With the rapid increase of large-scale, real-world datasets, it becomes critical to address the problem of longtailed data distribution (i.e., a few classes account for most of the data, while most classes are under-represented). Existing solutions typically adopt class re-balancing strategies such as re-sampling and re-weighting based on the number of observations for each class. In this work, we argue that as the number of samples increases, the additional benefit of a newly added data point will diminish. We introduce a novel theoretical framework to measure data overlap by associating with each sample a small neighboring region rather than a single point. The effective number of samples is defined as the volume of samples and can be calculated by a simple formula (1−β n )/(1−β), where n is the number of samples and β ∈ [0, 1) is a hyperparameter. We design a re-weighting scheme that uses the effective number of samples for each class to re-balance the loss, thereby yielding a class-balanced loss. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on artificially induced long-tailed CIFAR datasets and large-scale datasets including ImageNet and iNaturalist. Our results show that when trained with the proposed class-balanced loss, the network is able to achieve significant performance gains on long-tailed datasets. * The work was performed while Yin Cui and Yang Song worked at Google (a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.).

Model bias triggered by long-tailed data has been widely studied. However, measure based on the number of samples cannot explicate three phenomena simultaneously: (1) Given enough data, the classification performance gain is marginal with additional samples. (2) Classification performance decays precipitously as the number of training samples decreases when there is insufficient data. (3) Model trained on sample-balanced datasets still has different biases for different classes. In this work, we define and quantify the semantic scale of classes, which is used to measure the feature diversity of classes. It is exciting to find experimentally that there is a marginal effect of semantic scale, which perfectly describes the first two phenomena. Further, the quantitative measurement of semantic scale imbalance is proposed, which can accurately reflect model bias on multiple datasets, even on sample-balanced data, revealing a novel perspective for the study of class imbalance. Due to the prevalence of semantic scale imbalance, we propose semantic-scale-balanced learning, including a general loss improvement scheme and a dynamic re-weighting training framework that overcomes the challenge of calculating semantic scales in real-time during iterations. Comprehensive experiments show that dynamic semantic-scale-balanced learning consistently enables the model to perform superiorly on large-scale long-tailed and non-long-tailed natural and medical datasets, which is a good starting point for mitigating the prevalent but unnoticed model bias.

Deep learning algorithms can fare poorly when the training dataset suffers from heavy class-imbalance but the testing criterion requires good generalization on less frequent classes. We design two novel methods to improve performance in such scenarios. First, we propose a theoretically-principled label-distribution-aware margin (LDAM) loss motivated by minimizing a margin-based generalization bound. This loss replaces the standard cross-entropy objective during training and can be applied with prior strategies for training with class-imbalance such as re-weighting or re-sampling. Second, we propose a simple, yet effective, training schedule that defers re-weighting until after the initial stage, allowing the model to learn an initial representation while avoiding some of the complications associated with re-weighting or re-sampling. We test our methods on several benchmark vision tasks including the real-world imbalanced dataset iNaturalist 2018. Our experiments show that either of these methods alone can already improve over existing techniques and their combination achieves even better performance gains 1 .

Our work focuses on tackling the challenging but natural visual recognition task of long-tailed data distribution (i.e., a few classes occupy most of the data, while most classes have rarely few samples). In the literature, class re-balancing strategies (e.g., re-weighting and re-sampling) are the prominent and effective methods proposed to alleviate the extreme imbalance for dealing with long-tailed problems. In this paper, we firstly discover that these rebalancing methods achieving satisfactory recognition accuracy owe to that they could significantly promote the classifier learning of deep networks. However, at the same time, they will unexpectedly damage the representative ability of the learned deep features to some extent. Therefore, we propose a unified Bilateral-Branch Network (BBN) to take care of both representation learning and classifier learning simultaneously, where each branch does perform its own duty separately. In particular, our BBN model is further equipped with a novel cumulative learning strategy, which is designed to first learn the universal patterns and then pay attention to the tail data gradually. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets, including the large-scale iNaturalist ones, justify that the proposed BBN can significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, validation experiments can demonstrate both our preliminary discovery and effectiveness of tailored designs in BBN for long-tailed problems. Our method won the first place in the iNaturalist 2019 large scale species classification competition, and our code is open-source and available at https://github.com/Megvii-Nanjing/BBN . * Q. Cui and Z.-M. Chen's contribution was made when they were interns in Megvii Research Nanjing, Megvii Technology, China. X.

