自动机器人系统需要尽可能稳健，并且通常在具有相对高的精度和可重复性的同时稳定。虽然基于深度学习的方法正在成为如何接近3D扫描和图像处理任务的研究标准，但处理此数据的行业标准仍然是基于分析的。我们的论文声称，用于测试，更新和维护，分析方法较强，更难以稳健。本文重点介绍了3D扫描箱6D姿态估计的特定任务。因此，我们介绍了由具有精确注释的结构化光扫描仪捕获的合成数据和实际扫描组成的高质量数据集。此外，我们提出了两种不同的方法对于6D箱姿势估计，分析方法作为工业标准和基线数据驱动方法。两种方法都是交叉评估的，我们的实验表明，通过合成数据增加了实际扫描的培训，提高了我们所提出的数据驱动神经模型。该位置纸是初步的，因为所提出的方法受过训练和评估我们计划在将来扩展的相对较小的初始数据集。

Estimating 6D poses of objects from images is an important problem in various applications such as robot manipulation and virtual reality. While direct regression of images to object poses has limited accuracy, matching rendered images of an object against the input image can produce accurate results. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network for 6D pose matching named DeepIM. Given an initial pose estimation, our network is able to iteratively refine the pose by matching the rendered image against the observed image. The network is trained to predict a relative pose transformation using a disentangled representation of 3D location and 3D orientation and an iterative training process. Experiments on two commonly used benchmarks for 6D pose estimation demonstrate that DeepIM achieves large improvements over stateof-the-art methods. We furthermore show that DeepIM is able to match previously unseen objects.

我们提出了一种称为DPODV2（密集姿势对象检测器）的三个阶段6 DOF对象检测方法，该方法依赖于致密的对应关系。我们将2D对象检测器与密集的对应关系网络和多视图姿势细化方法相结合，以估计完整的6 DOF姿势。与通常仅限于单眼RGB图像的其他深度学习方法不同，我们提出了一个统一的深度学习网络，允许使用不同的成像方式（RGB或DEPTH）。此外，我们提出了一种基于可区分渲染的新型姿势改进方法。主要概念是在多个视图中比较预测并渲染对应关系，以获得与所有视图中预测的对应关系一致的姿势。我们提出的方法对受控设置中的不同数据方式和培训数据类型进行了严格的评估。主要结论是，RGB在对应性估计中表现出色，而如果有良好的3D-3D对应关系，则深度有助于姿势精度。自然，他们的组合可以实现总体最佳性能。我们进行广泛的评估和消融研究，以分析和验证几个具有挑战性的数据集的结果。 DPODV2在所有这些方面都取得了出色的成果，同时仍然保持快速和可扩展性，独立于使用的数据模式和培训数据的类型

实时机器人掌握，支持随后的精确反对操作任务，是高级高级自治系统的优先目标。然而，尚未找到这样一种可以用时间效率进行充分准确的掌握的算法。本文提出了一种新的方法，其具有2阶段方法，它使用深神经网络结合快速的2D对象识别，以及基于点对特征框架的随后的精确和快速的6D姿态估计来形成实时3D对象识别和抓握解决方案能够多对象类场景。所提出的解决方案有可能在实时应用上稳健地进行，需要效率和准确性。为了验证我们的方法，我们进行了广泛且彻底的实验，涉及我们自己的数据集的费力准备。实验结果表明，该方法在5CM5DEG度量标准中的精度97.37％，平均距离度量分数99.37％。实验结果显示了通过使用该方法的总体62％的相对改善（5cm5deg度量）和52.48％（平均距离度量）。此外，姿势估计执行也显示出运行时间的平均改善47.6％。最后，为了说明系统在实时操作中的整体效率，进行了一个拾取和放置的机器人实验，并显示了90％的准确度的令人信服的成功率。此实验视频可在https://sites.google.com/view/dl-ppf6dpose/上获得。

A key technical challenge in performing 6D object pose estimation from RGB-D image is to fully leverage the two complementary data sources. Prior works either extract information from the RGB image and depth separately or use costly post-processing steps, limiting their performances in highly cluttered scenes and real-time applications. In this work, we present DenseFusion, a generic framework for estimating 6D pose of a set of known objects from RGB-D images. DenseFusion is a heterogeneous architecture that processes the two data sources individually and uses a novel dense fusion network to extract pixel-wise dense feature embedding, from which the pose is estimated. Furthermore, we integrate an end-to-end iterative pose refinement procedure that further improves the pose estimation while achieving near real-time inference. Our experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in two datasets, YCB-Video and LineMOD. We also deploy our proposed method to a real robot to grasp and manipulate objects based on the estimated pose. Our code and video are available at https://sites.google.com/view/densefusion/.

