对自然语言处理资源中的偏置模式的提高意识,如BERT,具有许多度量来量化“偏见”和“公平”。但是,如果没有完全不可能,请比较不同指标的结果和评估这些度量的作品仍然困难。我们调查了对预用语言模型的公平度量标准的现有文献,并通过实验评估兼容性,包括语言模型中的偏差,如在其下游任务中。我们通过传统文献调查和相关分析的混合来实现这一目标,以及运行实证评估。我们发现许多指标不兼容,高度依赖于(i)模板,(ii)属性和目标种子和(iii)选择嵌入式。这些结果表明,公平或偏见评估对情境化语言模型仍然具有挑战性,如果不是至少高度主观。为了提高未来的比较和公平评估,我们建议避免嵌入基于的指标并专注于下游任务中的公平评估。
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大型的预训练的语言模型成功地用于多种语言的各种任务中。随着这种不断增加的使用,有害副作用的风险也会上升,例如通过再现和加强刻板印象。但是,在解决多种语言或考虑不同的偏见时,发现和缓解这些危害通常很难做到,并且在计算上变得昂贵。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了Fairdistiltation:一种基于知识蒸馏的跨语性方法,可以在控制特定偏见的同时构建较小的语言模型。我们发现,我们的蒸馏方法不会对大多数任务的下游性能产生负面影响,并成功减轻刻板印象和代表性危害。我们证明,与替代方法相比,Fairdistillation可以以低得多的成本创建更公平的语言模型。
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我们研究了掩盖语言模型(MLMS)的任务无关内在和特定于任务的外在社会偏见评估措施之间的关系,并发现这两种评估措施之间仅存在弱相关性。此外,我们发现在下游任务进行微调期间,使用不同方法的MLMS DEBIAS进行了重新划分。我们确定两个培训实例中的社会偏见及其分配的标签是内在偏见评估测量值之间差异的原因。总体而言,我们的发现突出了现有的MLM偏见评估措施的局限性,并提出了使用这些措施在下游应用程序中部署MLM的担忧。
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语言可以用作再现和执行有害刻板印象和偏差的手段,并被分析在许多研究中。在本文中,我们对自然语言处理中的性别偏见进行了304篇论文。我们分析了社会科学中性别及其类别的定义,并将其连接到NLP研究中性别偏见的正式定义。我们调查了在对性别偏见的研究中应用的Lexica和数据集,然后比较和对比方法来检测和减轻性别偏见。我们发现对性别偏见的研究遭受了四个核心限制。 1)大多数研究将性别视为忽视其流动性和连续性的二元变量。 2)大部分工作都在单机设置中进行英语或其他高资源语言进行。 3)尽管在NLP方法中对性别偏见进行了无数的论文,但我们发现大多数新开发的算法都没有测试他们的偏见模型,并无视他们的工作的伦理考虑。 4)最后,在这一研究线上发展的方法基本缺陷涵盖性别偏差的非常有限的定义,缺乏评估基线和管道。我们建议建议克服这些限制作为未来研究的指导。
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在过去几年中,Word和句嵌入式已建立为各种NLP任务的文本预处理,并显着提高了性能。不幸的是,还表明这些嵌入物从训练数据中继承了各种偏见,从而通过了社会中存在的偏差到NLP解决方案。许多论文试图在单词或句子嵌入中量化偏差,以评估脱叠方法或比较不同的嵌入模型,通常具有基于余弦的指标。然而,最近有些作品对这些指标提出了疑虑,表明即使这些指标报告低偏见,其他测试仍然显示偏差。事实上,文献中提出了各种各样的偏差指标或测试,而没有任何关于最佳解决方案的共识。然而,我们缺乏评估理论级别的偏见度量或详细阐述不同偏差度量的优缺点的作品。在这项工作中,我们将探索基于余弦的偏差指标。我们根据以前的作品和偏见度量的推导条件的思想形式化偏差定义。此外,我们彻底调查了现有的基于余弦的指标及其限制,以表明为什么这些度量可以在某些情况下报告偏差。最后,我们提出了一个新的公制,同样地解决现有度量的缺点,以及数学上证明的表现相同。
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现代语言模型中的检测和缓解有害偏见被广泛认为是至关重要的开放问题。在本文中,我们退后一步,研究语言模型首先是如何偏见的。我们使用在英语Wikipedia语料库中训练的LSTM架构,使用相对较小的语言模型。在培训期间的每一步中,在每个步骤中都会更改数据和模型参数,我们可以详细介绍性别表示形式的发展,数据集中的哪些模式驱动器以及模型的内部状态如何与偏差相关在下游任务(语义文本相似性)中。我们发现性别的表示是动态的,并在训练过程中确定了不同的阶段。此外,我们表明,性别信息在模型的输入嵌入中越来越多地表示,因此,对这些性别的态度可以有效地减少下游偏置。监测训练动力学,使我们能够检测出在输入嵌入中如何表示男性和男性性别的不对称性。这很重要,因为这可能会导致幼稚的缓解策略引入新的不良偏见。我们更普遍地讨论了发现与缓解策略的相关性,以及将我们的方法推广到更大语言模型,变压器体系结构,其他语言和其他不良偏见的前景。