类别不平衡数据的问题在于，由于少数类别的数据缺乏数据，分类器的泛化性能劣化。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的少数民族过度采样方法，通过利用大多数类作为背景图像的丰富背景来增加多元化的少数民族样本。为了使少数民族样本多样化，我们的主要思想是将前景补丁从少数级别粘贴到来自具有富裕环境的多数类的背景图像。我们的方法很简单，可以轻松地与现有的长尾识别方法结合。我们通过广泛的实验和消融研究证明了提出的过采样方法的有效性。如果没有任何架构更改或复杂的算法，我们的方法在各种长尾分类基准上实现了最先进的性能。我们的代码将在链接上公开提供。

当训练数据集患有极端阶级失衡时，深度神经网络通常会表现不佳。最近的研究发现，以半监督的方式直接使用分布外数据（即开放式样本）培训将损害概括性能。在这项工作中，我们从理论上表明，从贝叶斯的角度来看，仍然可以利用分发数据来扩大少数群体。基于这种动机，我们提出了一种称为开放采样的新方法，该方法利用开放式嘈杂标签重新平衡培训数据集的班级先验。对于每个开放式实例，标签是​​从我们的预定义分布中取样的，该分布互补，与原始类先验的分布互补。我们从经验上表明，开放采样不仅可以重新平衡阶级先验，还鼓励神经网络学习可分离的表示。广泛的实验表明，我们提出的方法显着优于现有数据重新平衡方法，并可以提高现有最新方法的性能。

与其他类别（称为少数族裔或尾巴类）相比，很少的类或类别（称为多数或头等类别的类别）具有更高的数据样本数量，在现实世界中，长尾数据集经常遇到。在此类数据集上培训深层神经网络会给质量级别带来偏见。到目前为止，研究人员提出了多种加权损失和数据重新采样技术，以减少偏见。但是，大多数此类技术都认为，尾巴类始终是最难学习的类，因此需要更多的重量或注意力。在这里，我们认为该假设可能并不总是成立的。因此，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，可以在模型的训练阶段动态测量每个类别的瞬时难度。此外，我们使用每个班级的难度度量来设计一种新型的加权损失技术，称为“基于阶级难度的加权（CDB-W）损失”和一种新型的数据采样技术，称为“基于类别难度的采样）（CDB-S ）'。为了验证CDB方法的广泛可用性，我们对多个任务进行了广泛的实验，例如图像分类，对象检测，实例分割和视频操作分类。结果验证了CDB-W损失和CDB-S可以在许多类似于现实世界中用例的类别不平衡数据集（例如Imagenet-LT，LVIS和EGTEA）上实现最先进的结果。

深度神经网络的成功在很大程度上取决于大量高质量注释的数据的可用性，但是这些数据很难或昂贵。由此产生的标签可能是类别不平衡，嘈杂或人类偏见。从不完美注释的数据集中学习无偏分类模型是一项挑战，我们通常会遭受过度拟合或不足的折磨。在这项工作中，我们彻底研究了流行的软马克斯损失和基于保证金的损失，并提供了一种可行的方法来加强通过最大化最小样本余量来限制的概括误差。我们为此目的进一步得出了最佳条件，该条件指示了类原型应锚定的方式。通过理论分析的激励，我们提出了一种简单但有效的方法，即原型锚定学习（PAL），可以轻松地将其纳入各种基于学习的分类方案中以处理不完美的注释。我们通过对合成和现实世界数据集进行广泛的实验来验证PAL对班级不平衡学习和降低噪声学习的有效性。

