与其他类别（称为少数族裔或尾巴类）相比，很少的类或类别（称为多数或头等类别的类别）具有更高的数据样本数量，在现实世界中，长尾数据集经常遇到。在此类数据集上培训深层神经网络会给质量级别带来偏见。到目前为止，研究人员提出了多种加权损失和数据重新采样技术，以减少偏见。但是，大多数此类技术都认为，尾巴类始终是最难学习的类，因此需要更多的重量或注意力。在这里，我们认为该假设可能并不总是成立的。因此，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，可以在模型的训练阶段动态测量每个类别的瞬时难度。此外，我们使用每个班级的难度度量来设计一种新型的加权损失技术，称为“基于阶级难度的加权（CDB-W）损失”和一种新型的数据采样技术，称为“基于类别难度的采样）（CDB-S ）'。为了验证CDB方法的广泛可用性，我们对多个任务进行了广泛的实验，例如图像分类，对象检测，实例分割和视频操作分类。结果验证了CDB-W损失和CDB-S可以在许多类似于现实世界中用例的类别不平衡数据集（例如Imagenet-LT，LVIS和EGTEA）上实现最先进的结果。

长尾数据集（Head Class）组成的培训样本比尾巴类别多得多，这会导致识别模型对头等舱有偏见。加权损失是缓解此问题的最受欢迎的方法之一，最近的一项工作表明，班级难度可能比常规使用的类频率更好地决定了权重的分布。在先前的工作中使用了一种启发式公式来量化难度，但是我们从经验上发现，最佳公式取决于数据集的特征。因此，我们提出了困难网络，该难题学习在元学习框架中使用模型的性能来预测类的难度。为了使其在其他班级的背景下学习班级的合理难度，我们新介绍了两个关键概念，即相对难度和驾驶员损失。前者有助于困难网络在计算班级难度时考虑其他课程，而后者对于将学习指向有意义的方向是必不可少的。对流行的长尾数据集进行了广泛的实验证明了该方法的有效性，并且在多个长尾数据集上实现了最先进的性能。

现实世界数据通常存在长尾分布。对不平衡数据的培训倾向于呈现神经网络在头部上表现良好，而尾部课程则更加差。尾班的培训实例的严重稀疏性是主要挑战，这导致培训期间的偏见分配估计。丰富的努力已经致力于改善挑战，包括数据重新采样和综合尾班的新培训实例。然而，没有先前的研究已经利用了从头课程转移到尾班的可转让知识，以校准尾舱的分布。在本文中，我们假设可以通过类似的头部级别来丰富尾部类，并提出一种名为标签感知分布校准Ladc的新型分布校准方法。 Ladc从相关的头部课程转移统计数据以推断尾部课程的分布。从校准分布的采样进一步促进重新平衡分类器。图像和文本的实验和文本长尾数据集表明，LADC显着优于现有方法。可视化还显示LADC提供更准确的分布估计。

The long-tail distribution of the visual world poses great challenges for deep learning based classification models on how to handle the class imbalance problem. Existing solutions usually involve class-balancing strategies, e.g. by loss re-weighting, data re-sampling, or transfer learning from head-to tail-classes, but most of them adhere to the scheme of jointly learning representations and classifiers. In this work, we decouple the learning procedure into representation learning and classification, and systematically explore how different balancing strategies affect them for long-tailed recognition. The findings are surprising: (1) data imbalance might not be an issue in learning high-quality representations; (2) with representations learned with the simplest instance-balanced (natural) sampling, it is also possible to achieve strong long-tailed recognition ability by adjusting only the classifier. We conduct extensive experiments and set new state-of-the-art performance on common long-tailed benchmarks like ImageNet-LT, Places-LT and iNaturalist, showing that it is possible to outperform carefully designed losses, sampling strategies, even complex modules with memory, by using a straightforward approach that decouples representation and classification. Our code is available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/classifier-balancing.

Object recognition techniques using convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved great success. However, state-of-the-art object detection methods still perform poorly on large vocabulary and long-tailed datasets, e.g. LVIS.In this work, we analyze this problem from a novel perspective: each positive sample of one category can be seen as a negative sample for other categories, making the tail categories receive more discouraging gradients. Based on it, we propose a simple but effective loss, named equalization loss, to tackle the problem of long-tailed rare categories by simply ignoring those gradients for rare categories. The equalization loss protects the learning of rare categories from being at a disadvantage during the network parameter updating. Thus the model is capable of learning better discriminative features for objects of rare classes. Without any bells and whistles, our method achieves AP gains of 4.1% and 4.8% for the rare and common categories on the challenging LVIS benchmark, compared to the Mask R-CNN baseline. With the utilization of the effective equalization loss, we finally won the 1st place in the LVIS Challenge 2019. Code has been made available at: https: //github.com/tztztztztz/eql.detectron2

