我们呈现深入的一个Python库，实现了有关主动学习的几个共同策略，特别强调深度积极学习。DeepAl提供基于Pytorch的简单统一的框架，允许用户轻松加载自定义数据集，构建自定义数据处理程序，并在没有多大修改代码的情况下构建自定义数据处理程序和设计自定义策略。Deepal是GitHub的开源，欢迎任何贡献。

虽然深度学习（DL）是渴望数据的，并且通常依靠广泛的标记数据来提供良好的性能，但主动学习（AL）通过从未标记的数据中选择一小部分样本进行标签和培训来降低标签成本。因此，近年来，在有限的标签成本/预算下，深入的积极学习（DAL）是可行的解决方案，可在有限的标签成本/预算下最大化模型性能。尽管已经开发了大量的DAL方法并进行了各种文献综述，但在公平比较设置下对DAL方法的性能评估尚未可用。我们的工作打算填补这一空白。在这项工作中，我们通过重新实现19种引用的DAL方法来构建DAL Toolkit，即Deepal+。我们调查和分类与DAL相关的作品，并构建经常使用的数据集和DAL算法的比较实验。此外，我们探讨了影响DAL功效的一些因素（例如，批处理大小，训练过程中的时期数），这些因素为研究人员设计其DAL实验或执行DAL相关应用程序提供了更好的参考。

Recent developments in in-situ monitoring and process control in Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D-printing, allows the collection of large amounts of emission data during the build process of the parts being manufactured. This data can be used as input into 3D and 2D representations of the 3D-printed parts. However the analysis and use, as well as the characterization of this data still remains a manual process. The aim of this paper is to propose an adaptive human-in-the-loop approach using Machine Learning techniques that automatically inspect and annotate the emissions data generated during the AM process. More specifically, this paper will look at two scenarios: firstly, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically inspect and classify emission data collected by in-situ monitoring and secondly, applying Active Learning techniques to the developed classification model to construct a human-in-the-loop mechanism in order to accelerate the labeling process of the emission data. The CNN-based approach relies on transfer learning and fine-tuning, which makes the approach applicable to other industrial image patterns. The adaptive nature of the approach is enabled by uncertainty sampling strategy to automatic selection of samples to be presented to human experts for annotation.

积极学习是一种降低标签成本以构建高质量机器学习模型的既定技术。主动学习的核心组件是确定应选择哪些数据来注释的采集功能。最先进的采集功能 - 更重要的是主动学习技术 - 已经旨在最大限度地提高清洁性能（例如，准确性）并忽视了鲁棒性，这是一种受到越来越受关注的重要品质。因此，主动学习产生准确但不强大的模型。在本文中，我们提出了一种积极的学习过程，集成了对抗性培训的积极学习过程 - 最熟悉的制作强大模型的方法。通过对11个采集函数的实证研究，4个数据集，6个DNN架构和15105培训的DNN，我们表明，强大的主动学习可以产生具有鲁棒性的模型（对抗性示例的准确性），范围从2.35 \％到63.85 \％，而标准主动学习系统地实现了可忽略不计的鲁棒性（小于0.20 \％）。然而，我们的研究还揭示了在稳健性方面，在准确性上表现良好的采集功能比随机抽样更糟糕。因此，我们检查了它背后的原因，并设计了一个新的采购功能，这些功能既可定位清洁的性能和鲁棒性。我们的采集功能 - 基于熵（DRE）的基于密度的鲁棒采样 - 优于鲁棒性的其他采集功能（包括随机），最高可达24.40 \％（特别是3.84 \％），同时仍然存在竞争力准确性。此外，我们证明了DRE适用于测试选择度量，用于模型再培训，并从所有比较功能中脱颖而出，高达8.21％的鲁棒性。

本文解决了在水模型部署民主化中采用了机器学习的一些挑战。第一个挑战是减少了在主动学习的帮助下减少了标签努力（因此关注数据质量），模型推断与Oracle之间的反馈循环：如在保险中，未标记的数据通常丰富，主动学习可能会成为一个重要的资产减少标签成本。为此目的，本文在研究其对合成和真实数据集的实证影响之前，阐述了各种古典主动学习方法。保险中的另一个关键挑战是模型推论中的公平问题。我们将在此主动学习框架中介绍和整合一个用于多级任务的后处理公平，以解决这两个问题。最后对不公平数据集的数值实验突出显示所提出的设置在模型精度和公平性之间存在良好的折衷。

