In tunnel boring machine (TBM) underground projects, an accurate description of the rock-soil types distributed in the tunnel can decrease the construction risk ({\it e.g.} surface settlement and landslide) and improve the efficiency of construction. In this paper, we propose an active learning framework, called AL-iGAN, for tunnel geological reconstruction based on TBM operational data. This framework contains two main parts: one is the usage of active learning techniques for recommending new drilling locations to label the TBM operational data and then to form new training samples; and the other is an incremental generative adversarial network for geological reconstruction (iGAN-GR), whose weights can be incrementally updated to improve the reconstruction performance by using the new samples. The numerical experiment validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework as well.

主动学习（al）试图通过标记最少的样本来最大限度地提高模型的性能增益。深度学习（DL）是贪婪的数据，需要大量的数据电源来优化大量参数，因此模型了解如何提取高质量功能。近年来，由于互联网技术的快速发展，我们处于信息种类的时代，我们有大量的数据。通过这种方式，DL引起了研究人员的强烈兴趣，并已迅速发展。与DL相比，研究人员对Al的兴趣相对较低。这主要是因为在DL的崛起之前，传统的机器学习需要相对较少的标记样品。因此，早期的Al很难反映其应得的价值。虽然DL在各个领域取得了突破，但大多数这一成功都是由于大量现有注释数据集的宣传。然而，收购大量高质量的注释数据集消耗了很多人力，这在某些领域不允许在需要高专业知识，特别是在语音识别，信息提取，医学图像等领域中， al逐渐受到适当的关注。自然理念是AL是否可用于降低样本注释的成本，同时保留DL的强大学习能力。因此，已经出现了深度主动学习（DAL）。虽然相关的研究非常丰富，但它缺乏对DAL的综合调查。本文要填补这一差距，我们为现有工作提供了正式的分类方法，以及全面和系统的概述。此外，我们还通过申请的角度分析并总结了DAL的发展。最后，我们讨论了DAL中的混乱和问题，为DAL提供了一些可能的发展方向。

As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.

本文解决了在水模型部署民主化中采用了机器学习的一些挑战。第一个挑战是减少了在主动学习的帮助下减少了标签努力（因此关注数据质量），模型推断与Oracle之间的反馈循环：如在保险中，未标记的数据通常丰富，主动学习可能会成为一个重要的资产减少标签成本。为此目的，本文在研究其对合成和真实数据集的实证影响之前，阐述了各种古典主动学习方法。保险中的另一个关键挑战是模型推论中的公平问题。我们将在此主动学习框架中介绍和整合一个用于多级任务的后处理公平，以解决这两个问题。最后对不公平数据集的数值实验突出显示所提出的设置在模型精度和公平性之间存在良好的折衷。

随着深度学习技术的快速发展和计算能力的提高，深度学习已广泛应用于高光谱图像（HSI）分类领域。通常，深度学习模型通常包含许多可训练参数，并且需要大量标记的样品来实现最佳性能。然而，关于HSI分类，由于手动标记的难度和耗时的性质，大量标记的样本通常难以获取。因此，许多研究工作侧重于建立一个少数标记样本的HSI分类的深层学习模型。在本文中，我们专注于这一主题，并对相关文献提供系统审查。具体而言，本文的贡献是双重的。首先，相关方法的研究进展根据学习范式分类，包括转移学习，积极学习和少量学习。其次，已经进行了许多具有各种最先进的方法的实验，总结了结果以揭示潜在的研究方向。更重要的是，虽然深度学习模型（通常需要足够的标记样本）和具有少量标记样本的HSI场景之间存在巨大差距，但是通过深度学习融合，可以很好地表征小样本集的问题方法和相关技术，如转移学习和轻量级模型。为了再现性，可以在HTTPS://github.com/shuguoj/hsi-classification中找到纸张中评估的方法的源代码.git。

The generalisation performance of a convolutional neural networks (CNN) is majorly predisposed by the quantity, quality, and diversity of the training images. All the training data needs to be annotated in-hand before, in many real-world applications data is easy to acquire but expensive and time-consuming to label. The goal of the Active learning for the task is to draw most informative samples from the unlabeled pool which can used for training after annotation. With total different objective, self-supervised learning which have been gaining meteoric popularity by closing the gap in performance with supervised methods on large computer vision benchmarks. self-supervised learning (SSL) these days have shown to produce low-level representations that are invariant to distortions of the input sample and can encode invariance to artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc. self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches rely on simpler and more scalable frameworks for learning. In this paper, we unify these two families of approaches from the angle of active learning using self-supervised learning mainfold and propose Deep Active Learning using BarlowTwins(DALBT), an active learning method for all the datasets using combination of classifier trained along with self-supervised loss framework of Barlow Twins to a setting where the model can encode the invariance of artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc.

