本文提出了一种基于图形的正则化回归估计器 - 分层特征回归(HFR) - 从机器学习和图论域名的洞察力调动洞察力,以估算线性回归的鲁棒参数。估计器构造一个监督的特征图,该监督特征图沿其边缘分解参数,首先调整常见变化并连续地将特殊性模式结合到拟合过程中。图形结构具有对组靶标的参数收缩的影响,其中收缩程度由肝异常的控制,并且基团组合物以及收缩靶数是内源性的。该方法提供了丰富的资源,以便在数据中的潜在效果结构的视觉探索,并与一系列经验和模拟回归任务的常用正则化技术面板相比,展示了良好的预测精度和多功能性。
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我们提出了一种估计具有标称分类数据的高维线性模型的方法。我们的估算器,称为范围,通过使其相应的系数完全相等来融合水平。这是通过对分类变量的系数的阶数统计之间的差异之间的差异来实现这一点,从而聚类系数。我们提供了一种算法,用于精确和有效地计算在具有潜在许多级别的单个变量的情况下的总体上的最小值的全局最小值,并且在多变量情况下在块坐标血管下降过程中使用它。我们表明,利用未知级别融合的Oracle最小二乘解决方案是具有高概率的坐标血缘的极限点,只要真正的级别具有一定的最小分离;已知这些条件在单变量案例中最小。我们展示了在一系列实际和模拟数据集中的范围的有利性能。 R包的R包Catreg实现线性模型的范围,也可以在CRAN上提供逻辑回归的版本。
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我们引入了一种新的经验贝叶斯方法,用于大规模多线性回归。我们的方法结合了两个关键思想:(i)使用灵活的“自适应收缩”先验,该先验近似于正常分布的有限混合物,近似于正常分布的非参数家族; (ii)使用变分近似来有效估计先前的超参数并计算近似后期。将这两个想法结合起来,将快速,灵活的方法与计算速度相当,可与快速惩罚的回归方法(例如Lasso)相当,并在各种场景中具有出色的预测准确性。此外,我们表明,我们方法中的后验平均值可以解释为解决惩罚性回归问题,并通过直接解决优化问题(而不是通过交叉验证来调整)从数据中学到的惩罚函数的精确形式。 。我们的方法是在r https://github.com/stephenslab/mr.ash.ash.alpha的r软件包中实现的
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预测组合在预测社区中蓬勃发展,近年来,已经成为预测研究和活动主流的一部分。现在,由单个(目标)系列产生的多个预测组合通过整合来自不同来源收集的信息,从而提高准确性,从而减轻了识别单个“最佳”预测的风险。组合方案已从没有估计的简单组合方法演变为涉及时间变化的权重,非线性组合,组件之间的相关性和交叉学习的复杂方法。它们包括结合点预测和结合概率预测。本文提供了有关预测组合的广泛文献的最新评论,并参考可用的开源软件实施。我们讨论了各种方法的潜在和局限性,并突出了这些思想如何随着时间的推移而发展。还调查了有关预测组合实用性的一些重要问题。最后,我们以当前的研究差距和未来研究的潜在见解得出结论。
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稳定性选择(Meinshausen和Buhlmann,2010)通过返回许多副页面一致选择的功能来使任何特征选择方法更稳定。我们证明(在我们的知识中,它的知识,它的第一个结果),对于包含重要潜在变量的高度相关代理的数据,套索通常选择一个代理,但与套索的稳定性选择不能选择任何代理,导致比单独的套索更糟糕的预测性能。我们介绍集群稳定性选择,这利用了从业者的知识,即数据中存在高度相关的集群,从而产生比此设置中的稳定性选择更好的特征排名。我们考虑了几种特征组合方法,包括在每个重要集群中占据各个重要集群中的特征的加权平均值,其中重量由选择集群成员的频率决定,我们显示的是比以前的提案更好地导致更好的预测模型。我们呈现来自Meinshausen和Buhlmann(2010)和Shah和Samworth(2012)的理论担保的概括,以表明集群稳定选择保留相同的保证。总之,集群稳定性选择享有两个世界的最佳选择,产生既稳定的稀疏选择集,具有良好的预测性能。
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我们使用深层部分最小二乘(DPL)来估算单个股票收益的资产定价模型,该模型以灵活而动态的方式利用调理信息,同时将超额回报归因于一小部分统计风险因素。新颖的贡献是解决非线性因子结构,从而推进经验资产定价中深度学习的当前范式,该定价在假设高斯资产回报和因素的假设下使用线性随机折现因子。通过使用预测的最小二乘正方形来共同投影公司特征和资产回报到潜在因素的子空间,并使用深度学习从因子负载到资产回报中学习非线性图。捕获这种非线性风险因素结构的结果是通过线性风险因素暴露和相互作用效应来表征资产回报中的异常情况。因此,深度学习捕获异常值的众所周知的能力,在潜在因素结构中的角色和高阶项在因素风险溢价上的作用。从经验方面来说,我们实施了DPLS因子模型,并表现出比Lasso和Plain Vanilla深度学习模型表现出卓越的性能。此外,由于DPL的更简约的架构,我们的网络培训时间大大减少了。具体而言,在1989年12月至2018年1月的一段时间内使用Russell 1000指数中的3290资产,我们评估了我们的DPLS因子模型,并生成比深度学习大约1.2倍的信息比率。 DPLS解释了变化和定价错误,并确定了最突出的潜在因素和公司特征。
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现代高维方法经常采用“休稀稀物”的原则,而在监督多元学习统计学中可能面临着大量非零系数的“密集”问题。本文提出了一种新的聚类减少秩(CRL)框架,其施加了两个联合矩阵规范化,以自动分组构建预测因素的特征。 CRL比低级别建模更具可解释,并放松变量选择中的严格稀疏假设。在本文中,提出了新的信息 - 理论限制,揭示了寻求集群的内在成本,以及多元学习中的维度的祝福。此外,开发了一种有效的优化算法,其执行子空间学习和具有保证融合的聚类。所获得的定点估计器虽然不一定是全局最佳的,但在某些规则条件下享有超出标准似然设置的所需的统计准确性。此外,提出了一种新的信息标准,以及其无垢形式,用于集群和秩选择,并且具有严格的理论支持,而不假设无限的样本大小。广泛的模拟和实数据实验证明了所提出的方法的统计准确性和可解释性。