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基于变压器的语言模型最近在许多自然语言任务中取得了显着的结果。但是,通常通过利用大量培训数据来实现排行榜的性能,并且很少通过将明确的语言知识编码为神经模型。这使许多人质疑语言学对现代自然语言处理的相关性。在本文中,我介绍了几个案例研究,以说明理论语言学和神经语言模型仍然相互关联。首先,语言模型通过提供一个客观的工具来测量语义距离,这对语言学家很有用,语义距离很难使用传统方法。另一方面,语言理论通过提供框架和数据源来探究我们的语言模型,以了解语言理解的特定方面,从而有助于语言建模研究。本论文贡献了三项研究,探讨了语言模型中语法 - 听觉界面的不同方面。在论文的第一部分中,我将语言模型应用于单词类灵活性的问题。我将Mbert作为语义距离测量的来源,我提供了有利于将单词类灵活性分析为方向过程的证据。在论文的第二部分中,我提出了一种方法来测量语言模型中间层的惊奇方法。我的实验表明,包含形态句法异常的句子触发了语言模型早期的惊喜,而不是语义和常识异常。最后,在论文的第三部分中,我适应了一些心理语言学研究,以表明语言模型包含了论证结构结构的知识。总而言之,我的论文在自然语言处理,语言理论和心理语言学之间建立了新的联系,以为语言模型的解释提供新的观点。
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在使用这些模型的系统中,数据中存在的性别偏差会反映在哪些语言模型中进行培训。该模型的内在性别偏见显示了我们文化中妇女的过时和不平等的看法,并鼓励歧视。因此,为了建立更公平的系统并提高公平性,识别和减轻这些模型中存在的偏见至关重要。尽管这一领域的英语工作大量工作,但在其他性别和低资源语言,尤其是印度语言中,缺乏研究。英语是一种非性别语言,它具有无性别名词。英语中偏见检测的方法论不能直接用其他性别语言来部署,语法和语义有所不同。在我们的论文中,我们衡量与印地语语言模型中职业相关的性别偏见。我们在本文中的主要贡献是构建一种新型语料库,以评估印地语中的职业性别偏见,使用定义明确的度量来量化这些系统中现有的偏见,并通过有效地微调我们的模型来减轻它。我们的结果反映出,我们提出的缓解技术的引入后减少了偏见。我们的代码库可公开使用。
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How do we design measures of social bias that we trust? While prior work has introduced several measures, no measure has gained widespread trust: instead, mounting evidence argues we should distrust these measures. In this work, we design bias measures that warrant trust based on the cross-disciplinary theory of measurement modeling. To combat the frequently fuzzy treatment of social bias in NLP, we explicitly define social bias, grounded in principles drawn from social science research. We operationalize our definition by proposing a general bias measurement framework DivDist, which we use to instantiate 5 concrete bias measures. To validate our measures, we propose a rigorous testing protocol with 8 testing criteria (e.g. predictive validity: do measures predict biases in US employment?). Through our testing, we demonstrate considerable evidence to trust our measures, showing they overcome conceptual, technical, and empirical deficiencies present in prior measures.