The generalisation performance of a convolutional neural networks (CNN) is majorly predisposed by the quantity, quality, and diversity of the training images. All the training data needs to be annotated in-hand before, in many real-world applications data is easy to acquire but expensive and time-consuming to label. The goal of the Active learning for the task is to draw most informative samples from the unlabeled pool which can used for training after annotation. With total different objective, self-supervised learning which have been gaining meteoric popularity by closing the gap in performance with supervised methods on large computer vision benchmarks. self-supervised learning (SSL) these days have shown to produce low-level representations that are invariant to distortions of the input sample and can encode invariance to artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc. self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches rely on simpler and more scalable frameworks for learning. In this paper, we unify these two families of approaches from the angle of active learning using self-supervised learning mainfold and propose Deep Active Learning using BarlowTwins(DALBT), an active learning method for all the datasets using combination of classifier trained along with self-supervised loss framework of Barlow Twins to a setting where the model can encode the invariance of artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc.

As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.

大型标记数据集的可用性是深度学习成功的关键组成部分。但是，大型数据集上的标签通常很耗时且昂贵。主动学习是一个研究领域，通过选择最重要的标签样本来解决昂贵的标签问题。基于多样性的采样算法被称为基于表示的主动学习方法的组成部分。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新的基于多样性的初始数据集选择算法，以选择有效学习环境中初始标记的最有用的样本集。自我监督的表示学习用于考虑初始数据集选择算法中样品的多样性。此外，我们提出了一种新型的主动学习查询策略，该策略使用基于多样性的基于一致性的嵌入方式采样。通过考虑基于一致性的嵌入方案中多样性的一致性信息，该方法可以在半监督的学习环境中选择更多信息的样本来标记。比较实验表明，通过利用未标记的数据的多样性，与先前的主动学习方法相比，该提出的方法在CIFAR-10和CALTECH-101数据集上取得了令人信服的结果。

In today's data-driven society, supervised machine learning is rapidly evolving, and the need for labeled data is increasing. However, the process of acquiring labels is often expensive and tedious. For this reason, we developed ALANNO, an open-source annotation system for NLP tasks powered by active learning. We focus on the practical challenges in deploying active learning systems and try to find solutions to make active learning effective in real-world applications. We support the system with a wealth of active learning methods and underlying machine learning models. In addition, we leave open the possibility to add new methods, which makes the platform useful for both high-quality data annotation and research purposes.

We study different aspects of active learning with deep neural networks in a consistent and unified way. i) We investigate incremental and cumulative training modes which specify how the newly labeled data are used for training. ii) We study active learning w.r.t. the model configurations such as the number of epochs and neurons as well as the choice of batch size. iii) We consider in detail the behavior of query strategies and their corresponding informativeness measures and accordingly propose more efficient querying procedures. iv) We perform statistical analyses, e.g., on actively learned classes and test error estimation, that reveal several insights about active learning. v) We investigate how active learning with neural networks can benefit from pseudo-labels as proxies for actual labels.

主动学习（al）试图通过标记最少的样本来最大限度地提高模型的性能增益。深度学习（DL）是贪婪的数据，需要大量的数据电源来优化大量参数，因此模型了解如何提取高质量功能。近年来，由于互联网技术的快速发展，我们处于信息种类的时代，我们有大量的数据。通过这种方式，DL引起了研究人员的强烈兴趣，并已迅速发展。与DL相比，研究人员对Al的兴趣相对较低。这主要是因为在DL的崛起之前，传统的机器学习需要相对较少的标记样品。因此，早期的Al很难反映其应得的价值。虽然DL在各个领域取得了突破，但大多数这一成功都是由于大量现有注释数据集的宣传。然而，收购大量高质量的注释数据集消耗了很多人力，这在某些领域不允许在需要高专业知识，特别是在语音识别，信息提取，医学图像等领域中， al逐渐受到适当的关注。自然理念是AL是否可用于降低样本注释的成本，同时保留DL的强大学习能力。因此，已经出现了深度主动学习（DAL）。虽然相关的研究非常丰富，但它缺乏对DAL的综合调查。本文要填补这一差距，我们为现有工作提供了正式的分类方法，以及全面和系统的概述。此外，我们还通过申请的角度分析并总结了DAL的发展。最后，我们讨论了DAL中的混乱和问题，为DAL提供了一些可能的发展方向。