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从操作的角度来看,对调查响应率的准确预测至关重要。美国人口普查局的著名漫游应用程序使用了在美国人口普查计划数据库数据中培训的原则统计模型来识别难以调查的领域。较早的众包竞赛表明,一组回归树木在预测调查率方面取得了最佳性能。但是,由于有限的解释性,无法针对预期应用程序采用相应的模型。在本文中,我们提出了新的可解释的统计方法,以高精度地预测调查中的响应率。我们研究通过$ \ ell_0 $ regularization以及提供层次结构化的变体的稀疏非参数添加剂模型,可提供增强的解释性。尽管有强大的方法论基础,这种模型在计算上可能具有挑战性 - 我们提出了学习这些模型的新可扩展算法。我们还为所提出的估计量建立了新的非反应误差界。基于美国人口普查计划数据库的实验表明,我们的方法导致高质量的预测模型,可为不同人群的不同部分可行。有趣的是,我们的方法在基于梯度增强和前馈神经网络的最先进的黑盒机器学习方法中提供了可解释性的显着提高,而不会失去预测性能。我们在Python中实现的代码实现可在https://github.com/shibalibrahim/addived-models-with-sonstructred-interactions上获得。
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本文提出了一种新的高维金融数据算法 - 该群体可解释基础选择(GIB)算法,以估计最近开发的广义套利定价理论暗示的新的自适应多因素(AMF)资产定价模型,它放松了风险因素的数量小的惯例。我们首先使用高维方法获得基础资产的自适应基础资产集合,然后同时测试该基础资产对应哪种证券。AMF模型以及GIBS算法显示出比FAMA-French 5因素模型具有明显更好的拟合和预测能力。
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The widely used 'Counterfactual' definition of Causal Effects was derived for unbiasedness and accuracy - and not generalizability. We propose a simple definition for the External Validity (EV) of Interventions and Counterfactuals. The definition leads to EV statistics for individual counterfactuals, and to non-parametric effect estimators for sets of counterfactuals (i.e., for samples). We use this new definition to discuss several issues that have baffled the original counterfactual formulation: out-of-sample validity, reliance on independence assumptions or estimation, concurrent estimation of multiple effects and full-models, bias-variance tradeoffs, statistical power, omitted variables, and connections to current predictive and explaining techniques. Methodologically, the definition also allows us to replace the parametric, and generally ill-posed, estimation problems that followed the counterfactual definition by combinatorial enumeration problems in non-experimental samples. We use this framework to generalize popular supervised, explaining, and causal-effect estimators, improving their performance across three dimensions (External Validity, Unconfoundness and Accuracy) and enabling their use in non-i.i.d. samples. We demonstrate gains over the state-of-the-art in out-of-sample prediction, intervention effect prediction and causal effect estimation tasks. The COVID19 pandemic highlighted the need for learning solutions to provide general predictions in small samples - many times with missing variables. We also demonstrate applications in this pressing problem.