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各种现有研究分析了NLP模型继承了哪些社会偏见。这些偏见可能直接或间接损害人们,因此以前的研究仅关注人类属性。但是,直到最近,还没有关于NLP关于非人类的社会偏见的研究。在本文中,我们分析了非人类动物的偏见,即物种主义偏见,在英语蒙面语言模型(例如Bert)中固有的偏见。我们使用基于模板的和语料库提取的句子(或非特征主义)语言分析了物种主义对46个动物名称的偏见。我们发现,预先训练的蒙版语言模型倾向于将有害单词与非人类动物联系起来,并且有偏见的偏见,将物种主义语言用于某些非人类动物名称。我们用于复制实验的代码将在GitHub上提供。
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大语言模型中的表示形式包含多种类型的性别信息。我们专注于英语文本中的两种此类信号:事实性别信息,这是语法或语义属性,以及性别偏见,这是单词和特定性别之间的相关性。我们可以解开模型的嵌入,并识别编码两种类型信息的组件。我们的目标是减少表示形式中的刻板印象偏见,同时保留事实性别信号。我们的过滤方法表明,可以减少性别中立职业名称的偏见,而不会严重恶化能力。这些发现可以应用于语言生成,以减轻对刻板印象的依赖,同时保留核心方面的性别协议。
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News articles both shape and reflect public opinion across the political spectrum. Analyzing them for social bias can thus provide valuable insights, such as prevailing stereotypes in society and the media, which are often adopted by NLP models trained on respective data. Recent work has relied on word embedding bias measures, such as WEAT. However, several representation issues of embeddings can harm the measures' accuracy, including low-resource settings and token frequency differences. In this work, we study what kind of embedding algorithm serves best to accurately measure types of social bias known to exist in US online news articles. To cover the whole spectrum of political bias in the US, we collect 500k articles and review psychology literature with respect to expected social bias. We then quantify social bias using WEAT along with embedding algorithms that account for the aforementioned issues. We compare how models trained with the algorithms on news articles represent the expected social bias. Our results suggest that the standard way to quantify bias does not align well with knowledge from psychology. While the proposed algorithms reduce the~gap, they still do not fully match the literature.
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Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.
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词汇嵌入在很大程度上仅限于个人和独立的社会类别。但是,现实世界中的语料库通常提出可能相互关联或相交的多个社会类别。例如,“头发编织”与非洲裔美国女性刻板印象相关,但非洲裔美国人也不是女性。因此,这项工作研究与多个社会类别相关的偏见:由不同类别和交叉偏见的联合引起的联合偏见,这些偏见与组成类别的偏见不重叠。我们首先从经验上观察到,单个偏见是非琐事相交的(即在一维子空间上)。从社会科学和语言理论中的交叉理论中,我们使用单个偏见的非线性几何形状为多个社会类别构建了一个交叉子空间。经验评估证实了我们方法的功效。数据和实现代码可以在https://github.com/githublucheng/implementation-of-josec-coling-22下载。
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Several works have proven that finetuning is an applicable approach for debiasing contextualized word embeddings. Similarly, discrete prompts with semantic meanings have shown to be effective in debiasing tasks. With unfixed mathematical representation at the token level, continuous prompts usually surpass discrete ones at providing a pre-trained language model (PLM) with additional task-specific information. Despite this, relatively few efforts have been made to debias PLMs by prompt tuning with continuous prompts compared to its discrete counterpart. Furthermore, for most debiasing methods that alter a PLM's original parameters, a major problem is the need to not only decrease the bias in the PLM but also to ensure that the PLM does not lose its representation ability. Finetuning methods typically have a hard time maintaining this balance, as they tend to violently remove meanings of attribute words. In this paper, we propose ADEPT, a method to debias PLMs using prompt tuning while maintaining the delicate balance between removing biases and ensuring representation ability. To achieve this, we propose a new training criterion inspired by manifold learning and equip it with an explicit debiasing term to optimize prompt tuning. In addition, we conduct several experiments with regard to the reliability, quality, and quantity of a previously proposed attribute training corpus in order to obtain a clearer prototype of a certain attribute, which indicates the attribute's position and relative distances to other words on the manifold. We evaluate ADEPT on several widely acknowledged debiasing benchmarks and downstream tasks, and find that it achieves competitive results while maintaining (and in some cases even improving) the PLM's representation ability. We further visualize words' correlation before and after debiasing a PLM, and give some possible explanations for the visible effects.
