测量,评估和减少性别偏见已经与每隔几个月释放的更新和改进的语言嵌入来源于最前沿。但这种偏见可能从域变为域吗?我们看到很多工作要在各种嵌入式模型中学习这些偏见,但工作已经有限地完成了Debias Oxpan语言。我们的目标是衡量并研究印地语语言的偏差,这是一种高阶语言(性别),参考英语,较低的语言。为此,我们研究域跨域的变化来量化,如果域嵌入式允许我们对这对印度英语模型的性别偏见有所了解。我们将在四个不同的Corpora中生成嵌入式,并通过使用预先训练的艺术指示型翻译模型实现不同的指标,比较结果,这些标准 - 英语翻译模型已经比现有模型更好地执行了更好的NLP任务。
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语言可以用作再现和执行有害刻板印象和偏差的手段,并被分析在许多研究中。在本文中,我们对自然语言处理中的性别偏见进行了304篇论文。我们分析了社会科学中性别及其类别的定义,并将其连接到NLP研究中性别偏见的正式定义。我们调查了在对性别偏见的研究中应用的Lexica和数据集,然后比较和对比方法来检测和减轻性别偏见。我们发现对性别偏见的研究遭受了四个核心限制。 1)大多数研究将性别视为忽视其流动性和连续性的二元变量。 2)大部分工作都在单机设置中进行英语或其他高资源语言进行。 3)尽管在NLP方法中对性别偏见进行了无数的论文,但我们发现大多数新开发的算法都没有测试他们的偏见模型,并无视他们的工作的伦理考虑。 4)最后,在这一研究线上发展的方法基本缺陷涵盖性别偏差的非常有限的定义,缺乏评估基线和管道。我们建议建议克服这些限制作为未来研究的指导。
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在本文中,作为一个案例研究,我们在与谷歌翻译的机器翻译中对性别偏差进行了系统研究。我们翻译了包含匈牙利语的职业名称的句子,这是一种与性别中性代词的语言,进入英语。我们的目标是通过将翻译与最佳非偏见翻译者进行比较来提出偏见的公平措施。在评估偏见时,我们使用以下参考点:(1)源和目标语言国家的职业中的男女分布,以及(2)匈牙利调查结果,审查某些工作是通常被认为是女性化或男性化的。我们还研究了如何将句子扩展到职业的形容词效应了翻译代词的性别。因此,我们发现对双方的偏见,但对女性的偏见结果更频繁。翻译更接近我们对客观职业统计的看法。最后,职业对翻译产生了更大的效果而不是形容词。
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语言的自动处理在我们的生活中普遍存在,经常在我们的决策中扮演核心角色,例如为我们的消息和邮件选择措辞,翻译我们的读物,甚至与我们进行完整的对话。单词嵌入是现代自然语言处理系统的关键组成部分。它们提供了一种词的表示,从而提高了许多应用程序的性能,从而是含义的表现。单词嵌入似乎可以捕捉到原始文本中单词的含义的外观,但与此同时,它们还提炼了刻板印象和社会偏见,后来传达给最终应用。这样的偏见可能是歧视性的。检测和减轻这些偏见,以防止自动化过程的歧视行为非常重要,因为它们的规模可能比人类更有害。目前,有许多工具和技术可以检测和减轻单词嵌入中的偏见,但是它们为没有技术技能的人的参与带来了许多障碍。碰巧的是,大多数偏见专家,无论是社会科学家还是对偏见有害,没有这样的技能的环境,并且由于技术障碍而无法参与偏见检测过程。我们研究了现有工具中的障碍,并与不同种类的用户探索了它们的可能性和局限性。通过此探索,我们建议开发一种专门旨在降低技术障碍的工具,并提供探索能力,以满足愿意审核这些技术的专家,科学家和一般人的要求。
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对自然语言处理资源中的偏置模式的提高意识,如BERT,具有许多度量来量化“偏见”和“公平”。但是,如果没有完全不可能,请比较不同指标的结果和评估这些度量的作品仍然困难。我们调查了对预用语言模型的公平度量标准的现有文献,并通过实验评估兼容性,包括语言模型中的偏差,如在其下游任务中。我们通过传统文献调查和相关分析的混合来实现这一目标,以及运行实证评估。我们发现许多指标不兼容,高度依赖于(i)模板,(ii)属性和目标种子和(iii)选择嵌入式。这些结果表明,公平或偏见评估对情境化语言模型仍然具有挑战性,如果不是至少高度主观。为了提高未来的比较和公平评估,我们建议避免嵌入基于的指标并专注于下游任务中的公平评估。
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News articles both shape and reflect public opinion across the political spectrum. Analyzing them for social bias can thus provide valuable insights, such as prevailing stereotypes in society and the media, which are often adopted by NLP models trained on respective data. Recent work has relied on word embedding bias measures, such as WEAT. However, several representation issues of embeddings can harm the measures' accuracy, including low-resource settings and token frequency differences. In this work, we study what kind of embedding algorithm serves best to accurately measure types of social bias known to exist in US online news articles. To cover the whole spectrum of political bias in the US, we collect 500k articles and review psychology literature with respect to expected social bias. We then quantify social bias using WEAT along with embedding algorithms that account for the aforementioned issues. We compare how models trained with the algorithms on news articles represent the expected social bias. Our results suggest that the standard way to quantify bias does not align well with knowledge from psychology. While the proposed algorithms reduce the~gap, they still do not fully match the literature.