Active learning enables efficient model training by leveraging interactions between machine learning agents and human annotators. We study and propose a novel framework that formulates batch active learning from the sparse approximation's perspective. Our active learning method aims to find an informative subset from the unlabeled data pool such that the corresponding training loss function approximates its full data pool counterpart. We realize the framework as sparsity-constrained discontinuous optimization problems, which explicitly balance uncertainty and representation for large-scale applications and could be solved by greedy or proximal iterative hard thresholding algorithms. The proposed method can adapt to various settings, including both Bayesian and non-Bayesian neural networks. Numerical experiments show that our work achieves competitive performance across different settings with lower computational complexity.

While deep learning succeeds in a wide range of tasks, it highly depends on the massive collection of annotated data which is expensive and time-consuming. To lower the cost of data annotation, active learning has been proposed to interactively query an oracle to annotate a small proportion of informative samples in an unlabeled dataset. Inspired by the fact that the samples with higher loss are usually more informative to the model than the samples with lower loss, in this paper we present a novel deep active learning approach that queries the oracle for data annotation when the unlabeled sample is believed to incorporate high loss. The core of our approach is a measurement Temporal Output Discrepancy (TOD) that estimates the sample loss by evaluating the discrepancy of outputs given by models at different optimization steps. Our theoretical investigation shows that TOD lower-bounds the accumulated sample loss thus it can be used to select informative unlabeled samples. On basis of TOD, we further develop an effective unlabeled data sampling strategy as well as an unsupervised learning criterion for active learning. Due to the simplicity of TOD, our methods are efficient, flexible, and task-agnostic. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performances than the state-of-the-art active learning methods on image classification and semantic segmentation tasks. In addition, we show that TOD can be utilized to select the best model of potentially the highest testing accuracy from a pool of candidate models.

In tunnel boring machine (TBM) underground projects, an accurate description of the rock-soil types distributed in the tunnel can decrease the construction risk ({\it e.g.} surface settlement and landslide) and improve the efficiency of construction. In this paper, we propose an active learning framework, called AL-iGAN, for tunnel geological reconstruction based on TBM operational data. This framework contains two main parts: one is the usage of active learning techniques for recommending new drilling locations to label the TBM operational data and then to form new training samples; and the other is an incremental generative adversarial network for geological reconstruction (iGAN-GR), whose weights can be incrementally updated to improve the reconstruction performance by using the new samples. The numerical experiment validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework as well.

主动学习（AL）算法旨在识别注释的最佳数据子集，使得深神经网络（DNN）在此标记子集上培训时可以实现更好的性能。 AL特别有影响的工业规模设置，其中数据标签成本高，从业者使用各种工具来处理，以提高模型性能。最近自我监督预测（SSP）的成功突出了利用丰富的未标记数据促进模型性能的重要性。通过将AL与SSP结合起来，我们可以使用未标记的数据，同时标记和培训特别是信息样本。在这项工作中，我们研究了Imagenet上的AL和SSP的组合。我们发现小型玩具数据集上的性能 - 文献中的典型基准设置 - 由于活动学习者选择的类不平衡样本，而不是想象中的性能。在我们测试的现有基线中，各种小型和大规​​模设置的流行AL算法未能以随机抽样优于差异。为了解决类别不平衡问题，我们提出了平衡选择（基础），这是一种简单，可伸缩的AL算法，通过选择比现有方法更加平衡样本来始终如一地始终采样。我们的代码可用于：https://github.com/zeyademam/active_learning。