跨透明镜软磁损失是用于训练深神经网络的主要损失函数。另一方面，当每个类别的训练样本数量不平衡时，例如长尾数据集中的训练样本数量不平衡，焦点损失函数已被证明可以提高性能。在本文中，我们引入了一种新型的周期性局灶性损失，并证明它比跨凝结软磁损失或局灶性损失更为普遍。我们描述了周期性局灶性损失背后的直觉，我们的实验提供了证据，表明周期性局灶性损失为平衡，不平衡或长尾数据集提供了卓越的性能。我们为CIFAR-10/CIFAR-100，Imagenet，平衡和不平衡的4,000个训练样本版本的CIFAR-10/CIFAR-100和Imagenet-LT和Imagenet-LT和LTT提供了许多实验结果。挑战。实施周期性局灶性损失函数仅需要几行代码，并且不会增加训练时间。本着可重复性的精神，我们的代码可在\ url {https://github.com/lnsmith54/cfl}上获得。

The long-tail distribution of the visual world poses great challenges for deep learning based classification models on how to handle the class imbalance problem. Existing solutions usually involve class-balancing strategies, e.g. by loss re-weighting, data re-sampling, or transfer learning from head-to tail-classes, but most of them adhere to the scheme of jointly learning representations and classifiers. In this work, we decouple the learning procedure into representation learning and classification, and systematically explore how different balancing strategies affect them for long-tailed recognition. The findings are surprising: (1) data imbalance might not be an issue in learning high-quality representations; (2) with representations learned with the simplest instance-balanced (natural) sampling, it is also possible to achieve strong long-tailed recognition ability by adjusting only the classifier. We conduct extensive experiments and set new state-of-the-art performance on common long-tailed benchmarks like ImageNet-LT, Places-LT and iNaturalist, showing that it is possible to outperform carefully designed losses, sampling strategies, even complex modules with memory, by using a straightforward approach that decouples representation and classification. Our code is available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/classifier-balancing.

我们提出了一种称为分配 - 均衡损失的新损失功能，用于展示长尾类分布的多标签识别问题。与传统的单标分类问题相比，由于两个重要问题，多标签识别问题通常更具挑战性，即标签的共同发生以及负标签的主导地位（当被视为多个二进制分类问题时）。分配 - 平衡损失通过对标准二进制交叉熵丢失的两个关键修改来解决这些问题：1）重新平衡考虑标签共发生造成的影响的重量的新方法，以及2）负耐受规则化以减轻负标签的过度抑制。 Pascal VOC和Coco的实验表明，使用这种新损失功能训练的模型可实现现有方法的显着性能。代码和型号可在：https://github.com/wutong16/distributionbalancedloss。

视觉识别任务中的长尾类分布对于如何处理头部和尾部类之间的偏置预测，即，模型倾向于将尾部类作为头部类进行分类。虽然现有的研究专注于数据重采采样和损失函数工程，但在本文中，我们采取了不同的视角：分类利润率。我们研究边距和注册之间的关系（分类得分）并经验遵守偏置边缘，并且偏置的Logits是正相关的。我们提出MARC，一个简单但有效的边缘校准函数，用于动态校准偏置边缘的偏置利润。我们通过对普通的长尾基准测试进行了广泛的实验，包括CIFAR-LT，Imagenet-LT，LT，以及不适物 - LT的广泛实验。实验结果表明，我们的MARC在这些基准上实现了有利的结果。此外，Marc只需三行代码即可实现。我们希望这种简单的方法能够激励人们重新思考偏置的边距和偏见的长尾视觉识别标识。

