting from the configuration redundancy. The proposed approach is lightweight and is implemented as an extension to an already-existing flight control stack. Extensive experiments validate that the system can maintain the controlled flight under different actuator failures. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first study of the tiltrotor VTOL's fault-tolerance that exploits the configuration redundancy. The source code and simulation can be accessed at https://theairlab.org/vtol.

Hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) integrate the efficient forward flight of fixed-wing and vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of multicopter UAVs. This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of a new type of hybrid micro-small UAVs, coined as lifting-wing quadcopters. The airframe orientation of the lifting wing needs to tilt a specific angle often within $ 45$ degrees, neither nearly $ 90$ nor approximately $ 0$ degrees. Compared with some convertiplane and tail-sitter UAVs, the lifting-wing quadcopter has a highly reliable structure, robust wind resistance, low cruise speed and reliable transition flight, making it potential to work fully-autonomous outdoor or some confined airspace indoor. In the modeling part, forces and moments generated by both lifting wing and rotors are considered. Based on the established model, a unified controller for the full flight phase is designed. The controller has the capability of uniformly treating the hovering and forward flight, and enables a continuous transition between two modes, depending on the velocity command. What is more, by taking rotor thrust and aerodynamic force under consideration simultaneously, a control allocation based on optimization is utilized to realize cooperative control for energy saving. Finally, comprehensive Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulations are performed to verify the advantages of the designed aircraft and the proposed controller.

This paper introduces a structure-deformable land-air robot which possesses both excellent ground driving and flying ability, with smooth switching mechanism between two modes. The elaborate coupled dynamics model of the proposed robot is established, including rotors, chassis, especially the deformable structures. Furthermore, taking fusion locomotion and complex near-ground situations into consideration, a model based controller is designed for landing and mode switching under various harsh conditions, in which we realise the cooperation between fused two motion modes. The entire system is implemented in ADAMS/Simulink simulation and in practical. We conduct experiments under various complex scenarios. The results show our robot can accomplish land-air switching swiftly and smoothly, and the designed controller can effectively improve the landing flexibility and reliability.

本文提出了一项新颖的控制法，以使用尾随机翼无人驾驶飞机（UAV）进行准确跟踪敏捷轨迹，该轨道在垂直起飞和降落（VTOL）和向前飞行之间过渡。全球控制配方可以在整个飞行信封中进行操作，包括与Sideslip的不协调的飞行。显示了具有简化空气动力学模型的非线性尾尾动力学的差异平坦度。使用扁平度变换，提出的控制器结合了位置参考的跟踪及其导数速度，加速度和混蛋以及偏航参考和偏航速率。通过角速度进纸术语包含混蛋和偏航率参考，可以改善随着快速变化的加速度跟踪轨迹。控制器不取决于广泛的空气动力学建模，而是使用增量非线性动态反演（INDI）仅基于局部输入输出关系来计算控制更新，从而导致对简化空气动力学方程中差异的稳健性。非线性输入输出关系的精确反转是通过派生的平坦变换实现的。在飞行测试中对所得的控制算法进行了广泛的评估，在该测试中，它展示了准确的轨迹跟踪和挑战性敏捷操作，例如侧向飞行和转弯时的侵略性过渡。

提出了一种能够改变形状中空飞行的新型Quadcopter，允许在四种配置中进行操作，其中包含持续的悬停在三个配置中。这是实现的，而不需要超出Quadcopter典型的四个电动机的执行器。通过自由旋转铰链来实现变形，使车臂通过减少或逆转推力向下折叠。放置在车辆的控制输入上的约束防止臂意外折叠或展开。这允许使用现有的四转器控制器和轨迹生成算法，只有最小的增加的复杂性。对于我们在悬停的实验载体中，我们发现这些约束导致车辆可以产生的最大偏航扭矩的36％减少，但不会导致最大推力或卷和螺距扭矩的减少。实验结果表明，对于典型的操纵，增加的限制对轨迹跟踪性能的影响忽略不计。最后，示出了改变配置的能力，使车辆能够在悬挂导线上移动小通道，并且执行有限的抓取任务。

