The abundance of data has given machine learning considerable momentum in natural sciences and engineering, though modeling of physical processes is often difficult. A particularly tough problem is the efficient representation of geometric boundaries. Triangularized geometric boundaries are well understood and ubiquitous in engineering applications. However, it is notoriously difficult to integrate them into machine learning approaches due to their heterogeneity with respect to size and orientation. In this work, we introduce an effective theory to model particle-boundary interactions, which leads to our new Boundary Graph Neural Networks (BGNNs) that dynamically modify graph structures to obey boundary conditions. The new BGNNs are tested on complex 3D granular flow processes of hoppers, rotating drums and mixers, which are all standard components of modern industrial machinery but still have complicated geometry. BGNNs are evaluated in terms of computational efficiency as well as prediction accuracy of particle flows and mixing entropies. BGNNs are able to accurately reproduce 3D granular flows within simulation uncertainties over hundreds of thousands of simulation timesteps. Most notably, in our experiments, particles stay within the geometric objects without using handcrafted conditions or restrictions.
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Here we present a machine learning framework and model implementation that can learn to simulate a wide variety of challenging physical domains, involving fluids, rigid solids, and deformable materials interacting with one another. Our framework-which we term "Graph Network-based Simulators" (GNS)-represents the state of a physical system with particles, expressed as nodes in a graph, and computes dynamics via learned message-passing. Our results show that our model can generalize from single-timestep predictions with thousands of particles during training, to different initial conditions, thousands of timesteps, and at least an order of magnitude more particles at test time. Our model was robust to hyperparameter choices across various evaluation metrics: the main determinants of long-term performance were the number of message-passing steps, and mitigating the accumulation of error by corrupting the training data with noise. Our GNS framework advances the state-of-the-art in learned physical simulation, and holds promise for solving a wide range of complex forward and inverse problems.
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Simulating rigid collisions among arbitrary shapes is notoriously difficult due to complex geometry and the strong non-linearity of the interactions. While graph neural network (GNN)-based models are effective at learning to simulate complex physical dynamics, such as fluids, cloth and articulated bodies, they have been less effective and efficient on rigid-body physics, except with very simple shapes. Existing methods that model collisions through the meshes' nodes are often inaccurate because they struggle when collisions occur on faces far from nodes. Alternative approaches that represent the geometry densely with many particles are prohibitively expensive for complex shapes. Here we introduce the Face Interaction Graph Network (FIGNet) which extends beyond GNN-based methods, and computes interactions between mesh faces, rather than nodes. Compared to learned node- and particle-based methods, FIGNet is around 4x more accurate in simulating complex shape interactions, while also 8x more computationally efficient on sparse, rigid meshes. Moreover, FIGNet can learn frictional dynamics directly from real-world data, and can be more accurate than analytical solvers given modest amounts of training data. FIGNet represents a key step forward in one of the few remaining physical domains which have seen little competition from learned simulators, and offers allied fields such as robotics, graphics and mechanical design a new tool for simulation and model-based planning.