深度神经网络通常使用遇到数量不平衡和分类难度不平衡问题的数据集的性能很差。尽管在该领域取得了进展，但现有的两阶段方法中仍然存在数据集偏差或域转移问题。因此，提出了一个分阶段的渐进学习时间表，从而提出了从表示学习到上层分类器培训的平稳转移。这对严重失衡或较小尺度的数据集具有更大的有效性。设计了耦合 - 调节损失损失函数，耦合校正项，局灶性损失和LDAM损失。损失可以更好地处理数量不平衡和异常值，同时调节具有不同分类困难的样本的注意力重点。这些方法在多个基准数据集上取得了令人满意的结果，包括不平衡的CIFAR10，不平衡的CIFAR100，Imagenet-LT和Inaturalist 2018，并且还可以轻松地将其用于其他不平衡分类模型。

已知经过类不平衡数据培训的分类器在“次要”类的测试数据上表现不佳，我们的培训数据不足。在本文中，我们调查在这种情况下学习Convnet分类器。我们发现，Convnet显着夸大了次要类别，这与通常拟合的次要类别的传统机器学习算法完全相反。我们进行了一系列分析，并发现了特征偏差现象 - 学识渊博的Convnet在次要类别的训练和测试数据之间产生了偏差的特征 - 这解释了过度拟合的情况。为了补偿特征偏差的影响，将测试数据推向低决策价值区域，我们建议将依赖类的温度（CDT）纳入训练convnet。 CDT在训练阶段模拟特征偏差，迫使Convnet扩大次级数据的决策值，从而可以在测试阶段克服实际特征偏差。我们在基准数据集上验证我们的方法并实现有希望的性能。我们希望我们的见解能够激发解决阶级失去平衡深度学习的新思维方式。

In this paper, we present a simple yet effective method (ABSGD) for addressing the data imbalance issue in deep learning. Our method is a simple modification to momentum SGD where we leverage an attentional mechanism to assign an individual importance weight to each gradient in the mini-batch. Unlike many existing heuristic-driven methods for tackling data imbalance, our method is grounded in {\it theoretically justified distributionally robust optimization (DRO)}, which is guaranteed to converge to a stationary point of an information-regularized DRO problem. The individual-level weight of a sampled data is systematically proportional to the exponential of a scaled loss value of the data, where the scaling factor is interpreted as the regularization parameter in the framework of information-regularized DRO. Compared with existing class-level weighting schemes, our method can capture the diversity between individual examples within each class. Compared with existing individual-level weighting methods using meta-learning that require three backward propagations for computing mini-batch stochastic gradients, our method is more efficient with only one backward propagation at each iteration as in standard deep learning methods. To balance between the learning of feature extraction layers and the learning of the classifier layer, we employ a two-stage method that uses SGD for pretraining followed by ABSGD for learning a robust classifier and finetuning lower layers. Our empirical studies on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

基于深度学习的分类中特征表示的主要挑战之一是设计表现出强大歧视力的适当损失功能。经典的SoftMax损失并不能明确鼓励对特征的歧视性学习。研究的一个流行方向是将边缘纳入良好的损失中，以实施额外的课内紧凑性和阶层间的可分离性，但是，这是通过启发式手段而不是严格的数学原则来开发的。在这项工作中，我们试图通过将原则优化目标提出为最大的利润率来解决这一限制。具体而言，我们首先将类别的边缘定义为级别间的可分离性的度量，而样品边缘是级别的紧凑性的度量。因此，为了鼓励特征的歧视性表示，损失函数应促进类和样品的最大可能边缘。此外，我们得出了广义的保证金软损失，以得出现有基于边缘的损失的一般结论。这个原则性的框架不仅提供了新的观点来理解和解释现有的基于保证金的损失，而且还提供了新的见解，可以指导新工具的设计，包括样本保证金正则化和最大的平衡案例的最大保证金损失，和零中心的正则化案例。实验结果证明了我们的策略对各种任务的有效性，包括视觉分类，分类不平衡，重新识别和面部验证。