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Many scientific problems require identifying a small set of covariates that are associated with a target response and estimating their effects. Often, these effects are nonlinear and include interactions, so linear and additive methods can lead to poor estimation and variable selection. Unfortunately, methods that simultaneously express sparsity, nonlinearity, and interactions are computationally intractable -- with runtime at least quadratic in the number of covariates, and often worse. In the present work, we solve this computational bottleneck. We show that suitable interaction models have a kernel representation, namely there exists a "kernel trick" to perform variable selection and estimation in $O$(# covariates) time. Our resulting fit corresponds to a sparse orthogonal decomposition of the regression function in a Hilbert space (i.e., a functional ANOVA decomposition), where interaction effects represent all variation that cannot be explained by lower-order effects. On a variety of synthetic and real data sets, our approach outperforms existing methods used for large, high-dimensional data sets while remaining competitive (or being orders of magnitude faster) in runtime.
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We extend best-subset selection to linear Multi-Task Learning (MTL), where a set of linear models are jointly trained on a collection of datasets (``tasks''). Allowing the regression coefficients of tasks to have different sparsity patterns (i.e., different supports), we propose a modeling framework for MTL that encourages models to share information across tasks, for a given covariate, through separately 1) shrinking the coefficient supports together, and/or 2) shrinking the coefficient values together. This allows models to borrow strength during variable selection even when the coefficient values differ markedly between tasks. We express our modeling framework as a Mixed-Integer Program, and propose efficient and scalable algorithms based on block coordinate descent and combinatorial local search. We show our estimator achieves statistically optimal prediction rates. Importantly, our theory characterizes how our estimator leverages the shared support information across tasks to achieve better variable selection performance. We evaluate the performance of our method in simulations and two biology applications. Our proposed approaches outperform other sparse MTL methods in variable selection and prediction accuracy. Interestingly, penalties that shrink the supports together often outperform penalties that shrink the coefficient values together. We will release an R package implementing our methods.
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We review clustering as an analysis tool and the underlying concepts from an introductory perspective. What is clustering and how can clusterings be realised programmatically? How can data be represented and prepared for a clustering task? And how can clustering results be validated? Connectivity-based versus prototype-based approaches are reflected in the context of several popular methods: single-linkage, spectral embedding, k-means, and Gaussian mixtures are discussed as well as the density-based protocols (H)DBSCAN, Jarvis-Patrick, CommonNN, and density-peaks.
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Fingerprints are key tools in climate change detection and attribution (D&A) that are used to determine whether changes in observations are different from internal climate variability (detection), and whether observed changes can be assigned to specific external drivers (attribution). We propose a direct D&A approach based on supervised learning to extract fingerprints that lead to robust predictions under relevant interventions on exogenous variables, i.e., climate drivers other than the target. We employ anchor regression, a distributionally-robust statistical learning method inspired by causal inference that extrapolates well to perturbed data under the interventions considered. The residuals from the prediction achieve either uncorrelatedness or mean independence with the exogenous variables, thus guaranteeing robustness. We define D&A as a unified hypothesis testing framework that relies on the same statistical model but uses different targets and test statistics. In the experiments, we first show that the CO2 forcing can be robustly predicted from temperature spatial patterns under strong interventions on the solar forcing. Second, we illustrate attribution to the greenhouse gases and aerosols while protecting against interventions on the aerosols and CO2 forcing, respectively. Our study shows that incorporating robustness constraints against relevant interventions may significantly benefit detection and attribution of climate change.