Estimating the 6D pose of known objects is important for robots to interact with the real world. The problem is challenging due to the variety of objects as well as the complexity of a scene caused by clutter and occlusions between objects. In this work, we introduce PoseCNN, a new Convolutional Neural Network for 6D object pose estimation. PoseCNN estimates the 3D translation of an object by localizing its center in the image and predicting its distance from the camera. The 3D rotation of the object is estimated by regressing to a quaternion representation. We also introduce a novel loss function that enables PoseCNN to handle symmetric objects. In addition, we contribute a large scale video dataset for 6D object pose estimation named the YCB-Video dataset. Our dataset provides accurate 6D poses of 21 objects from the YCB dataset observed in 92 videos with 133,827 frames. We conduct extensive experiments on our YCB-Video dataset and the OccludedLINEMOD dataset to show that PoseCNN is highly robust to occlusions, can handle symmetric objects, and provide accurate pose estimation using only color images as input. When using depth data to further refine the poses, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the challenging OccludedLINEMOD dataset. Our code and dataset are available at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/posecnn/.

本文介绍了一种新颖的体系结构，用于同时估算高度准确的光流和刚性场景转换，以实现困难的场景，在这种情况下，亮度假设因强烈的阴影变化而违反了亮度假设。如果是旋转物体或移动的光源（例如在黑暗中驾驶汽车遇到的光源），场景的外观通常从一个视图到下一个视图都发生了很大变化。不幸的是，用于计算光学流或姿势的标准方法是基于这样的期望，即场景中特征在视图之间保持恒定。在调查的情况下，这些方法可能经常失败。提出的方法通过组合图像，顶点和正常数据来融合纹理和几何信息，以计算照明不变的光流。通过使用粗到最新的策略，可以学习全球锚定的光流，从而减少了基于伪造的伪相应的影响。基于学习的光学流，提出了第二个体系结构，该体系结构可预测扭曲的顶点和正常地图的稳健刚性变换。特别注意具有强烈旋转的情况，这通常会导致这种阴影变化。因此，提出了一个三步程序，该程序可以利用正态和顶点之间的相关性。该方法已在新创建的数据集上进行了评估，该数据集包含具有强烈旋转和阴影效果的合成数据和真实数据。该数据代表了3D重建中的典型用例，其中该对象通常在部分重建之间以很大的步骤旋转。此外，我们将该方法应用于众所周知的Kitti Odometry数据集。即使由于实现了Brighness的假设，这不是该方法的典型用例，因此，还建立了对标准情况和与其他方法的关系的适用性。

当代掌握检测方法采用深度学习，实现传感器和物体模型不确定性的鲁棒性。这两个主导的方法设计了掌握质量评分或基于锚的掌握识别网络。本文通过将其视为图像空间中的关键点检测来掌握掌握检测的不同方法。深网络检测每个掌握候选者作为一对关键点，可转换为掌握代表= {x，y，w，{\ theta}} t，而不是转角点的三态或四重奏。通过将关键点分组成对来降低检测难度提高性能。为了促进捕获关键点之间的依赖关系，将非本地模块结合到网络设计中。基于离散和连续定向预测的最终过滤策略消除了错误的对应关系，并进一步提高了掌握检测性能。此处提出的方法GKNET在康奈尔和伸缩的提花数据集上的精度和速度之间实现了良好的平衡（在41.67和23.26 fps的96.9％和98.39％）之间。操纵器上的后续实验使用4种类型的抓取实验来评估GKNet，反映不同滋扰的速度：静态抓握，动态抓握，在各种相机角度抓住，夹住。 GKNet优于静态和动态掌握实验中的参考基线，同时表现出变化的相机观点和中度杂波的稳健性。结果证实了掌握关键点是深度掌握网络的有效输出表示的假设，为预期的滋扰因素提供鲁棒性。