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning are in a period of astounding growth. However, there are concerns that these technologies may be used, either with or without intention, to perpetuate the prejudice and unfairness that unfortunately characterizes many human institutions. Here we show for the first time that human-like semantic biases result from the application of standard machine learning to ordinary language-the same sort of language humans are exposed to every day. We replicate a spectrum of standard human biases as exposed by the Implicit Association Test and other well-known psychological studies. We replicate these using a widely used, purely statistical machine-learning model-namely, the GloVe word embedding-trained on a corpus of text from the Web. Our results indicate that language itself contains recoverable and accurate imprints of our historic biases, whether these are morally neutral as towards insects or flowers, problematic as towards race or gender, or even simply veridical, reflecting the status quo for the distribution of gender with respect to careers or first names. These regularities are captured by machine learning along with the rest of semantics. In addition to our empirical findings concerning language, we also contribute new methods for evaluating bias in text, the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT) and the Word Embedding Factual Association Test (WEFAT). Our results have implications not only for AI and machine learning, but also for the fields of psychology, sociology, and human ethics, since they raise the possibility that mere exposure to everyday language can account for the biases we replicate here.
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现代语言模型中的检测和缓解有害偏见被广泛认为是至关重要的开放问题。在本文中,我们退后一步,研究语言模型首先是如何偏见的。我们使用在英语Wikipedia语料库中训练的LSTM架构,使用相对较小的语言模型。在培训期间的每一步中,在每个步骤中都会更改数据和模型参数,我们可以详细介绍性别表示形式的发展,数据集中的哪些模式驱动器以及模型的内部状态如何与偏差相关在下游任务(语义文本相似性)中。我们发现性别的表示是动态的,并在训练过程中确定了不同的阶段。此外,我们表明,性别信息在模型的输入嵌入中越来越多地表示,因此,对这些性别的态度可以有效地减少下游偏置。监测训练动力学,使我们能够检测出在输入嵌入中如何表示男性和男性性别的不对称性。这很重要,因为这可能会导致幼稚的缓解策略引入新的不良偏见。我们更普遍地讨论了发现与缓解策略的相关性,以及将我们的方法推广到更大语言模型,变压器体系结构,其他语言和其他不良偏见的前景。
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语言语料库中的统计规律将众所周知的社会偏见编码为单词嵌入。在这里,我们专注于性别,以全面分析在互联网语料库中训练的广泛使用的静态英语单词嵌入式(Glove 2014,FastText 2017)。使用单类单词嵌入关联测试,我们证明了性别偏见的广泛流行,这些偏见也显示出:(1)与男性与女性相关的单词频率; (b)与性别相关的单词中的言论部分; (c)与性别相关的单词中的语义类别; (d)性别相关的单词中的价,唤醒和优势。首先,就单词频率而言:我们发现,在词汇量中,有1000个最常见的单词与男性相比,有77%的人与男性相关,这是在英语世界的日常语言中直接证明男性默认的证据。其次,转向言论的部分:顶级男性相关的单词通常是动词(例如,战斗,压倒性),而顶级女性相关的单词通常是形容词和副词(例如,奉献,情感上)。嵌入中的性别偏见也渗透到言论部分。第三,对于语义类别:自下而上,对与每个性别相关的前1000个单词的群集分析。与男性相关的顶级概念包括大技术,工程,宗教,体育和暴力的角色和领域;相比之下,顶级女性相关的概念较少关注角色,包括女性特定的诽谤和性内容以及外观和厨房用语。第四,使用〜20,000个单词词典的人类评级,唤醒和主导地位,我们发现与男性相关的单词在唤醒和优势上较高,而与女性相关的单词在价上更高。
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原型NLP实验训练了标记为英语数据的标准体系结构,并优化了准确性,而无需考虑其他方面,例如公平,解释性或计算效率。我们通过最近对NLP研究论文的手动分类表明,确实是这种情况,并将其称为正方形的实验设置。我们观察到,NLP研究通常超出了一个平方的设置,例如,不仅关注准确性,而且关注公平或解释性,而且通常仅沿着单个维度。例如,针对多语言的大多数工作仅考虑准确性;大多数关于公平或解释性的工作仅考虑英语;等等。我们通过对最近的NLP研究论文和ACL测试奖励获得者的手动分类来展示此信息。大多数研究的这种一维意味着我们只探索NLP研究搜索空间的一部分。我们提供了一个历史和最新示例,说明了一个偏见如何导致研究人员得出错误的结论或做出不明智的选择,指出了在研究歧管上有希望但未开发的方向,并提出实用的建议以实现更多的多维研究。我们打开注释的结果,以启用https://github.com/google-research/url-nlp的进一步分析
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大型语言模型会产生类似人类的文本,这些文本推动了越来越多的应用。但是,最近的文献以及越来越多的现实世界观察表明,这些模型可以产生有毒,有偏见,不真实或其他有害的语言。尽管正在进行评估语言模型危害的工作,但要远见卓识转换出可能出现的危害可能会引起严格的基准。为了促进这种翻译,我们概述了六种表征有害文本的方式,这些方法在设计新基准时值得明确考虑。然后,我们将这些特征用作镜头来识别现有基准中的趋势和差距。最后,我们将它们应用于视角API的案例研究,这是一种毒性分类器,被广泛用于HARS基准。我们的特征提供了一块桥梁,可以在远见和有效评估之间转化。