大量的数据和创新算法使数据驱动的建模成为现代行业的流行技术。在各种数据驱动方法中，潜在变量模型（LVM）及其对应物占主要份额，并在许多工业建模领域中起着至关重要的作用。 LVM通常可以分为基于统计学习的经典LVM和基于神经网络的深层LVM（DLVM）。我们首先讨论经典LVM的定义，理论和应用，该定义和应用既是综合教程，又是对经典LVM的简短申请调查。然后，我们对当前主流DLVM进行了彻底的介绍，重点是其理论和模型体系结构，此后不久就提供了有关DLVM的工业应用的详细调查。上述两种类型的LVM具有明显的优势和缺点。具体而言，经典的LVM具有简洁的原理和良好的解释性，但是它们的模型能力无法解决复杂的任务。基于神经网络的DLVM具有足够的模型能力，可以在复杂的场景中实现令人满意的性能，但它以模型的解释性和效率为例。旨在结合美德并减轻这两种类型的LVM的缺点，并探索非神经网络的举止以建立深层模型，我们提出了一个新颖的概念，称为“轻量级Deep LVM（LDLVM）”。在提出了这个新想法之后，该文章首先阐述了LDLVM的动机和内涵，然后提供了两个新颖的LDLVM，并详尽地描述了其原理，建筑和优点。最后，讨论了前景和机会，包括重要的开放问题和可能的研究方向。

Transfer learning aims at improving the performance of target learners on target domains by transferring the knowledge contained in different but related source domains. In this way, the dependence on a large number of target domain data can be reduced for constructing target learners. Due to the wide application prospects, transfer learning has become a popular and promising area in machine learning. Although there are already some valuable and impressive surveys on transfer learning, these surveys introduce approaches in a relatively isolated way and lack the recent advances in transfer learning. Due to the rapid expansion of the transfer learning area, it is both necessary and challenging to comprehensively review the relevant studies. This survey attempts to connect and systematize the existing transfer learning researches, as well as to summarize and interpret the mechanisms and the strategies of transfer learning in a comprehensive way, which may help readers have a better understanding of the current research status and ideas. Unlike previous surveys, this survey paper reviews more than forty representative transfer learning approaches, especially homogeneous transfer learning approaches, from the perspectives of data and model. The applications of transfer learning are also briefly introduced. In order to show the performance of different transfer learning models, over twenty representative transfer learning models are used for experiments. The models are performed on three different datasets, i.e., Amazon Reviews, Reuters-21578, and Office-31. And the experimental results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate transfer learning models for different applications in practice.

量子计算机是下一代设备，有望执行超出古典计算机范围的计算。实现这一目标的主要方法是通过量子机学习，尤其是量子生成学习。由于量子力学的固有概率性质，因此可以合理地假设量子生成学习模型（QGLM）可能会超过其经典对应物。因此，QGLM正在从量子物理和计算机科学社区中受到越来越多的关注，在这些QGLM中，可以在近期量子机上有效实施各种QGLM，并提出了潜在的计算优势。在本文中，我们从机器学习的角度回顾了QGLM的当前进度。特别是，我们解释了这些QGLM，涵盖了量子电路出生的机器，量子生成的对抗网络，量子玻尔兹曼机器和量子自动编码器，作为经典生成学习模型的量子扩展。在这种情况下，我们探讨了它们的内在关系及其根本差异。我们进一步总结了QGLM在常规机器学习任务和量子物理学中的潜在应用。最后，我们讨论了QGLM的挑战和进一步研究指示。

Recent developments in in-situ monitoring and process control in Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D-printing, allows the collection of large amounts of emission data during the build process of the parts being manufactured. This data can be used as input into 3D and 2D representations of the 3D-printed parts. However the analysis and use, as well as the characterization of this data still remains a manual process. The aim of this paper is to propose an adaptive human-in-the-loop approach using Machine Learning techniques that automatically inspect and annotate the emissions data generated during the AM process. More specifically, this paper will look at two scenarios: firstly, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically inspect and classify emission data collected by in-situ monitoring and secondly, applying Active Learning techniques to the developed classification model to construct a human-in-the-loop mechanism in order to accelerate the labeling process of the emission data. The CNN-based approach relies on transfer learning and fine-tuning, which makes the approach applicable to other industrial image patterns. The adaptive nature of the approach is enabled by uncertainty sampling strategy to automatic selection of samples to be presented to human experts for annotation.