长尾分布是现实世界中的常见现象。提取的大规模图像数据集不可避免地证明了长尾巴的属性和经过不平衡数据训练的模型可以为代表性过多的类别获得高性能，但为代表性不足的类别而苦苦挣扎，导致偏见的预测和绩效降低。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了一种名为“逆图像频率”（IIF）的新型偏差方法。 IIF是卷积神经网络分类层中逻辑的乘法边缘调整转换。我们的方法比类似的作品实现了更强的性能，并且对于下游任务（例如长尾实例分割）特别有用，因为它会产生较少的假阳性检测。我们的广泛实验表明，IIF在许多长尾基准的基准（例如Imagenet-lt，cifar-lt，ploce-lt和lvis）上超过了最先进的现状，在Imagenet-lt上，Resnet50和26.2％达到了55.8％的TOP-1准确性LVIS上使用MaskRCNN分割AP。代码可在https://github.com/kostas1515/iif中找到

Model bias triggered by long-tailed data has been widely studied. However, measure based on the number of samples cannot explicate three phenomena simultaneously: (1) Given enough data, the classification performance gain is marginal with additional samples. (2) Classification performance decays precipitously as the number of training samples decreases when there is insufficient data. (3) Model trained on sample-balanced datasets still has different biases for different classes. In this work, we define and quantify the semantic scale of classes, which is used to measure the feature diversity of classes. It is exciting to find experimentally that there is a marginal effect of semantic scale, which perfectly describes the first two phenomena. Further, the quantitative measurement of semantic scale imbalance is proposed, which can accurately reflect model bias on multiple datasets, even on sample-balanced data, revealing a novel perspective for the study of class imbalance. Due to the prevalence of semantic scale imbalance, we propose semantic-scale-balanced learning, including a general loss improvement scheme and a dynamic re-weighting training framework that overcomes the challenge of calculating semantic scales in real-time during iterations. Comprehensive experiments show that dynamic semantic-scale-balanced learning consistently enables the model to perform superiorly on large-scale long-tailed and non-long-tailed natural and medical datasets, which is a good starting point for mitigating the prevalent but unnoticed model bias.

深度神经网络通常使用遇到数量不平衡和分类难度不平衡问题的数据集的性能很差。尽管在该领域取得了进展，但现有的两阶段方法中仍然存在数据集偏差或域转移问题。因此，提出了一个分阶段的渐进学习时间表，从而提出了从表示学习到上层分类器培训的平稳转移。这对严重失衡或较小尺度的数据集具有更大的有效性。设计了耦合 - 调节损失损失函数，耦合校正项，局灶性损失和LDAM损失。损失可以更好地处理数量不平衡和异常值，同时调节具有不同分类困难的样本的注意力重点。这些方法在多个基准数据集上取得了令人满意的结果，包括不平衡的CIFAR10，不平衡的CIFAR100，Imagenet-LT和Inaturalist 2018，并且还可以轻松地将其用于其他不平衡分类模型。

类别不平衡数据的问题在于，由于少数类别的数据缺乏数据，分类器的泛化性能劣化。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的少数民族过度采样方法，通过利用大多数类作为背景图像的丰富背景来增加多元化的少数民族样本。为了使少数民族样本多样化，我们的主要思想是将前景补丁从少数级别粘贴到来自具有富裕环境的多数类的背景图像。我们的方法很简单，可以轻松地与现有的长尾识别方法结合。我们通过广泛的实验和消融研究证明了提出的过采样方法的有效性。如果没有任何架构更改或复杂的算法，我们的方法在各种长尾分类基准上实现了最先进的性能。我们的代码将在链接上公开提供。

As the class size grows, maintaining a balanced dataset across many classes is challenging because the data are long-tailed in nature; it is even impossible when the sample-of-interest co-exists with each other in one collectable unit, e.g., multiple visual instances in one image. Therefore, long-tailed classification is the key to deep learning at scale. However, existing methods are mainly based on reweighting/re-sampling heuristics that lack a fundamental theory. In this paper, we establish a causal inference framework, which not only unravels the whys of previous methods, but also derives a new principled solution. Specifically, our theory shows that the SGD momentum is essentially a confounder in long-tailed classification. On one hand, it has a harmful causal effect that misleads the tail prediction biased towards the head. On the other hand, its induced mediation also benefits the representation learning and head prediction. Our framework elegantly disentangles the paradoxical effects of the momentum, by pursuing the direct causal effect caused by an input sample. In particular, we use causal intervention in training, and counterfactual reasoning in inference, to remove the "bad" while keep the "good". We achieve new state-of-the-arts on three long-tailed visual recognition benchmarks 1 : Long-tailed CIFAR-10/-100, ImageNet-LT for image classification and LVIS for instance segmentation.

