为了减轻模型中不希望的偏差的影响,几种方法建议预先处理输入数据集,以通过防止敏感属性的推断来减少歧视风险。不幸的是,这些预处理方法中的大多数导致一代新分布与原始分布有很大不同,因此通常导致不切实际的数据。作为副作用,这种新的数据分布意味着需要重新训练现有模型才能做出准确的预测。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新颖的预处理方法,我们将根据保护组的分布转换为所选目标一个,并具有附加的隐私约束,其目的是防止敏感敏感的推断属性。更确切地说,我们利用Wasserstein Gan和Attgan框架的最新作品来实现数据点的最佳运输以及强制保护属性推断的歧视器。我们提出的方法可以保留数据的可解释性,并且可以在不定义敏感组的情况下使用。此外,我们的方法可以专门建模现有的最新方法,从而提出对这些方法的统一观点。最后,关于真实和合成数据集的一些实验表明,我们的方法能够隐藏敏感属性,同时限制数据的变形并改善了后续数据分析任务的公平性。
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近年来,关于如何在公平限制下学习机器学习模型的越来越多的工作,通常在某些敏感属性方面表达。在这项工作中,我们考虑了对手对目标模型具有黑箱访问的设置,并表明对手可以利用有关该模型公平性的信息,以增强他对训练数据敏感属性的重建。更确切地说,我们提出了一种通用的重建校正方法,该方法将其作为对手进行的初始猜测,并纠正它以符合某些用户定义的约束(例如公平信息),同时最大程度地减少了对手猜测的变化。提出的方法对目标模型的类型,公平感知的学习方法以及对手的辅助知识不可知。为了评估我们的方法的适用性,我们对两种最先进的公平学习方法进行了彻底的实验评估,使用四个具有广泛公差的不同公平指标以及三个不同大小和敏感属性的数据集。实验结果证明了提出的方法改善训练集敏感属性的重建的有效性。
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分类,一种重大研究的数据驱动机器学习任务,驱动越来越多的预测系统,涉及批准的人类决策,如贷款批准和犯罪风险评估。然而,分类器经常展示歧视性行为,特别是当呈现有偏置数据时。因此,分类公平已经成为一个高优先级的研究区。数据管理研究显示与数据和算法公平有关的主题的增加和兴趣,包括公平分类的主题。公平分类的跨学科努力,具有最大存在的机器学习研究,导致大量的公平概念和尚未系统地评估和比较的广泛方法。在本文中,我们对13个公平分类方法和额外变种的广泛分析,超越,公平,公平,效率,可扩展性,对数据误差的鲁棒性,对潜在的ML模型,数据效率和使用各种指标的稳定性的敏感性和稳定性现实世界数据集。我们的分析突出了对不同指标的影响的新颖见解和高级方法特征对不同方面的性能方面。我们还讨论了选择适合不同实际设置的方法的一般原则,并确定以数据管理为中心的解决方案可能产生最大影响的区域。
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What does it mean for an algorithm to be biased? In U.S. law, unintentional bias is encoded via disparate impact, which occurs when a selection process has widely different outcomes for different groups, even as it appears to be neutral. This legal determination hinges on a definition of a protected class (ethnicity, gender) and an explicit description of the process.When computers are involved, determining disparate impact (and hence bias) is harder. It might not be possible to disclose the process. In addition, even if the process is open, it might be hard to elucidate in a legal setting how the algorithm makes its decisions. Instead of requiring access to the process, we propose making inferences based on the data it uses.We present four contributions. First, we link disparate impact to a measure of classification accuracy that while known, has received relatively little attention. Second, we propose a test for disparate impact based on how well the protected class can be predicted from the other attributes. Third, we describe methods by which data might be made unbiased. Finally, we present empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of our test for disparate impact and our approach for both masking bias and preserving relevant information in the data. Interestingly, our approach resembles some actual selection practices that have recently received legal scrutiny.