We introduce an approach for recovering the 6D pose of multiple known objects in a scene captured by a set of input images with unknown camera viewpoints. First, we present a single-view single-object 6D pose estimation method, which we use to generate 6D object pose hypotheses. Second, we develop a robust method for matching individual 6D object pose hypotheses across different input images in order to jointly estimate camera viewpoints and 6D poses of all objects in a single consistent scene. Our approach explicitly handles object symmetries, does not require depth measurements, is robust to missing or incorrect object hypotheses, and automatically recovers the number of objects in the scene. Third, we develop a method for global scene refinement given multiple object hypotheses and their correspondences across views. This is achieved by solving an object-level bundle adjustment problem that refines the poses of cameras and objects to minimize the reprojection error in all views. We demonstrate that the proposed method, dubbed Cosy-Pose, outperforms current state-of-the-art results for single-view and multi-view 6D object pose estimation by a large margin on two challenging benchmarks: the YCB-Video and T-LESS datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available on the project webpage. 5

6D object pose estimation problem has been extensively studied in the field of Computer Vision and Robotics. It has wide range of applications such as robot manipulation, augmented reality, and 3D scene understanding. With the advent of Deep Learning, many breakthroughs have been made; however, approaches continue to struggle when they encounter unseen instances, new categories, or real-world challenges such as cluttered backgrounds and occlusions. In this study, we will explore the available methods based on input modality, problem formulation, and whether it is a category-level or instance-level approach. As a part of our discussion, we will focus on how 6D object pose estimation can be used for understanding 3D scenes.

The goal of this paper is to estimate the 6D pose and dimensions of unseen object instances in an RGB-D image. Contrary to "instance-level" 6D pose estimation tasks, our problem assumes that no exact object CAD models are available during either training or testing time. To handle different and unseen object instances in a given category, we introduce Normalized Object Coordinate Space (NOCS)-a shared canonical representation for all possible object instances within a category. Our region-based neural network is then trained to directly infer the correspondence from observed pixels to this shared object representation (NOCS) along with other object information such as class label and instance mask. These predictions can be combined with the depth map to jointly estimate the metric 6D pose and dimensions of multiple objects in a cluttered scene. To train our network, we present a new contextaware technique to generate large amounts of fully annotated mixed reality data. To further improve our model and evaluate its performance on real data, we also provide a fully annotated real-world dataset with large environment and instance variation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is able to robustly estimate the pose and size of unseen object instances in real environments while also achieving state-of-the-art performance on standard 6D pose estimation benchmarks.

对象姿态估计有多个重要应用，例如机器人抓握和增强现实。我们提出了一种估计了提高当前提案的准确性的6D对象的6D姿势，仍然可以实时使用。我们的方法使用RGB-D数据作为段对象的输入并估计它们的姿势。它使用具有多个头部的神经网络，一个头估计对象分类并生成掩码，第二估计转换向量的值，最后一个头估计表示对象旋转的四元轴的值。这些头部利用特征提取和特征融合期间使用的金字塔架构。我们的方法可以实时使用，其低推理时间为0.12秒并具有高精度。通过这种快速推理和良好准确性的组合，可以在机器人挑选和放置任务和/或增强现实应用中使用我们的方法。

This paper addresses the challenge of 6DoF pose estimation from a single RGB image under severe occlusion or truncation. Many recent works have shown that a two-stage approach, which first detects keypoints and then solves a Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem for pose estimation, achieves remarkable performance. However, most of these methods only localize a set of sparse keypoints by regressing their image coordinates or heatmaps, which are sensitive to occlusion and truncation. Instead, we introduce a Pixel-wise Voting Network (PVNet) to regress pixel-wise unit vectors pointing to the keypoints and use these vectors to vote for keypoint locations using RANSAC. This creates a flexible representation for localizing occluded or truncated keypoints. Another important feature of this representation is that it provides uncertainties of keypoint locations that can be further leveraged by the PnP solver. Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the state of the art on the LINEMOD, Occlusion LINEMOD and YCB-Video datasets by a large margin, while being efficient for real-time pose estimation. We further create a Truncation LINEMOD dataset to validate the robustness of our approach against truncation. The code will be avaliable at https://zju-3dv.github.io/pvnet/.