大多数现有的最新视频分类方法假设训练数据遵守统一的分布。但是，现实世界中的视频数据通常会表现出不平衡的长尾巴分布，从而导致模型偏见对头等阶层，并且在尾巴上的性能相对较低。虽然当前的长尾分类方法通常集中在图像分类上，但将其调整到视频数据并不是微不足道的扩展。我们提出了一种端到端的多专家分布校准方法，以基于两级分布信息来应对这些挑战。该方法共同考虑了每个类别中样品的分布（类内部分布）和各种数据（类间分布）的总体分布，以解决在长尾分布下数据不平衡数据的问题。通过对两级分布信息进行建模，该模型可以共同考虑头等阶层和尾部类别，并将知识从头等阶层显着转移，以提高尾部类别的性能。广泛的实验验证了我们的方法是否在长尾视频分类任务上实现了最先进的性能。

我们提出了一种称为分配 - 均衡损失的新损失功能，用于展示长尾类分布的多标签识别问题。与传统的单标分类问题相比，由于两个重要问题，多标签识别问题通常更具挑战性，即标签的共同发生以及负标签的主导地位（当被视为多个二进制分类问题时）。分配 - 平衡损失通过对标准二进制交叉熵丢失的两个关键修改来解决这些问题：1）重新平衡考虑标签共发生造成的影响的重量的新方法，以及2）负耐受规则化以减轻负标签的过度抑制。 Pascal VOC和Coco的实验表明，使用这种新损失功能训练的模型可实现现有方法的显着性能。代码和型号可在：https://github.com/wutong16/distributionbalancedloss。

Deep learning algorithms can fare poorly when the training dataset suffers from heavy class-imbalance but the testing criterion requires good generalization on less frequent classes. We design two novel methods to improve performance in such scenarios. First, we propose a theoretically-principled label-distribution-aware margin (LDAM) loss motivated by minimizing a margin-based generalization bound. This loss replaces the standard cross-entropy objective during training and can be applied with prior strategies for training with class-imbalance such as re-weighting or re-sampling. Second, we propose a simple, yet effective, training schedule that defers re-weighting until after the initial stage, allowing the model to learn an initial representation while avoiding some of the complications associated with re-weighting or re-sampling. We test our methods on several benchmark vision tasks including the real-world imbalanced dataset iNaturalist 2018. Our experiments show that either of these methods alone can already improve over existing techniques and their combination achieves even better performance gains 1 .

不平衡的数据对基于深度学习的分类模型构成挑战。解决不平衡数据的最广泛使用的方法之一是重新加权，其中训练样本与损失功能的不同权重相关。大多数现有的重新加权方法都将示例权重视为可学习的参数，并优化了元集中的权重，因此需要昂贵的双重优化。在本文中，我们从分布的角度提出了一种基于最佳运输（OT）的新型重新加权方法。具体而言，我们将训练集视为其样品上的不平衡分布，该分布由OT运输到从元集中获得的平衡分布。训练样品的权重是分布不平衡的概率质量，并通过最大程度地减少两个分布之间的ot距离来学习。与现有方法相比，我们提出的一种方法可以脱离每次迭代时的体重学习对相关分类器的依赖性。图像，文本和点云数据集的实验表明，我们提出的重新加权方法具有出色的性能，在许多情况下实现了最新的结果，并提供了一种有希望的工具来解决不平衡的分类问题。

Vanilla用于物体检测和实例分割的模型遭受重偏向朝着长尾设置中的频繁对象进行偏向。现有方法主要在培训期间解决此问题，例如，通过重新采样或重新加权。在本文中，我们调查了一个很大程度上被忽视的方法 - 置信分数的后处理校准。我们提出NORCAL，用于长尾对象检测和实例分割的归一化校准校准，简单而简单的配方，通过其训练样本大小重新恢复每个阶级的预测得分。我们展示了单独处理背景类并使每个提案的课程分数标准化是实现卓越性能的键。在LVIS DataSet上，Norcal不仅可以在罕见的课程上有效地改善所有基线模型，也可以在普通和频繁的阶级上改进。最后，我们进行了广泛的分析和消融研究，以了解我们方法的各种建模选择和机制的见解。我们的代码在https://github.com/tydpan/norcal/上公开提供。