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自几十年前以来,已经证明了机器学习评估贷款申请人信誉的实用性。但是,自动决策可能会导致对群体或个人的不同治疗方法,可能导致歧视。本文基准了12种最大的偏见缓解方法,讨论其绩效,该绩效基于5个不同的公平指标,获得的准确性以及为金融机构提供的潜在利润。我们的发现表明,在确保准确性和利润的同时,实现公平性方面的困难。此外,它突出了一些表现最好和最差的人,并有助于弥合实验机学习及其工业应用之间的差距。
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机器学习模型在高赌注应用中变得普遍存在。尽管在绩效方面有明显的效益,但该模型可以表现出对少数民族群体的偏见,并导致决策过程中的公平问题,导致对个人和社会的严重负面影响。近年来,已经开发了各种技术来减轻机器学习模型的偏差。其中,加工方法已经增加了社区的关注,在模型设计期间直接考虑公平,以诱导本质上公平的模型,从根本上减轻了产出和陈述中的公平问题。在本调查中,我们审查了加工偏置减缓技术的当前进展。基于在模型中实现公平的地方,我们将它们分类为明确和隐性的方法,前者直接在培训目标中纳入公平度量,后者重点介绍精炼潜在代表学习。最后,我们在讨论该社区中的研究挑战来讨论调查,以激励未来的探索。
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We propose a learning algorithm for fair classification that achieves both group fairness (the proportion of members in a protected group receiving positive classification is identical to the proportion in the population as a whole), and individual fairness (similar individuals should be treated similarly). We formulate fairness as an optimization problem of finding a good representation of the data with two competing goals: to encode the data as well as possible, while simultaneously obfuscating any information about membership in the protected group. We show positive results of our algorithm relative to other known techniques, on three datasets. Moreover, we demonstrate several advantages to our approach. First, our intermediate representation can be used for other classification tasks (i.e., transfer learning is possible); secondly, we take a step toward learning a distance metric which can find important dimensions of the data for classification.
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公平性是确保机器学习(ML)预测系统不会歧视特定个人或整个子人群(尤其是少数族裔)的重要要求。鉴于观察公平概念的固有主观性,文献中已经引入了几种公平概念。本文是一项调查,说明了通过大量示例和场景之间的公平概念之间的微妙之处。此外,与文献中的其他调查不同,它解决了以下问题:哪种公平概念最适合给定的现实世界情景,为什么?我们试图回答这个问题的尝试包括(1)确定手头现实世界情景的一组与公平相关的特征,(2)分析每个公平概念的行为,然后(3)适合这两个元素以推荐每个特定设置中最合适的公平概念。结果总结在决策图中可以由从业者和政策制定者使用,以导航相对较大的ML目录。
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机器学习(ML)在渲染影响社会各个群体的决策中起着越来越重要的作用。 ML模型为刑事司法的决定,银行业中的信贷延长以及公司的招聘做法提供了信息。这提出了模型公平性的要求,这表明自动化的决策对于受保护特征(例如,性别,种族或年龄)通常是公平的,这些特征通常在数据中代表性不足。我们假设这个代表性不足的问题是数据学习不平衡问题的必然性。此类不平衡通常反映在两个类别和受保护的功能中。例如,一个班级(那些获得信用的班级)对于另一个班级(未获得信用的人)可能会过分代表,而特定组(女性)(女性)的代表性可能与另一组(男性)有关。相对于受保护组的算法公平性的关键要素是同时减少了基础培训数据中的类和受保护的群体失衡,这促进了模型准确性和公平性的提高。我们通过展示这些领域中的关键概念如何重叠和相互补充,讨论弥合失衡学习和群体公平的重要性;并提出了一种新颖的过采样算法,即公平的过采样,该算法既解决偏斜的类别分布和受保护的特征。我们的方法:(i)可以用作标准ML算法的有效预处理算法,以共同解决不平衡和群体权益; (ii)可以与公平感知的学习算法结合使用,以提高其对不同水平不平衡水平的稳健性。此外,我们迈出了一步,将公平和不平衡学习之间的差距与新的公平实用程序之间的差距弥合,从而将平衡的准确性与公平性结合在一起。
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尽管机器学习和基于排名的系统在广泛用于敏感决策过程(例如,确定职位候选者,分配信用评分)时,他们对成果的意外偏见充满了疑虑,这使算法公平(例如,人口统计学公平)平等,机会平等)的目标。 “算法追索”提供了可行的恢复动作,通过修改属性来改变不良结果。我们介绍了排名级别的追索权公平的概念,并开发了一个“追索意识的排名”解决方案,该解决方案满足了排名的追索公平约束,同时最大程度地减少了建议的修改成本。我们的解决方案建议干预措施可以重新排序数据库记录的排名列表并减轻组级别的不公平性;具体而言,子组的不成比例表示和追索权成本不平衡。此重新排列可确定对数据点的最小修改,这些属性修改根据其易于解决方案进行了加权。然后,我们提出了一个有效的基于块的扩展,该扩展可以在任何粒度上重新排序(例如,银行贷款利率的多个括号,搜索引擎结果的多页)。对真实数据集的评估表明,尽管现有方法甚至可能加剧诉求不公平,但我们的解决方案 - raguel-可以显着改善追索性的公平性。 Raguel通过反事实生成和重新排列的结合过程优于改善追索性公平的替代方案,同时对大型数据集保持了有效的效率。
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算法决策的兴起催生了许多关于公平机器学习(ML)的研究。金融机构使用ML来建立支持一系列与信贷有关的决定的风险记分卡。然而,关于信用评分的公平ML的文献很少。该论文做出了三项贡献。首先,我们重新审视统计公平标准,并检查其对信用评分的适当性。其次,我们对将公平目标纳入ML模型开发管道中的算法选项进行了分类。最后,我们从经验上比较了使用现实世界数据以利润为导向的信用评分上下文中的不同公平处理器。经验结果证实了对公平措施的评估,确定了实施公平信用评分的合适选择,并阐明了贷款决策中的利润权衡。我们发现,可以立即达到多个公平标准,并建议分离作为衡量记分卡的公平性的适当标准。我们还发现公平的过程中,可以在利润和公平之间实现良好的平衡,并表明算法歧视可以以相对较低的成本降低到合理的水平。与该论文相对应的代码可在GitHub上获得。
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Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.