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机器人中的一个重要挑战是了解机器人与由粒状材料组成的可变形地形之间的相互作用。颗粒状流量及其与刚体的互动仍然造成了几个开放的问题。有希望的方向,用于准确,且有效的建模使用的是使用连续体方法。此外,实时物理建模的新方向是利用深度学习。该研究推进了用于对刚性体驱动颗粒流建模的机器学习方法,用于应用于地面工业机器以及空间机器人(重力的效果是一个重要因素的地方)。特别是,该研究考虑了子空间机器学习仿真方法的开发。要生成培训数据集,我们利用我们的高保真连续体方法,材料点法(MPM)。主要成分分析(PCA)用于降低数据的维度。我们表明我们的高维数据的前几个主要组成部分几乎保持了数据的整个方差。培训图形网络模拟器(GNS)以学习底层子空间动态。然后,学习的GNS能够以良好的准确度预测颗粒位置和交互力。更重要的是,PCA在训练和卷展栏中显着提高了GNS的时间和记忆效率。这使得GNS能够使用具有中等VRAM的单个桌面GPU进行培训。这也使GNS实时在大规模3D物理配置(比我们的连续方法快700倍)。
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最近的工作已经证明了图形神经网络(GNN)等几何深度学习方法非常适合于在高能粒子物理学中解决各种重建问题。特别地,粒子跟踪数据通过识别硅跟踪器命中作为节点和粒子轨迹作为边缘来自然表示为曲线图;给定一组假设的边缘,边缘分类GNN标识与真实粒子轨迹相对应的那些。在这项工作中,我们将物理激励的相互作用网络(IN)GNN调整为与高亮度大强子撞机的预期相似的填充条件中的粒子跟踪问题。假设在各种粒子矩阈值下进行理想化的击中过滤,我们通过在基于GNN的跟踪的每个阶段进行了一系列测量来展示了优异的边缘分类精度和跟踪效率:图形结构,边缘分类和轨道建筑。建议的建筑基本上比以前研究的GNN跟踪架构小幅小;这尤其希望,因为大小的减小对于在受约束的计算环境中实现基于GNN的跟踪至关重要。此外,可以将其表示为一组显式矩阵操作或传递GNN的消息。正在进行努力,以通过异构计算资源朝向高级和低延迟触发应用程序加速每个表示。
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物理系统通常表示为粒子的组合,即控制系统动力学的个体动力学。但是,传统方法需要了解几个抽象数量的知识,例如推断这些颗粒动力学的能量或力量。在这里,我们提出了一个框架,即拉格朗日图神经网络(LGNN),它提供了强烈的感应偏见,可以直接从轨迹中学习基于粒子系统的拉格朗日。我们在具有约束和阻力的挑战系统上测试我们的方法 - LGNN优于诸如前馈拉格朗日神经网络(LNN)等基线,其性能提高。我们还通过模拟系统模拟系统的两个数量级比受过训练的一个数量级和混合系统大的数量级来显示系统的零弹性通用性,这些数量级是一个独特的功能。与LNN相比,LGNN的图形体系结构显着简化了学习,其性能在少量少量数据上的性能高25倍。最后,我们显示了LGNN的解释性,该解释性直接提供了对模型学到的阻力和约束力的物理见解。因此,LGNN可以为理解物理系统的动力学提供纯粹的填充,这纯粹是从可观察的数量中。
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在学识表的迅速推进的地区,几乎所有方法都训练了从输入状态直接预测未来状态的前进模型。然而,许多传统的仿真引擎使用基于约束的方法而不是直接预测。这里我们提出了一种基于约束的学习仿真的框架,其中标量约束函数被实现为神经网络,并且将来的预测被计算为在这些学习的约束下的优化问题的解决方案。我们使用图形神经网络作为约束函数和梯度下降作为约束求解器来实现我们的方法。架构可以通过标准的backprojagation培训。我们在各种具有挑战性的物理领域中测试模型,包括模拟绳索,弹跳球,碰撞不规则形状和飞溅液。我们的模型可实现更好或更具可比性的性能,以获得最佳学习的模拟器。我们模型的一个关键优势是能够在测试时间概括到更多求解器迭代,以提高模拟精度。我们还展示了如何在测试时间内添加手工制定的约束,以满足培训数据中不存在的目标,这是不可能的前进方法。我们的约束框架适用于使用前进学习模拟器的任何设置,并演示了学习的模拟器如何利用额外的归纳偏差以及来自数值方法领域的技术。
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相互作用的粒子系统在科学和工程中起着关键作用。访问管理粒子相互作用定律是对此类系统的完整理解至关重要的。但是,固有的系统复杂性使粒子相互作用在许多情况下隐藏了。机器学习方法有可能通过将实验与数据分析方法相结合来学习相互作用的粒子系统的行为。但是,大多数现有的算法都集中在学习粒子水平的动力学上。学习成对相互作用,例如成对力或成对势能,仍然是一个开放的挑战。在这里,我们提出了一种适应图网络框架的算法,该算法包含一个边缘零件,以学习成对相互作用和节点部分,以在粒子级别对动力学进行建模。与在两个部分中使用神经网络的现有方法不同,我们在节点部分中设计了确定性操作员,该方法允许精确推断出与基本物理定律一致的成对相互作用,仅通过训​​练以预测粒子加速度。我们在多个数据集上测试了所提出的方法,并证明它在正确推断成对相互作用的同时也与所有数据集上的基础物理学一致,在正确推断成对相互作用方面取得了出色的性能。所提出的框架可扩展到较大的系统,并可以转移到任何类型的粒子相互作用。开发的方法可以支持对潜在粒子相互作用定律的更好理解和发现,从而指导具有目标特性的材料的设计。
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这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多,所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例,以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中,我们将看看物理丢失约束,更紧密耦合的学习算法,具有可微分的模拟,以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期:这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。
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我们将图形神经网络训练来自小工具N体模拟的光晕目录的神经网络,以执行宇宙学参数的无现场级别可能的推断。目录包含$ \ Lessim $ 5,000 HAROS带质量$ \ gtrsim 10^{10} 〜h^{ - 1} m_ \ odot $,定期卷为$(25〜H^{ - 1} {\ rm mpc}){\ rm mpc}) ^3 $;目录中的每个光环都具有多种特性,例如位置,质量,速度,浓度和最大圆速度。我们的模型构建为置换,翻译和旋转的不变性,不施加最低限度的规模来提取信息,并能够以平均值来推断$ \ omega _ {\ rm m} $和$ \ sigma_8 $的值$ \ sim6 \%$的相对误差分别使用位置加上速度和位置加上质量。更重要的是,我们发现我们的模型非常强大:他们可以推断出使用数千个N-n-Body模拟的Halo目录进行测试时,使用五个不同的N-进行测试时,在使用Halo目录进行测试时,$ \ omega _ {\ rm m} $和$ \ sigma_8 $身体代码:算盘,Cubep $^3 $ M,Enzo,PKDGrav3和Ramses。令人惊讶的是,经过培训的模型推断$ \ omega _ {\ rm m} $在对数千个最先进的骆驼水力动力模拟进行测试时也可以使用,该模拟使用四个不同的代码和子网格物理实现。使用诸如浓度和最大循环速度之类的光环特性允许我们的模型提取更多信息,而牺牲了模型的鲁棒性。这可能会发生,因为不同的N体代码不会在与这些参数相对应的相关尺度上收敛。