少数族裔类的数据增强是长尾识别的有效策略，因此开发了大量方法。尽管这些方法都确保了样本数量的平衡，但是增强样品的质量并不总是令人满意的，识别且容易出现过度拟合，缺乏多样性，语义漂移等问题。对于这些问题，我们建议班级感知的大学启发了重新平衡学习（CAUIRR），以进行长尾识别，这使Universum具有班级感知的能力，可以从样本数量和质量中重新平衡个人少数族裔。特别是，我们从理论上证明，凯尔学到的分类器与从贝叶斯的角度从平衡状态下学到的那些人一致。此外，我们进一步开发了一种高阶混合方法，该方法可以自动生成类感知的Universum（CAU）数据，而无需诉诸任何外部数据。与传统的大学不同，此类产生的全球还考虑了域的相似性，阶级可分离性和样本多样性。基准数据集的广泛实验证明了我们方法的令人惊讶的优势，尤其是与最先进的方法相比，少数族裔类别的TOP1准确性提高了1.9％6％。

提出了一种学习算法，称为最大利润率（MM），以考虑集体不平衡数据学习问题：训练有素的模型倾向于预测大多数班级而不是少数群体。也就是说，少数群体的适合似乎是概括的挑战之一。为了对少数群体进行良好的概括，我们设计了一个新的最大利润率（MM）损失函数，通过最大程度地减少通过转移决策结合的基于利润的概括。理论上原理的标签 - 分布式利润率（LDAM）损失已成功应用于先前的策略，例如重新采样或重新采样以及有效的培训时间表。但是，他们尚未研究最大保证金损失函数。在这项研究中，我们研究了两种类型的基于硬利润的决策边界的性能，其中LDAM对人为不平衡的CIFAR-10/100的培训时间表，以进行公平的比较和有效性。

现实世界中的数据通常遵循长尾巴的分布，其中一些多数类别占据了大多数数据，而大多数少数族裔类别都包含有限数量的样本。分类模型最小化跨凝结的努力来代表和分类尾部类别。尽管已经对学习无偏分类器的学习问题进行了充分的研究，但代表不平衡数据的方法却没有探索。在本文中，我们专注于表示不平衡数据的表示。最近，受到监督的对比学习最近在平衡数据上表现出了有希望的表现。但是，通过我们的理论分析，我们发现对于长尾数据，它未能形成常规的单纯形，这是代表学习的理想几何配置。为了纠正SCL的优化行为并进一步改善了长尾视觉识别的性能，我们提出了平衡对比度学习（BCL）的新型损失。与SCL相比，我们在BCL：类平均水平方面有两个改进，可以平衡负类的梯度贡献。课堂组合，允许所有类都出现在每个迷你批次中。提出的平衡对比度学习（BCL）方法满足形成常规单纯形的条件并有助于跨透明拷贝的优化。配备了BCL，提出的两分支框架可以获得更强的特征表示，并在诸如CIFAR-10-LT，CIFAR-100-LT，Imagenet-LT和Inaturalist2018之类的长尾基准数据集上实现竞争性能。我们的代码可在\ href {https://github.com/flamiezhu/bcl} {this url}中获得。

Object recognition techniques using convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved great success. However, state-of-the-art object detection methods still perform poorly on large vocabulary and long-tailed datasets, e.g. LVIS.In this work, we analyze this problem from a novel perspective: each positive sample of one category can be seen as a negative sample for other categories, making the tail categories receive more discouraging gradients. Based on it, we propose a simple but effective loss, named equalization loss, to tackle the problem of long-tailed rare categories by simply ignoring those gradients for rare categories. The equalization loss protects the learning of rare categories from being at a disadvantage during the network parameter updating. Thus the model is capable of learning better discriminative features for objects of rare classes. Without any bells and whistles, our method achieves AP gains of 4.1% and 4.8% for the rare and common categories on the challenging LVIS benchmark, compared to the Mask R-CNN baseline. With the utilization of the effective equalization loss, we finally won the 1st place in the LVIS Challenge 2019. Code has been made available at: https: //github.com/tztztztztz/eql.detectron2