“轨迹”是指由地理空间中的移动物体产生的迹线，通常由一系列按时间顺序排列的点表示，其中每个点由地理空间坐标集和时间戳组成。位置感应和无线通信技术的快速进步使我们能够收集和存储大量的轨迹数据。因此，许多研究人员使用轨迹数据来分析各种移动物体的移动性。在本文中，我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹”，这是指城市交通网络中车辆的轨迹，我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹分析”。城市车辆轨迹分析提供了前所未有的机会，可以了解城市交通网络中的车辆运动模式，包括以用户为中心的旅行经验和系统范围的时空模式。城市车辆轨迹数据的时空特征在结构上相互关联，因此，许多先前的研究人员使用了各种方法来理解这种结构。特别是，由于其强大的函数近似和特征表示能力，深度学习模型是由于许多研究人员的注意。因此，本文的目的是开发基于深度学习的城市车辆轨迹分析模型，以更好地了解城市交通网络的移动模式。特别是，本文重点介绍了两项研究主题，具有很高的必要性，重要性和适用性：下一个位置预测，以及合成轨迹生成。在这项研究中，我们向城市车辆轨迹分析提供了各种新型模型，使用深度学习。

While deep learning succeeds in a wide range of tasks, it highly depends on the massive collection of annotated data which is expensive and time-consuming. To lower the cost of data annotation, active learning has been proposed to interactively query an oracle to annotate a small proportion of informative samples in an unlabeled dataset. Inspired by the fact that the samples with higher loss are usually more informative to the model than the samples with lower loss, in this paper we present a novel deep active learning approach that queries the oracle for data annotation when the unlabeled sample is believed to incorporate high loss. The core of our approach is a measurement Temporal Output Discrepancy (TOD) that estimates the sample loss by evaluating the discrepancy of outputs given by models at different optimization steps. Our theoretical investigation shows that TOD lower-bounds the accumulated sample loss thus it can be used to select informative unlabeled samples. On basis of TOD, we further develop an effective unlabeled data sampling strategy as well as an unsupervised learning criterion for active learning. Due to the simplicity of TOD, our methods are efficient, flexible, and task-agnostic. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performances than the state-of-the-art active learning methods on image classification and semantic segmentation tasks. In addition, we show that TOD can be utilized to select the best model of potentially the highest testing accuracy from a pool of candidate models.

物理信息的神经网络（PINN）是神经网络（NNS），它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程，例如部分微分方程（PDE）。如今，PINN是用于求解PDE，分数方程，积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架，在该框架中，NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述：虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络，这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩（Vanilla Pinn）以及许多其他变体，例如物理受限的神经网络（PCNN），各种HP-VPINN，变量HP-VPINN，VPINN，VPINN，变体。和保守的Pinn（CPINN）。该研究表明，大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能，梯度优化技术，神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛，但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法（FEM）等经典数值技术更可行的能力，但仍有可能的进步，最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。

The performance of deep neural networks improves with more annotated data. The problem is that the budget for annotation is limited. One solution to this is active learning, where a model asks human to annotate data that it perceived as uncertain. A variety of recent methods have been proposed to apply active learning to deep networks but most of them are either designed specific for their target tasks or computationally inefficient for large networks. In this paper, we propose a novel active learning method that is simple but task-agnostic, and works efficiently with the deep networks. We attach a small parametric module, named "loss prediction module," to a target network, and learn it to predict target losses of unlabeled inputs. Then, this module can suggest data that the target model is likely to produce a wrong prediction. This method is task-agnostic as networks are learned from a single loss regardless of target tasks. We rigorously validate our method through image classification, object detection, and human pose estimation, with the recent network architectures. The results demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms the previous methods over the tasks.

海面地下温度，水上野生动物，水下动力和海面热传递的基本组成部分受到气候变化的全球变暖的影响。现有的研究通常基于基于物理的数值模型或基于数据的模型。物理建模和机器学习传统上被认为是海上地下温度预测任务的两个无关字段，具有较为不同的科学范式（物理驱动和数据驱动）。但是，我们认为这两种方法都互相互补。物理建模方法可以提供超出观察条件的外推的潜力，而数据驱动方法在适应数据时是灵活的，并且能够检测意外模式。两种方法的组合非常有吸引力，并提供潜在的性能改进。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于生成对抗网络（GAN）的新型框架与数值模型相结合预测海地下温度。首先，基于GaN的模型用于在数值模型中学习表面温度和目标地下温度之间的简化物理学。然后，使用观察数据来校准基于GaN的模型参数以获得更好的预测。我们通过预测南海的日常海面温度来评估拟议的框架。与现有最先进的方法相比，广泛的实验证明了所提出的框架的有效性。

Recent aerial object detection models rely on a large amount of labeled training data, which requires unaffordable manual labeling costs in large aerial scenes with dense objects. Active learning is effective in reducing the data labeling cost by selectively querying the informative and representative unlabelled samples. However, existing active learning methods are mainly with class-balanced setting and image-based querying for generic object detection tasks, which are less applicable to aerial object detection scenario due to the long-tailed class distribution and dense small objects in aerial scenes. In this paper, we propose a novel active learning method for cost-effective aerial object detection. Specifically, both object-level and image-level informativeness are considered in the object selection to refrain from redundant and myopic querying. Besides, an easy-to-use class-balancing criterion is incorporated to favor the minority objects to alleviate the long-tailed class distribution problem in model training. To fully utilize the queried information, we further devise a training loss to mine the latent knowledge in the undiscovered image regions. Extensive experiments are conducted on the DOTA-v1.0 and DOTA-v2.0 benchmarks to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that it can save more than 75% of the labeling cost to reach the same performance compared to the baselines and state-of-the-art active object detection methods. Code is available at https://github.com/ZJW700/MUS-CDB