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Recently, graph neural networks have been gaining a lot of attention to simulate dynamical systems due to their inductive nature leading to zero-shot generalizability. Similarly, physics-informed inductive biases in deep-learning frameworks have been shown to give superior performance in learning the dynamics of physical systems. There is a growing volume of literature that attempts to combine these two approaches. Here, we evaluate the performance of thirteen different graph neural networks, namely, Hamiltonian and Lagrangian graph neural networks, graph neural ODE, and their variants with explicit constraints and different architectures. We briefly explain the theoretical formulation highlighting the similarities and differences in the inductive biases and graph architecture of these systems. We evaluate these models on spring, pendulum, gravitational, and 3D deformable solid systems to compare the performance in terms of rollout error, conserved quantities such as energy and momentum, and generalizability to unseen system sizes. Our study demonstrates that GNNs with additional inductive biases, such as explicit constraints and decoupling of kinetic and potential energies, exhibit significantly enhanced performance. Further, all the physics-informed GNNs exhibit zero-shot generalizability to system sizes an order of magnitude larger than the training system, thus providing a promising route to simulate large-scale realistic systems.
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Interacting systems are prevalent in nature, from dynamical systems in physics to complex societal dynamics. The interplay of components can give rise to complex behavior, which can often be explained using a simple model of the system's constituent parts. In this work, we introduce the neural relational inference (NRI) model: an unsupervised model that learns to infer interactions while simultaneously learning the dynamics purely from observational data. Our model takes the form of a variational auto-encoder, in which the latent code represents the underlying interaction graph and the reconstruction is based on graph neural networks. In experiments on simulated physical systems, we show that our NRI model can accurately recover ground-truth interactions in an unsupervised manner. We further demonstrate that we can find an interpretable structure and predict complex dynamics in real motion capture and sports tracking data.
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具有基于物理的诱导偏见的神经网络,例如拉格朗日神经网络(LNN)和汉密尔顿神经网络(HNN),通过编码强诱导性偏见来学习物理系统的动态。另外,还显示出适当的感应偏见的神经odes具有相似的性能。但是,当这些模型应用于基于粒子的系统时,本质上具有转导性,因此不会推广到大型系统尺寸。在本文中,我们提出了基于图的神经ode gnode,以了解动力学系统的时间演变。此外,我们仔细分析了不同电感偏差对GNODE性能的作用。我们表明,与LNN和HNN类似,对约束进行编码可以显着提高GNODE的训练效率和性能。我们的实验还评估了该模型最终性能的其他归纳偏差(例如纽顿第三定律)的价值。我们证明,诱导这些偏见可以在能量违规和推出误差方面通过数量级来增强模型的性能。有趣的是,我们观察到,经过最有效的电感偏见训练的GNODE,即McGnode,优于LNN和HNN的图形版本,即Lagrangian Graph Networks(LGN)和Hamiltonian Graph网络(HGN)在能量侵犯的方面差异,该图表的差异大约是能量侵犯网络(HGN)摆钟系统的4个数量级,春季系统的数量级约为2个数量级。这些结果表明,可以通过诱导适当的电感偏见来获得基于节点的系统的能源保存神经网络的竞争性能。
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Surrogate models are necessary to optimize meaningful quantities in physical dynamics as their recursive numerical resolutions are often prohibitively expensive. It is mainly the case for fluid dynamics and the resolution of Navier-Stokes equations. However, despite the fast-growing field of data-driven models for physical systems, reference datasets representing real-world phenomena are lacking. In this work, we develop AirfRANS, a dataset for studying the two-dimensional incompressible steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations over airfoils at a subsonic regime and for different angles of attacks. We also introduce metrics on the stress forces at the surface of geometries and visualization of boundary layers to assess the capabilities of models to accurately predict the meaningful information of the problem. Finally, we propose deep learning baselines on four machine learning tasks to study AirfRANS under different constraints for generalization considerations: big and scarce data regime, Reynolds number, and angle of attack extrapolation.