主动学习在许多领域中展示了数据效率。现有的主动学习算法，特别是在深贝叶斯活动模型的背景下，严重依赖模型的不确定性估计的质量。然而，这种不确定性估计可能会严重偏见，特别是有限和不平衡的培训数据。在本文中，我们建议平衡，贝叶斯深度活跃的学习框架，减轻这种偏差的影响。具体地，平衡采用了一种新的采集功能，该函数利用了等效假设类别捕获的结构，并促进了不同的等价类别之间的分化。直观地，每个等价类包括具有类似预测的深层模型的实例化，并且平衡适应地将等同类的大小调整为学习进展。除了完整顺序设置之外，我们还提出批量平衡 - 顺序算法的泛化算法到批量设置 - 有效地选择批次的培训实施例，这些培训实施例是对模型改进的联合有效的培训实施例。我们展示批量平衡在多个基准数据集上实现了最先进的性能，用于主动学习，并且这两个算法都可以有效地处理通常涉及多级和不平衡数据的逼真挑战。

在汽车行业中，标记数据的匮乏是典型的挑战。注释的时间序列测量需要固体域知识和深入的探索性数据分析，这意味着高标签工作。传统的主动学习（AL）通过根据估计的分类概率积极查询最有用的实例来解决此问题，并在迭代中重新审视该模型。但是，学习效率强烈依赖于初始模型，从而导致初始数据集和查询编号的大小之间的权衡。本文提出了一个新颖的几杆学习（FSL）基于AL框架，该框架通过将原型网络（Protonet）纳入AL迭代来解决权衡问题。一方面，结果表明了对初始模型的鲁棒性，另一方面，通过在每种迭代中的支持设置的主动选择方面的学习效率。该框架已在UCI HAR/HAPT数据集​​和现实世界制动操纵数据集上进行了验证。学习绩效在两个数据集上都显着超过了传统的AL算法，分别以10％和5％的标签工作实现了90％的分类精度。

我们介绍了有监督的对比度积极学习（SCAL），并根据功能相似性（功能IM）和基于主成分分析的基于特征重建误差（FRE）提出有效的活动学习策略，以选择具有不同特征表示的信息性数据示例。我们证明了我们提出的方法可实现最新的准确性，模型校准并减少在图像分类任务上平衡和不平衡数据集的主动学习设置中的采样偏差。我们还评估了模型的鲁棒性，从主动学习环境中不同查询策略得出的分配转移。使用广泛的实验，我们表明我们提出的方法的表现优于高性能密集型方法，从而使平均损坏误差降低了9.9％，在数据集偏移下的预期校准误差降低了7.2％，而AUROC降低了8.9％的AUROC。检测。

注释滥用语言很昂贵，在逻辑上复杂，并造成了心理伤害的风险。但是，大多数机器学习研究都优先提高有效性（即F1或精度得分），而不是数据效率（即，最小化注释的数据量）。在本文中，我们在两个数据集上使用模拟实验，以不同比例的滥用，以证明基于变形金刚的主动学习是一种有前途的方法，可以实质上提高效率，同时仍然保持高效，尤其是当虐待内容是数据集中较小比例的情况下。这种方法需要大量的标记数据，以达到与完整数据集培训相等的性能。

标记数据可以是昂贵的任务，因为它通常由域专家手动执行。对于深度学习而言，这是繁琐的，因为它取决于大型标记的数据集。主动学习（AL）是一种范式，旨在通过仅使用二手车型认为最具信息丰富的数据来减少标签努力。在文本分类设置中，在AL上完成了很少的研究，旁边没有涉及最近的最先进的自然语言处理（NLP）模型。在这里，我们介绍了一个实证研究，可以将基于不确定性的基于不确定性的算法与Bert $ _ {base} $相比，作为使用的分类器。我们评估两个NLP分类数据集的算法：斯坦福情绪树木银行和kvk-Front页面。此外，我们探讨了旨在解决不确定性的al的预定问题的启发式;即，它是不可规范的，并且易于选择异常值。此外，我们探讨了查询池大小对al的性能的影响。虽然发现，AL的拟议启发式没有提高AL的表现;我们的结果表明，使用BERT $ _ {Base} $概率使用不确定性的AL。随着查询池大小变大，性能的这种差异可以减少。