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大多数机器学习算法由一个或多个超参数配置,必须仔细选择并且通常会影响性能。为避免耗时和不可递销的手动试验和错误过程来查找性能良好的超参数配置,可以采用各种自动超参数优化(HPO)方法,例如,基于监督机器学习的重新采样误差估计。本文介绍了HPO后,本文审查了重要的HPO方法,如网格或随机搜索,进化算法,贝叶斯优化,超带和赛车。它给出了关于进行HPO的重要选择的实用建议,包括HPO算法本身,性能评估,如何将HPO与ML管道,运行时改进和并行化结合起来。这项工作伴随着附录,其中包含关于R和Python的特定软件包的信息,以及用于特定学习算法的信息和推荐的超参数搜索空间。我们还提供笔记本电脑,这些笔记本展示了这项工作的概念作为补充文件。
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在本文中,我们考虑了一种用于主成分分析(PCA)的新变体,旨在同时捕获因子负载的分组和/或稀疏结构。为了实现这些目标,我们采用非凸截面的正则化,具有自然可调的稀疏性和分组效应,并提出了特征分组和稀疏主组件分析(FGSPCA)。所提出的FGSPCA方法鼓励具有相似值的因子负载,以将特征分组或特征零值组分成特征选择的差异均匀组,从而有助于降低模型的复杂性和增加模型解释。通常,现有的结构化PCA方法需要先验知识来构建正则化项。但是,提出的FGSPCA可以同时捕获因子负载的分组和/或稀疏结构,而无需任何事先信息。为了解决所得的非凸优化问题,我们提出了一种交替的算法,该算法结合了Convex编程,增强的Lagrange方法和坐标下降方法。实验结果证明了新方法在合成和现实世界数据集上的有希望的性能和效率。可以在github {https://github.com/higeeks/fgspca}上找到FGSPCA的R实现。
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我们介绍了缩写为Argen的任意矩形范围广义弹性净罚分法,用于在高维稀疏线性模型中执行约束变量选择和正则化。作为非负弹性净惩罚方法的自然延伸,证明了在某些条件下具有可变选择一致性和估计一致性。研究了Argen估计器分布的渐近行为。我们还提出了一种称为MU-QP-RR-W-$ L_1 $的算法,以有效解决ARGEN。通过进行仿真研究,我们表明Argen在许多设置中优于弹性网。最后,执行S&P 500 500指数跟踪对库存分配的限制的应用,以提供适应argen解决现实问题的一般指导。
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We study a multi-factor block model for variable clustering and connect it to the regularized subspace clustering by formulating a distributionally robust version of the nodewise regression. To solve the latter problem, we derive a convex relaxation, provide guidance on selecting the size of the robust region, and hence the regularization weighting parameter, based on the data, and propose an ADMM algorithm for implementation. We validate our method in an extensive simulation study. Finally, we propose and apply a variant of our method to stock return data, obtain interpretable clusters that facilitate portfolio selection and compare its out-of-sample performance with other clustering methods in an empirical study.
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The horseshoe prior is known to possess many desirable properties for Bayesian estimation of sparse parameter vectors, yet its density function lacks an analytic form. As such, it is challenging to find a closed-form solution for the posterior mode. Conventional horseshoe estimators use the posterior mean to estimate the parameters, but these estimates are not sparse. We propose a novel expectation-maximisation (EM) procedure for computing the MAP estimates of the parameters in the case of the standard linear model. A particular strength of our approach is that the M-step depends only on the form of the prior and it is independent of the form of the likelihood. We introduce several simple modifications of this EM procedure that allow for straightforward extension to generalised linear models. In experiments performed on simulated and real data, our approach performs comparable, or superior to, state-of-the-art sparse estimation methods in terms of statistical performance and computational cost.
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多任务学习经常用于对一组相同功能集的一组相关响应变量进行建模,从而相对于分别处理每个响应变量的方法提高了预测性能和建模精度。尽管多任务学习的潜力比单任务替代方案具有更强大的推理,但该领域的先前工作在很大程度上忽略了不确定性量化。我们在本文中的重点是神经影像学中常见的多任务问题,其目标是了解多个认知任务分数(或其他主题级评估)与从成像收集的脑连接数据之间的关系。我们提出了一个选择性推断以解决此问题的框架,并具有以下灵活性:(i)通过稀疏性惩罚共同确定每个任务的相关协变量,(ii)基于估计的稀疏性在模型中进行有效推理结构体。我们的框架为推理提供了新的有条件过程,基于选择事件的改进,该事件产生了可拖延的选择调整后的可能性。这给出了最大似然推理的估计方程式的近似系统,可通过单个凸优化问题解决,并使我们能够在大约正确的覆盖范围内有效地形成置信区间。我们的选择性推理方法应用于青少年认知大脑发展(ABCD)研究的模拟数据和数据,比常用的替代方案(例如数据拆分)产生了更紧密的置信区间。我们还通过模拟证明,与单任务方法相比,具有选择性推理的多任务学习可以更准确地恢复真实信号。
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