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作为在受边界价值约束下的部分微分方程(PDE)的经典数值求解器的替代方案,人们对研究可以有效解决此类问题的神经网络引起了人们的兴趣。在这项工作中,我们使用图神经网络(GNN)和光谱图卷积为两个不同时间独立的PDE设计了一个通用解决方案操作员。我们从有限元求解器的模拟数据上训练网络,以了解各种形状和不均匀性。与以前的作品相反,我们专注于受过训练的操作员概括以前看不见的情况的能力。具体而言,我们测试对不同形状和解决方案叠加的网格的概括,以确保不同数量的不均匀性。我们发现,在有限元网格中有很大变化的不同数据集进行培训是在所有情况下都能实现良好概括结果的关键要素。因此,我们认为GNN可以用来学习在一系列属性上概括并生成的解决方案的解决方案运算符,并比通用求解器快得多。我们可以公开可用的数据集可以使用并扩展,以验证这些模型在不同条件下的鲁棒性。
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由于难以建模彼此的材料颗粒,颗粒材料如沙子或水稻的操纵仍然是一个未解决的挑战。目前的方法倾向于简化材料动态并省略颗粒之间的相互作用。在本文中,我们建议使用基于图形的表示来模拟材料和刚体操纵它的刚体的相互作用动态。这允许规划操纵轨迹以达到材料的所需配置。我们使用图形神经网络(GNN)通过消息传递来模拟粒子交互。为了规划操纵轨迹,我们建议最小化粒状粒子分布和所需配置之间的Wasserstein距离。我们证明,在模拟和实际情况下,该方法能够将粒状材料倒入所需的配置中。
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分子动力学(MD)仿真是一种强大的工具,用于了解物质的动态和结构。由于MD的分辨率是原子尺度,因此实现了使用飞秒集成的长时间模拟非常昂贵。在每个MD步骤中,执行许多可以学习和避免的冗余计算。这些冗余计算可以由像图形神经网络(GNN)的深度学习模型代替和建模。在这项工作中,我们开发了一个GNN加速分子动力学(GAMD)模型,实现了快速准确的力预测,并产生与经典MD模拟一致的轨迹。我们的研究结果表明,Gamd可以准确地预测两个典型的分子系统,Lennard-Jones(LJ)颗粒和水(LJ +静电)的动态。 GAMD的学习和推理是不可知论的,它可以在测试时间缩放到更大的系统。我们还进行了一项全面的基准测试,将GAMD的实施与生产级MD软件进行了比较,我们展示了GAMD在大规模模拟上对它们具有竞争力。
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机器人社区在为软机器人设备建模提供的理论工具的复杂程度中看到了指数增长。已经提出了不同的解决方案以克服与软机器人建模相关的困难,通常利用其他科学学科,例如连续式机械和计算机图形。这些理论基础通常被认为是理所当然的,这导致复杂的文献,因此,从未得到完整审查的主题。Withing这种情况下,提交的文件的目标是双重的。突出显示涉及建模技术的不同系列的常见理论根源,采用统一语言,以简化其主要连接和差异的分析。因此,对上市接近自然如下,并最终提供在该领域的主要作品的完整,解开,审查。
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包括协调性信息,例如位置,力,速度或旋转在计算物理和化学中的许多任务中是重要的。我们介绍了概括了等级图形网络的可控e(3)的等值图形神经网络(Segnns),使得节点和边缘属性不限于不变的标量,而是可以包含相协同信息,例如矢量或张量。该模型由可操纵的MLP组成,能够在消息和更新功能中包含几何和物理信息。通过可操纵节点属性的定义,MLP提供了一种新的Activation函数,以便与可转向功能字段一般使用。我们讨论我们的镜头通过等级的非线性卷曲镜头讨论我们的相关工作,进一步允许我们引脚点点的成功组件:非线性消息聚集在经典线性(可操纵)点卷积上改善;可操纵的消息在最近发送不变性消息的最近的等价图形网络上。我们展示了我们对计算物理学和化学的若干任务的方法的有效性,并提供了广泛的消融研究。
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We propose a method that leverages graph neural networks, multi-level message passing, and unsupervised training to enable real-time prediction of realistic clothing dynamics. Whereas existing methods based on linear blend skinning must be trained for specific garments, our method is agnostic to body shape and applies to tight-fitting garments as well as loose, free-flowing clothing. Our method furthermore handles changes in topology (e.g., garments with buttons or zippers) and material properties at inference time. As one key contribution, we propose a hierarchical message-passing scheme that efficiently propagates stiff stretching modes while preserving local detail. We empirically show that our method outperforms strong baselines quantitatively and that its results are perceived as more realistic than state-of-the-art methods.
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