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning are in a period of astounding growth. However, there are concerns that these technologies may be used, either with or without intention, to perpetuate the prejudice and unfairness that unfortunately characterizes many human institutions. Here we show for the first time that human-like semantic biases result from the application of standard machine learning to ordinary language-the same sort of language humans are exposed to every day. We replicate a spectrum of standard human biases as exposed by the Implicit Association Test and other well-known psychological studies. We replicate these using a widely used, purely statistical machine-learning model-namely, the GloVe word embedding-trained on a corpus of text from the Web. Our results indicate that language itself contains recoverable and accurate imprints of our historic biases, whether these are morally neutral as towards insects or flowers, problematic as towards race or gender, or even simply veridical, reflecting the status quo for the distribution of gender with respect to careers or first names. These regularities are captured by machine learning along with the rest of semantics. In addition to our empirical findings concerning language, we also contribute new methods for evaluating bias in text, the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT) and the Word Embedding Factual Association Test (WEFAT). Our results have implications not only for AI and machine learning, but also for the fields of psychology, sociology, and human ethics, since they raise the possibility that mere exposure to everyday language can account for the biases we replicate here.
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自然语言处理(NLP)已越来越多地用于提供教育应用的适应性。但是,最近的研究突出了预训练的语言模型中的各种偏见。尽管现有研究调查了不同领域的偏见,但它们在解决有关教育和多语言语料库的细粒度分析方面受到限制。在这项工作中,我们通过在五年内从大学生收集的9,165个德国同行评审的语料库中分析了跨文本和多个架构的偏见。值得注意的是,我们的语料库包括来自同行评审接收者以及人口统计属性的帮助,质量和关键方面等级等标签。我们对(1)与聚类标签有关的(2)最常见的预训练的德语模型(T5,BERT和GPT-2)和Glove Embeddings进行了单词嵌入关联测试(WEAT)测试(WEAT)分析(1)我们收集的语料库,以及(3)对我们收集的数据集进行微调后的语言模型。与我们的最初期望相反,我们发现我们收集的语料库在共同出现分析或手套嵌入中没有揭示许多偏见。但是,预先训练的德语模型发现了实质性的概念,种族和性别偏见,并且在同行评审数据的微调过程中,概念和种族轴之间的偏见发生了重大变化。通过我们的研究,我们的目标是通过新颖的数据集,对自然语言教育数据的偏见的理解以及不抵消语言模型中的教育任务偏见的潜在危害,为第四联合国的可持续发展目标(质量教育)做出贡献。
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Word embeddings are extensively used in various NLP problems as a state-of-the-art semantic feature vector representation. Despite their success on various tasks and domains, they might exhibit an undesired bias for stereotypical categories due to statistical and societal biases that exist in the dataset they are trained on. In this study, we analyze the gender bias in four different pre-trained word embeddings specifically for the depression category in the mental disorder domain. We use contextual and non-contextual embeddings that are trained on domain-independent as well as clinical domain-specific data. We observe that embeddings carry bias for depression towards different gender groups depending on the type of embeddings. Moreover, we demonstrate that these undesired correlations are transferred to the downstream task for depression phenotype recognition. We find that data augmentation by simply swapping gender words mitigates the bias significantly in the downstream task.
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Transformer-based models have pushed state of the art in many areas of NLP, but our understanding of what is behind their success is still limited. This paper is the first survey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT model. We review the current state of knowledge about how BERT works, what kind of information it learns and how it is represented, common modifications to its training objectives and architecture, the overparameterization issue and approaches to compression. We then outline directions for future research.
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多语言语言模型(\ mllms),如mbert,xlm,xlm-r,\ textit {etc。}已成为一种可行的选择,使预先估计到大量语言的力量。鉴于他们的成功在零射击转移学习中,在(i)建立更大的\ mllms〜覆盖了大量语言(ii)创建覆盖更广泛的任务和语言来评估的详尽工作基准mllms〜(iii)分析单音零点,零拍摄交叉和双语任务(iv)对Monolingual的性能,了解\ mllms〜(v)增强(通常)学习的通用语言模式(如果有的话)有限的容量\ mllms〜以提高他们在已见甚至看不见语言的表现。在这项调查中,我们审查了现有的文学,涵盖了上述与\ MLLMS有关的广泛研究领域。根据我们的调查,我们建议您有一些未来的研究方向。
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