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As machine translation (MT) metrics improve their correlation with human judgement every year, it is crucial to understand the limitations of such metrics at the segment level. Specifically, it is important to investigate metric behaviour when facing accuracy errors in MT because these can have dangerous consequences in certain contexts (e.g., legal, medical). We curate ACES, a translation accuracy challenge set, consisting of 68 phenomena ranging from simple perturbations at the word/character level to more complex errors based on discourse and real-world knowledge. We use ACES to evaluate a wide range of MT metrics including the submissions to the WMT 2022 metrics shared task and perform several analyses leading to general recommendations for metric developers. We recommend: a) combining metrics with different strengths, b) developing metrics that give more weight to the source and less to surface-level overlap with the reference and c) explicitly modelling additional language-specific information beyond what is available via multilingual embeddings.
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The blind application of machine learning runs the risk of amplifying biases present in data. Such a danger is facing us with word embedding, a popular framework to represent text data as vectors which has been used in many machine learning and natural language processing tasks. We show that even word embeddings trained on Google News articles exhibit female/male gender stereotypes to a disturbing extent. This raises concerns because their widespread use, as we describe, often tends to amplify these biases. Geometrically, gender bias is first shown to be captured by a direction in the word embedding. Second, gender neutral words are shown to be linearly separable from gender definition words in the word embedding. Using these properties, we provide a methodology for modifying an embedding to remove gender stereotypes, such as the association between between the words receptionist and female, while maintaining desired associations such as between the words queen and female. We define metrics to quantify both direct and indirect gender biases in embeddings, and develop algorithms to "debias" the embedding. Using crowd-worker evaluation as well as standard benchmarks, we empirically demonstrate that our algorithms significantly reduce gender bias in embeddings while preserving the its useful properties such as the ability to cluster related concepts and to solve analogy tasks. The resulting embeddings can be used in applications without amplifying gender bias.
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Word embeddings are extensively used in various NLP problems as a state-of-the-art semantic feature vector representation. Despite their success on various tasks and domains, they might exhibit an undesired bias for stereotypical categories due to statistical and societal biases that exist in the dataset they are trained on. In this study, we analyze the gender bias in four different pre-trained word embeddings specifically for the depression category in the mental disorder domain. We use contextual and non-contextual embeddings that are trained on domain-independent as well as clinical domain-specific data. We observe that embeddings carry bias for depression towards different gender groups depending on the type of embeddings. Moreover, we demonstrate that these undesired correlations are transferred to the downstream task for depression phenotype recognition. We find that data augmentation by simply swapping gender words mitigates the bias significantly in the downstream task.