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Recommender systems can strongly influence which information we see online, e.g., on social media, and thus impact our beliefs, decisions, and actions. At the same time, these systems can create substantial business value for different stakeholders. Given the growing potential impact of such AI-based systems on individuals, organizations, and society, questions of fairness have gained increased attention in recent years. However, research on fairness in recommender systems is still a developing area. In this survey, we first review the fundamental concepts and notions of fairness that were put forward in the area in the recent past. Afterward, through a review of more than 150 scholarly publications, we present an overview of how research in this field is currently operationalized, e.g., in terms of general research methodology, fairness measures, and algorithmic approaches. Overall, our analysis of recent works points to specific research gaps. In particular, we find that in many research works in computer science, very abstract problem operationalizations are prevalent, and questions of the underlying normative claims and what represents a fair recommendation in the context of a given application are often not discussed in depth. These observations call for more interdisciplinary research to address fairness in recommendation in a more comprehensive and impactful manner.
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Evaluating new techniques on realistic datasets plays a crucial role in the development of ML research and its broader adoption by practitioners. In recent years, there has been a significant increase of publicly available unstructured data resources for computer vision and NLP tasks. However, tabular data -- which is prevalent in many high-stakes domains -- has been lagging behind. To bridge this gap, we present Bank Account Fraud (BAF), the first publicly available privacy-preserving, large-scale, realistic suite of tabular datasets. The suite was generated by applying state-of-the-art tabular data generation techniques on an anonymized,real-world bank account opening fraud detection dataset. This setting carries a set of challenges that are commonplace in real-world applications, including temporal dynamics and significant class imbalance. Additionally, to allow practitioners to stress test both performance and fairness of ML methods, each dataset variant of BAF contains specific types of data bias. With this resource, we aim to provide the research community with a more realistic, complete, and robust test bed to evaluate novel and existing methods.
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At the core of insurance business lies classification between risky and non-risky insureds, actuarial fairness meaning that risky insureds should contribute more and pay a higher premium than non-risky or less-risky ones. Actuaries, therefore, use econometric or machine learning techniques to classify, but the distinction between a fair actuarial classification and "discrimination" is subtle. For this reason, there is a growing interest about fairness and discrimination in the actuarial community Lindholm, Richman, Tsanakas, and Wuthrich (2022). Presumably, non-sensitive characteristics can serve as substitutes or proxies for protected attributes. For example, the color and model of a car, combined with the driver's occupation, may lead to an undesirable gender bias in the prediction of car insurance prices. Surprisingly, we will show that debiasing the predictor alone may be insufficient to maintain adequate accuracy (1). Indeed, the traditional pricing model is currently built in a two-stage structure that considers many potentially biased components such as car or geographic risks. We will show that this traditional structure has significant limitations in achieving fairness. For this reason, we have developed a novel pricing model approach. Recently some approaches have Blier-Wong, Cossette, Lamontagne, and Marceau (2021); Wuthrich and Merz (2021) shown the value of autoencoders in pricing. In this paper, we will show that (2) this can be generalized to multiple pricing factors (geographic, car type), (3) it perfectly adapted for a fairness context (since it allows to debias the set of pricing components): We extend this main idea to a general framework in which a single whole pricing model is trained by generating the geographic and car pricing components needed to predict the pure premium while mitigating the unwanted bias according to the desired metric.