This book provides a solution to the control and motion planning design for an octocopter system. It includes a particular choice of control and motion planning algorithms which is based on the authors' previous research work, so it can be used as a reference design guidance for students, researchers as well as autonomous vehicles hobbyists. The control is constructed based on a fault tolerant approach aiming to increase the chances of the system to detect and isolate a potential failure in order to produce feasible control signals to the remaining active motors. The used motion planning algorithm is risk-aware by means that it takes into account the constraints related to the fault-dependant and mission-related maneuverability analysis of the octocopter system during the planning stage. Such a planner generates only those reference trajectories along which the octocopter system would be safe and capable of good tracking in case of a single motor fault and of majority of double motor fault scenarios. The control and motion planning algorithms presented in the book aim to increase the overall reliability of the system for completing the mission.

We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.

We designed and constructed an A-sized base autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), augmented with a stack of modular and extendable hardware and software, including autonomy, navigation, control and high fidelity simulation capabilities (A-size stands for the standard sonobuoy form factor, with a maximum diameter of 124 mm). Subsequently, we extended this base vehicle with a novel tuna-inspired morphing fin payload module (referred to as the Morpheus AUV), to achieve good directional stability and exceptional maneuverability; properties that are highly desirable for rigid hull AUVs, but are presently difficult to achieve because they impose contradictory requirements. The morphing fin payload allows the base AUV to dynamically change its stability-maneuverability qualities by using morphing fins, which can be deployed, deflected and retracted, as needed. The base vehicle and Morpheus AUV were both extensively field tested in-water in the Charles river, Massachusetts, USA; by conducting hundreds of hours of operations over a period of two years. The maneuvering capability of the Morpheus AUV was evaluated with and without the use of morphing fins to quantify the performance improvement. The Morpheus AUV was able to showcase an exceptional turning rate of around 25-35 deg/s. A maximum turn rate improvement of around 35% - 50% was gained through the use of morphing fins.

本文提出了一种用于特技飞行轨迹生成的新型算法，用于垂直起飞和降落（VTOL）TAILSITTER飞行飞机。该算法与固定翼轨迹生成的现有方法不同，因为它考虑了现实的六度自由度（6DOF）飞行动力学模型，包括空气动力学方程。使用全球动力学模型，能够生成特技轨迹，从而利用整个飞行信封，从而使敏捷的操纵通过摊位策略，侧向飞行，倒置飞行等。是在这项工作中得出的。通过在差异平坦的输出空间中执行快速最小化，可以获得适合在线运动计划的计算高效算法。该算法在包括六架特技飞行器的大型飞行实验中证明了这一算法，一个时间优势的无人机赛车轨迹以及三架尾灯飞机的飞机样有机赛序列。

本文介绍了一项关于多连杆航空车（MRAV）与可倾斜螺旋桨在不同方向上实现和维持静态盘旋的能力的理论研究。为了分析具有可倾斜螺旋桨实现静态盘旋的MRAV的能力，引入了平台控制输入和应用力和矩之间的新型线性图。引入地图与平台在不同方向上悬停的能力之间的关系。相应地，详细介绍了具有可倾斜螺旋桨的MRAV来实现和维持静态盘旋的条件。然后引入了数值指标，这反映了MRAV在不同方向上维持静态盘旋的能力。带有可倾斜螺旋桨的MRAV的子类定义为静态悬停的平台（CSH），其中CSH平台是MRAV，无法维持与固定螺旋桨悬停的静态悬停，但可以通过倾斜螺旋桨实现静态悬停。最后，进行了广泛的仿真来测试和验证上述发现，并证明所提出的数值指标对平台动力学的影响。

现代高性能战斗机超出了传统的飞行信封通过使用推力矢量进行机动性，因此实现超级措施。随着较持续发展的仿生无人驾驶飞行器（无人机），通过仿生机制的超级制剂能力可能变得明显。到目前为止，这种潜力尚未得到很好的研究：尚未显示生物摩托的无人机能够能够有任何形式的古典超级算法可用于推动矢量。在这里，我们通过展示生物微米传动翼无人机在低变形复杂度下如何执行复杂的Multiaxis鼻子指向和射击（NPA）机动，展示这种能力。非线性飞行动力学分析用于表征飞机修剪状态的多维空间的程度和稳定性，从仿生变形中出现。导航此修剪空间提供了一种基于模型的基于模型的指导策略，用于在仿真中生成开环NPAS操纵。我们的结果展示了仿古飞机用于空战相关的超级借助性的能力，并提供勘探，表征和在此类飞机中进一步形式的经典和非古典超级运动性的指导的策略。