主动学习旨在选择最具信息丰富的样本，以利用有限的注释预算。大多数现有的工作通过分别在每个数据集上多次重复耗时的模型训练和批量数据选择，遵循麻烦的管道。通过提出本文提出新的一般和有效的主动学习（GEAL）方法，挑战该地位QUO。利用预先培训的大型数据集预先培训的公开模型，我们的方法可以在不同的数据集中对具有相同模型的单通推断进行数据选择过程。为了捕获图像内的微妙本地信息，我们提出了从预先训练网络的中间特征中容易地提取的知识集群。而不是麻烦的批量选择策略，通过在细粒度知识集群级别执行K中心贪婪来选择所有数据样本。整个过程只需要单通式模型推论而不培训或监督，使我们的方法在时间复杂程度明显优于现有技术，从而长达数百次。广泛的实验越来越展示了我们对物体检测，语义分割，深度估计和图像分类方法的有希望的性能。

Recently deep neural networks, which require a large amount of annotated samples, have been widely applied in nuclei instance segmentation of H\&E stained pathology images. However, it is inefficient and unnecessary to label all pixels for a dataset of nuclei images which usually contain similar and redundant patterns. Although unsupervised and semi-supervised learning methods have been studied for nuclei segmentation, very few works have delved into the selective labeling of samples to reduce the workload of annotation. Thus, in this paper, we propose a novel full nuclei segmentation framework that chooses only a few image patches to be annotated, augments the training set from the selected samples, and achieves nuclei segmentation in a semi-supervised manner. In the proposed framework, we first develop a novel consistency-based patch selection method to determine which image patches are the most beneficial to the training. Then we introduce a conditional single-image GAN with a component-wise discriminator, to synthesize more training samples. Lastly, our proposed framework trains an existing segmentation model with the above augmented samples. The experimental results show that our proposed method could obtain the same-level performance as a fully-supervised baseline by annotating less than 5% pixels on some benchmarks.

时间动作定位（TAL）旨在预测未修剪视频（即开始和结束时间）中动作实例的动作类别和时间边界。通常在大多数现有作品中都采用了完全监督的解决方案，并被证明是有效的。这些解决方案中的实际瓶颈之一是所需的大量标记培训数据。为了降低昂贵的人类标签成本，本文着重于很少调查但实用的任务，称为半监督TAL，并提出了一种有效的主动学习方法，名为Al-Stal。我们利用四个步骤来积极选择具有很高信息性的视频样本，并培训本地化模型，名为\ emph {火车，查询，注释，附加}。考虑定位模型的不确定性的两个评分函数配备了ALSTAL，从而促进了视频样本等级和选择。一个人将预测标签分布的熵作为不确定性的度量，称为时间提案熵（TPE）。另一个引入了基于相邻行动建议之间的共同信息的新指标，并评估视频样本的信息性，称为时间上下文不一致（TCI）。为了验证拟议方法的有效性，我们在两个基准数据集Thumos'14和ActivityNet 1.3上进行了广泛的实验。实验结果表明，与完全监督的学习相比，AL-Stal的表现优于现有竞争对手，并实现令人满意的表现。

近年来，随着传感器和智能设备的广泛传播，物联网（IoT）系统的数据生成速度已大大增加。在物联网系统中，必须经常处理，转换和分析大量数据，以实现各种物联网服务和功能。机器学习（ML）方法已显示出其物联网数据分析的能力。但是，将ML模型应用于物联网数据分析任务仍然面临许多困难和挑战，特别是有效的模型选择，设计/调整和更新，这给经验丰富的数据科学家带来了巨大的需求。此外，物联网数据的动态性质可能引入概念漂移问题，从而导致模型性能降解。为了减少人类的努力，自动化机器学习（AUTOML）已成为一个流行的领域，旨在自动选择，构建，调整和更新机器学习模型，以在指定任务上实现最佳性能。在本文中，我们对Automl区域中模型选择，调整和更新过程中的现有方法进行了审查，以识别和总结将ML算法应用于IoT数据分析的每个步骤的最佳解决方案。为了证明我们的发现并帮助工业用户和研究人员更好地实施汽车方法，在这项工作中提出了将汽车应用于IoT异常检测问题的案例研究。最后，我们讨论并分类了该领域的挑战和研究方向。