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近年来数据的快速增长导致了经常用于在现实世界中做出决定的复杂学习算法的发展。虽然算法的积极影响是巨大的,但需要减轻由训练样本或关于数据样本的隐含假设产生的任何偏差。当算法用于自动决策系统时,这种需求变得至关重要。已经提出了许多方法来通过检测和减轻优化阶段的偏差来进行学习算法。然而,由于缺乏通用的公平定义,这些算法优化了对公平性的特定解释,这使得它们有限地用于现实世界。此外,对所有算法共同的潜在假设是实现公平性和去除偏差的表观等价。换句话说,没有用户定义的标准,可以结合到用于产生公平算法的优化过程中。通过现有方法的这些缺点,我们提出了通过将用户约束纳入优化过程来产生公平算法的菲尔格氏术。此外,我们通过估计来自数据的最预测性功能来解释该过程。我们展示了我们使用不同公平标准对几个真实世界数据集的方法的功效。
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实际上,决策算法通常经过表现出各种偏见的数据培训。决策者通常旨在根据假定或期望公正的基础真相目标做出决策,即同样分布在社会显着的群体中。在许多实际设置中,无法直接观察到地面真相,相反,我们必须依靠数据中的地面真相(即偏置标签)的有偏见的代理度量。此外,通常会选择性地标记数据,即,即使是有偏见的标签,也仅对获得积极决策的数据的一小部分观察到。为了克服标签和选择偏见,最近的工作提议学习随机性,通过i)在每个时间步长的在线培训新政策,ii)执行公平性作为绩效的限制。但是,现有方法仅使用标记的数据,忽略了大量未标记的数据,因此在不同时间学到的决策策略的不稳定性和差异很大。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于实用公平决策的各种自动编码器的新方法。我们的方法学习了一个无偏的数据表示,利用标记和未标记的数据,并使用表示形式在在线过程中学习策略。使用合成数据,我们从经验上验证我们的方法根据差异较低的地面真相会收敛到最佳(公平)策略。在现实世界实验中,我们进一步表明,我们的培训方法不仅提供了更稳定的学习过程,而且还产生了比以前的方法更高的公平性和效用的政策。
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Non-discrimination is a recognized objective in algorithmic decision making. In this paper, we introduce a novel probabilistic formulation of data pre-processing for reducing discrimination. We propose a convex optimization for learning a data transformation with three goals: controlling discrimination, limiting distortion in individual data samples, and preserving utility. We characterize the impact of limited sample size in accomplishing this objective. Two instances of the proposed optimization are applied to datasets, including one on real-world criminal recidivism. Results show that discrimination can be greatly reduced at a small cost in classification accuracy.
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本文旨在改善多敏感属性的机器学习公平。自机学习软件越来越多地用于高赌注和高风险决策,机器学习公平吸引了越来越多的关注。大多数现有的机器学习公平解决方案一次只针对一个敏感的属性(例如性别),或者具有魔法参数来调整,或者具有昂贵的计算开销。为了克服这些挑战,我们在培训机器学习模型之前,我们建议平衡每种敏感属性的培训数据分布。我们的研究结果表明,在低计算开销的情况下,在低计算开销的情况下,Fairbalancy可以在每一个已知的敏感属性上显着减少公平度量(AOD,EOD和SPD),如果对预测性能有任何损坏,则可以在没有多大的情况下进行任何已知的敏感属性。此外,FairbalanceClass是非游价的变种,可以平衡培训数据中的班级分布。通过FairbalanceClass,预测将不再支持多数阶级,从而在少数阶级获得更高的F $ _1 $得分。 Fairbalance和FairbalanceClass还以预测性能和公平度量而言,在其他最先进的偏置缓解算法中也优于其他最先进的偏置缓解算法。本研究将通过提供一种简单但有效的方法来利用社会来改善具有多个敏感属性数据的机器学习软件的公平性。我们的结果还验证了在具有无偏见的地面真理标签上的数据集上的假设,学习模型中的道德偏置在很大程度上属于每个组内具有(2)类分布中的组大小和(2)差异的训练数据。
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随着算法治理的快速发展,公平性已成为机器学习模型的强制性属性,以抑制无意的歧视。在本文中,我们着重于实现公平性的预处理方面,并提出了一种数据重新拨打的方法,该方法仅在培训阶段调整样本的重量。与通常为每个(子)组分配均匀权重的大多数以前的重新校正方法不同,我们对每个训练样本在与公平相关的数量和预测效用方面的影响进行颗粒片,并根据在从影响下的影响下对单个权重进行计算。公平和效用。实验结果表明,以前的方法以不可忽略的实用性成本达到公平性,而为了取得重大优势,我们的方法可以从经验上释放权衡并获得无需成本的公平就可以平等机会。与多个现实世界表格数据集中的基线方法相比,我们通过香草分类器和标准培训过程证明了通过香草分类器和标准培训过程的公平性。可在https://github.com/brandeis-machine-learning/influence-fairness上获得代码。
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