对于腿部机器人，航空动作是唯一可以通过标准运动步态绕过的障碍物的唯一选择。在这些情况下，机器人必须进行飞跃，以跳到障碍物或飞越障碍物上。但是，这些运动代表了一个挑战，因为在飞行阶段\ gls {com}无法控制，并且机器人方向的可控性有限。本文重点介绍了后一个问题，并提出了一个由两个旋转和驱动的质量（飞轮或反应轮）组成的\ gls {ocs}，以获得机器人方向的控制权。由于角动量的保护，即使与地面没有接触，它们的旋转速度也可以调节以引导机器人方向。飞轮的旋转轴设计为入射，导致一个紧凑的方向控制系统，该系统能够控制滚动和俯仰角，考虑到这两个方向的不同惯性矩。我们通过机器人Solo12上的模拟测试了该概念。

飞行脊椎动物表现出复杂的Wingbeat运动学。他们的专门的前肢允许机翼变形动作在他们的水平飞行过程中与拍打动作加上，以前的可传单仿生平台已经成功地应用了生物启发的翼形变形，但不能被变形耦合的翼展图案推动。由此促进了这一点，我们开发了一个生物启发型扑翼空中车辆（FWAV），题为Robofalcon，配备了一种新颖的机制来推动蝙蝠式的变形翅膀，表现出变形耦合的翼型模式，并整体管理吸引力航班。 Robofalcon的新机制允许在需要在需要操纵时耦合变形和拍打，并在需要操纵时去耦，产生双侧不对称下划作，提供高轧制敏捷性。蝙蝠式的变形翼设计在腕关节的半径周围的倾斜安装角，以模仿飞行脊椎动物的手腕浸湿效果。通过几种轧制机动飞行测试评估了Robofalcon的敏捷性，与飞行生物和当前拍打翼平台相比，我们展示了其性能良好的敏捷性能力。风洞测试表明，不对称下午的辊矩与拍打频率相关，腕部安装角可用于调谐静止飞行状态的攻击角度和提升 - 推力配置。我们认为，这项工作产生了一个良好的仿生平台，为变形耦合扑拍飞行提供了新的驱动策略。

空中操纵的生长场通常依赖于完全致动的或全向微型航空车（OMAV），它们可以在与环境接触时施加任意力和扭矩。控制方法通常基于无模型方法，将高级扳手控制器与执行器分配分开。如有必要，在线骚扰观察员拒绝干扰。但是，虽然是一般，但这种方法通常会产生次优控制命令，并且不能纳入平台设计给出的约束。我们提出了两种基于模型的方法来控制OMAV，以实现轨迹跟踪的任务，同时拒绝干扰。第一个通过从实验数据中学到的模型来优化扳手命令并补偿模型错误。第二个功能优化了低级执行器命令，允许利用分配无空格并考虑执行器硬件给出的约束。在现实世界实验中显示和评估两种方法的疗效和实时可行性。

在许多无人机应用中，为空中机器人计划的时间轨迹至关重要，例如救援任务和包装交付，这些应用程序近年来已经广泛研究。但是，它仍然涉及一些挑战，尤其是在将特殊任务要求纳入计划以及空中机器人的动态方面。在这项工作中，我们研究了一种案例，使空中操纵器应以时间优势的方式从移动的移动机器人中移交一个包裹。我们没有手动设置方法轨迹，这使得很难确定在动态范围内完成所需任务的最佳总行进时间，而是提出了一个优化框架，该框架将离散的力学和互补性约束（DMCC）结合在一起。在提出的框架中，系统动力学受到离散的拉格朗日力学的约束，该机械也根据我们的实验提供了可靠的估计结果。移交机会是根据所需的互补限制自动确定和安排的。最后，通过使用我们的自设计的空中操纵器进行数值模拟和硬件实验来验证所提出的框架的性能。