With the rapid increase of large-scale, real-world datasets, it becomes critical to address the problem of longtailed data distribution (i.e., a few classes account for most of the data, while most classes are under-represented). Existing solutions typically adopt class re-balancing strategies such as re-sampling and re-weighting based on the number of observations for each class. In this work, we argue that as the number of samples increases, the additional benefit of a newly added data point will diminish. We introduce a novel theoretical framework to measure data overlap by associating with each sample a small neighboring region rather than a single point. The effective number of samples is defined as the volume of samples and can be calculated by a simple formula (1−β n )/(1−β), where n is the number of samples and β ∈ [0, 1) is a hyperparameter. We design a re-weighting scheme that uses the effective number of samples for each class to re-balance the loss, thereby yielding a class-balanced loss. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on artificially induced long-tailed CIFAR datasets and large-scale datasets including ImageNet and iNaturalist. Our results show that when trained with the proposed class-balanced loss, the network is able to achieve significant performance gains on long-tailed datasets. * The work was performed while Yin Cui and Yang Song worked at Google (a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.).

当训练数据集患有极端阶级失衡时，深度神经网络通常会表现不佳。最近的研究发现，以半监督的方式直接使用分布外数据（即开放式样本）培训将损害概括性能。在这项工作中，我们从理论上表明，从贝叶斯的角度来看，仍然可以利用分发数据来扩大少数群体。基于这种动机，我们提出了一种称为开放采样的新方法，该方法利用开放式嘈杂标签重新平衡培训数据集的班级先验。对于每个开放式实例，标签是​​从我们的预定义分布中取样的，该分布互补，与原始类先验的分布互补。我们从经验上表明，开放采样不仅可以重新平衡阶级先验，还鼓励神经网络学习可分离的表示。广泛的实验表明，我们提出的方法显着优于现有数据重新平衡方法，并可以提高现有最新方法的性能。

Deep neural networks still struggle on long-tailed image datasets, and one of the reasons is that the imbalance of training data across categories leads to the imbalance of trained model parameters. Motivated by the empirical findings that trained classifiers yield larger weight norms in head classes, we propose to reformulate the recognition probabilities through included angles without re-balancing the classifier weights. Specifically, we calculate the angles between the data feature and the class-wise classifier weights to obtain angle-based prediction results. Inspired by the performance improvement of the predictive form reformulation and the outstanding performance of the widely used two-stage learning framework, we explore the different properties of this angular prediction and propose novel modules to improve the performance of different components in the framework. Our method is able to obtain the best performance among peer methods without pretraining on CIFAR10/100-LT and ImageNet-LT. Source code will be made publicly available.

最近在对象检测和细分领域取得了重大进步。但是，当涉及到罕见类别时，最新方法无法检测到它们，从而在稀有类别和频繁类别之间存在显着的性能差距。在本文中，我们确定深探测器中使用的Sigmoid或SoftMax函数是低性能的主要原因，并且是长尾检测和分割的最佳选择。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了牙龈优化的损失（GOL），以进行长尾检测和分割。考虑到大多数长尾检测中的大多数类的预期概率较低，它与数据集中罕见类别的牙胶分布保持一致。拟议的GOL在AP上显着优于最佳最新方法的最佳方法，并将整体分割率提高9.0％，并将检测到8.0％，尤其是将稀有类别的检测提高了20.3％，与Mask-Rcnn相比提高了20.3％。 ，在LVIS数据集上。代码可用：https：//github.com/kostas1515/gol

The real-world data tends to be heavily imbalanced and severely skew the data-driven deep neural networks, which makes Long-Tailed Recognition (LTR) a massive challenging task. Existing LTR methods seldom train Vision Transformers (ViTs) with Long-Tailed (LT) data, while the off-the-shelf pretrain weight of ViTs always leads to unfair comparisons. In this paper, we systematically investigate the ViTs' performance in LTR and propose LiVT to train ViTs from scratch only with LT data. With the observation that ViTs suffer more severe LTR problems, we conduct Masked Generative Pretraining (MGP) to learn generalized features. With ample and solid evidence, we show that MGP is more robust than supervised manners. In addition, Binary Cross Entropy (BCE) loss, which shows conspicuous performance with ViTs, encounters predicaments in LTR. We further propose the balanced BCE to ameliorate it with strong theoretical groundings. Specially, we derive the unbiased extension of Sigmoid and compensate extra logit margins to deploy it. Our Bal-BCE contributes to the quick convergence of ViTs in just a few epochs. Extensive experiments demonstrate that with MGP and Bal-BCE, LiVT successfully trains ViTs well without any additional data and outperforms comparable state-of-the-art methods significantly, e.g., our ViT-B achieves 81.0% Top-1 accuracy in iNaturalist 2018 without bells and whistles. Code is available at https://github.com/XuZhengzhuo/LiVT.