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Word Embeddings从单词共同发生统计信息中捕获的语言规律学习隐式偏差。通过延长定量单词嵌入中的人类偏差的方法,我们介绍了valnorm,一种新的内在评估任务和方法,以量化人类级字体群体的价值维度与社会心理学。从七种语言(中文,英语,德语,波兰语,葡萄牙语,西班牙语和土耳其语)以及跨越200年的历史英语文本,将Valnorm应用于静态词嵌入式Valnorm在量化非歧视性的非社交组字集的价值方面达到了始终如一的高精度。具体而言,Valnorm实现了r = 0.88的Pearson相关性,用于399个单词的人类判断得分,以建立英语的愉快规范。相比之下,我们使用相同的单词嵌入品测量性别刻板印象,并发现社会偏见因语言而异。我们的结果表明,非歧视性,非社会群组词的价协会代表着七种语言和200多年的广泛共享的协会。
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We survey 146 papers analyzing "bias" in NLP systems, finding that their motivations are often vague, inconsistent, and lacking in normative reasoning, despite the fact that analyzing "bias" is an inherently normative process. We further find that these papers' proposed quantitative techniques for measuring or mitigating "bias" are poorly matched to their motivations and do not engage with the relevant literature outside of NLP. Based on these findings, we describe the beginnings of a path forward by proposing three recommendations that should guide work analyzing "bias" in NLP systems. These recommendations rest on a greater recognition of the relationships between language and social hierarchies, encouraging researchers and practitioners to articulate their conceptualizations of "bias"-i.e., what kinds of system behaviors are harmful, in what ways, to whom, and why, as well as the normative reasoning underlying these statements-and to center work around the lived experiences of members of communities affected by NLP systems, while interrogating and reimagining the power relations between technologists and such communities. Anne H. Charity Hudley. 2017. Language and Racialization. In Ofelia García, Nelson Flores, and Massimiliano Spotti, editors, The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society. Oxford University Press. Won Ik Cho, Ji Won Kim, Seok Min Kim, and Nam Soo Kim. 2019. On measuring gender bias in translation of gender-neutral pronouns. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing, pages 173-181, Florence, Italy.
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We demonstrate that scaling up language models greatly improves task-agnostic, few-shot performance, sometimes even becoming competitive with prior state-ofthe-art fine-tuning approaches. Specifically, we train GPT-3, an autoregressive language model with 175 billion parameters, 10x more than any previous nonsparse language model, and test its performance in the few-shot setting. For all tasks, GPT-3 is applied without any gradient updates or fine-tuning, with tasks and few-shot demonstrations specified purely via text interaction with the model. GPT-3 achieves strong performance on many NLP datasets, including translation, question-answering, and cloze tasks. We also identify some datasets where GPT-3's few-shot learning still struggles, as well as some datasets where GPT-3 faces methodological issues related to training on large web corpora.
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近年来,文本的风格特性吸引了计算语言学研究人员。具体来说,研究人员研究了文本样式转移(TST)任务,该任务旨在在保留其样式独立内容的同时改变文本的风格属性。在过去的几年中,已经开发了许多新颖的TST算法,而该行业利用这些算法来实现令人兴奋的TST应用程序。由于这种共生,TST研究领域迅速发展。本文旨在对有关文本样式转移的最新研究工作进行全面审查。更具体地说,我们创建了一种分类法来组织TST模型,并提供有关最新技术状况的全面摘要。我们回顾了针对TST任务的现有评估方法,并进行了大规模的可重复性研究,我们在两个公开可用的数据集上实验基准了19个最先进的TST TST算法。最后,我们扩展了当前趋势,并就TST领域的新开发发展提供了新的观点。
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机器翻译系统(MTS)是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中,对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见,英语和一套印度语言(ILS)正式使用。与英语相反,由于语料库的不可用,IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质,多语言神经机器翻译(MNMT)系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中,我们提出了一个MNMT系统,以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统,即用于英语印度(一对多),另一个用于指示英语(多一对多),其中包含15个语言对(30个翻译说明)的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库,因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略,以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外,本文解决了语言关系的使用(在方言,脚本等方面),尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外,实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势,以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法,我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效,即一组ILS的BLEU(双语评估研究)得分。
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尽管试图提高政治性别平等,但全球努力仍在努力确保女性的同等代表。这很可能与对权威妇女的性别偏见有关。在这项工作中,我们介绍了在线政治讨论中出现的性别偏见的全面研究。为此,我们在有关男性和女性政客的对话中收集了1000万条有关Reddit的评论,这使得对自动性别偏见检测进行了详尽的研究。我们不仅讨论了厌恶女性的语言,还解决了其他偏见的表现,例如以看似积极的情绪和主导地位归因于女性政客或描述符归因的差异的形式的仁慈性别歧视。最后,我们对调查语言和语言外暗示的政客进行了多方面的性别偏见研究。我们评估了5种不同类型的性别偏见,评估社交媒体语言和话语中存在的覆盖范围,组合,名义,感性和词汇偏见。总体而言,我们发现,与以前的研究相反,覆盖范围和情感偏见表明对女性政客的公共兴趣平等。名义和词汇分析的结果并没有明显的敌对或仁慈的性别歧视,这表明这种兴趣不像男性政客那样专业或尊重。女性政客通常以其名字命名,并与他们的身体,衣服或家庭有关。这是一种与男性相似的治疗方法。在现在被禁止的极右翼子列表中,这种差异最大,尽管性别偏见的差异仍然出现在右和左倾的子列表中。我们将策划的数据集释放给公众以进行未来研究。
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