基于对高分辨率水下视觉调查的需求，本研究表明，现有的烟囱II自主水下车辆（AUV）适应完全悬停的AUV完全能够进行自主，近​​距离成像调查任务。本文重点介绍了AUV机动能力的增强（实现了改进的机动控制），实现了最新推进器分配算法的状态（允许最佳推进器分配和推进器冗余），以及在控制器之后的升级路径的开发以便于精确开发高分辨率成像任务所需的精致运动。为了便于车辆适应，开发了一种动态模型。提出了使用良好接受的公式，通过计算流体动力学和实际海上实验获得最初获得的动态模型系数的校准过程。还提出了耐压成像系统的房屋开发。该系统包括立体声相机和高功率闪电闪光灯，并作为专用AUV有效载荷装配。最后，在实际海床视觉调查任务中证明了平台的性能。

This study proposes a uniform passive fault-tolerant control (FTC) method for a quadcopter that does not rely on fault information subject to one, two adjacent, two opposite, or three rotors failure. The uniform control implies that the passive FTC is able to cover the condition from quadcopter fault-free to rotor failure without controller switching. To achieve the purpose of the passive FTC, the rotors' fault is modeled as a disturbance acting on the virtual control of the quadcopter system. The disturbance estimate is used directly for the passive FTC with rotor failure. To avoid controller switching between normal control and FTC, a dynamic control allocation is used. In addition, the closed-loop stability has been analyzed and a virtual control feedback is adopted to achieve the passive FTC for the quadcopter with two and three rotor failure. To validate the proposed uniform passive FTC method, outdoor experiments are performed for the first time, which have demonstrated that the hovering quadcopter is able to recover from one rotor failure by the proposed controller and continue to fly even if two adjacent, two opposite, or three rotors fail, without any rotor fault information and controller switching.

随着垂直起飞和着陆和长航时的特点，倾转旋翼吸引了相当多的关注近几十年来其在民用和科研应用潜力。然而，强耦合，非线性特性和不匹配的干扰的问题，不可避免地存在于倾转旋翼机，它带来的过渡模式控制器的设计极大的挑战。在本文中，我们结合一个超扭曲扩张状态观测器（STESO）具有自适应递归滑模控制（ARSMC）一起使用STESO-ARSMC（SAC）来设计以过渡模式倾转旋翼飞行器姿态系统控制器。首先，六个自由度的倾转旋翼的（DOF）的非线性数学模型被建立。其次，美国和干扰是由STES观察者估计。第三，ARSM控制器旨在实现有限时间内收敛。 Lyapunov函数用来作证的倾转旋翼无人机系统的融合。新的方面是，状态的评估被并入控制规则来调整中断。相较于先前技术，控制系统，这项工作可以大大提高抗干扰性能提出。最后，模拟试验，是要证明建议的技术的有效性。

A reduced order model of a generic submarine is presented. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are used to create and validate a model that includes depth dependence and the effect of waves on the craft. The model and the procedure to obtain its coefficients are discussed, and examples of the data used to obtain the model coefficients are presented. An example of operation following a complex path is presented and results from the reduced order model are compared to those from an equivalent CFD calculation. The controller implemented to complete these maneuvers is also presented.

Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles are deployed for a variety tasks including surveillance and monitoring. Perching and staring allow the vehicle to monitor targets without flying, saving battery power and increasing the overall mission time without the need to frequently replace batteries. This paper addresses the Active Visual Perching (AVP) control problem to autonomously perch on inclined surfaces up to $90^\circ$. Our approach generates dynamically feasible trajectories to navigate and perch on a desired target location, while taking into account actuator and Field of View (FoV) constraints. By replanning in mid-flight, we take advantage of more accurate target localization increasing the perching maneuver's robustness to target localization or control errors. We leverage the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to identify the compatibility between planning objectives and the visual sensing constraint during the planned maneuver. Furthermore, we experimentally identify the corresponding boundary conditions that maximizes the spatio-temporal target visibility during the perching maneuver. The proposed approach works on-board in real-time with significant computational constraints relying exclusively on cameras and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Experimental results validate the proposed approach and shows the higher success rate as well as increased target interception precision and accuracy with respect to a one-shot planning approach, while still retaining aggressive capabilities with flight envelopes that include large excursions from the hover position on inclined surfaces up to 90$^\circ$, angular speeds up to 750~deg/s, and accelerations up to 10~m/s$^2$.