We introduce MegaPose, a method to estimate the 6D pose of novel objects, that is, objects unseen during training. At inference time, the method only assumes knowledge of (i) a region of interest displaying the object in the image and (ii) a CAD model of the observed object. The contributions of this work are threefold. First, we present a 6D pose refiner based on a render&compare strategy which can be applied to novel objects. The shape and coordinate system of the novel object are provided as inputs to the network by rendering multiple synthetic views of the object's CAD model. Second, we introduce a novel approach for coarse pose estimation which leverages a network trained to classify whether the pose error between a synthetic rendering and an observed image of the same object can be corrected by the refiner. Third, we introduce a large-scale synthetic dataset of photorealistic images of thousands of objects with diverse visual and shape properties and show that this diversity is crucial to obtain good generalization performance on novel objects. We train our approach on this large synthetic dataset and apply it without retraining to hundreds of novel objects in real images from several pose estimation benchmarks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the ModelNet and YCB-Video datasets. An extensive evaluation on the 7 core datasets of the BOP challenge demonstrates that our approach achieves performance competitive with existing approaches that require access to the target objects during training. Code, dataset and trained models are available on the project page: https://megapose6d.github.io/.

估计对象的6D姿势是必不可少的计算机视觉任务。但是，大多数常规方法从单个角度依赖相机数据，因此遭受遮挡。我们通过称为MV6D的新型多视图6D姿势估计方法克服了这个问题，该方法从多个角度根据RGB-D图像准确地预测了混乱场景中所有对象的6D姿势。我们将方法以PVN3D网络为基础，该网络使用单个RGB-D图像来预测目标对象的关键点。我们通过从多个视图中使用组合点云来扩展此方法，并将每个视图中的图像与密集层层融合。与当前的多视图检测网络（例如Cosypose）相反，我们的MV6D可以以端到端的方式学习多个观点的融合，并且不需要多个预测阶段或随后对预测的微调。此外，我们介绍了三个新颖的影像学数据集，这些数据集具有沉重的遮挡的混乱场景。所有这些都从多个角度包含RGB-D图像，例如语义分割和6D姿势估计。即使在摄像头不正确的情况下，MV6D也明显优于多视图6D姿势估计中最新的姿势估计。此外，我们表明我们的方法对动态相机设置具有强大的态度，并且其准确性随着越来越多的观点而逐渐增加。

6D object pose estimation has been a research topic in the field of computer vision and robotics. Many modern world applications like robot grasping, manipulation, autonomous navigation etc, require the correct pose of objects present in a scene to perform their specific task. It becomes even harder when the objects are placed in a cluttered scene and the level of occlusion is high. Prior works have tried to overcome this problem but could not achieve accuracy that can be considered reliable in real-world applications. In this paper, we present an architecture that, unlike prior work, is context-aware. It utilizes the context information available to us about the objects. Our proposed architecture treats the objects separately according to their types i.e; symmetric and non-symmetric. A deeper estimator and refiner network pair is used for non-symmetric objects as compared to symmetric due to their intrinsic differences. Our experiments show an enhancement in the accuracy of about 3.2% over the LineMOD dataset, which is considered a benchmark for pose estimation in the occluded and cluttered scenes, against the prior state-of-the-art DenseFusion. Our results also show that the inference time we got is sufficient for real-time usage.

We present a method for 3D object detection and pose estimation from a single image. In contrast to current techniques that only regress the 3D orientation of an object, our method first regresses relatively stable 3D object properties using a deep convolutional neural network and then combines these estimates with geometric constraints provided by a 2D object bounding box to produce a complete 3D bounding box. The first network output estimates the 3D object orientation using a novel hybrid discrete-continuous loss, which significantly outperforms the L2 loss. The second output regresses the 3D object dimensions, which have relatively little variance compared to alternatives and can often be predicted for many object types. These estimates, combined with the geometric constraints on translation imposed by the 2D bounding box, enable us to recover a stable and accurate 3D object pose. We evaluate our method on the challenging KITTI object detection benchmark [2] both on the official metric of 3D orientation estimation and also on the accuracy of the obtained 3D bounding boxes. Although conceptually simple, our method outperforms more complex and computationally expensive approaches that leverage semantic segmentation, instance level segmentation and flat ground priors [4] and sub-category detection [23][24]. Our discrete-continuous loss also produces state of the art results for 3D viewpoint estimation on the Pascal 3D+ dataset[26].

点对特征（PPF）广泛用于6D姿势估计。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于PPF框架的有效的6D姿势估计方法。我们介绍了一个目标良好的下采样策略，该策略更多地集中在边缘区域，以有效地提取复杂的几何形状。提出了一种姿势假设验证方法来通过计算边缘匹配度来解决对称歧义。我们对两个具有挑战性的数据集和一个现实世界中收集的数据集进行评估，这证明了我们方法对姿势估计几何复杂，遮挡，对称对象的优越性。我们通过将其应用于模拟穿刺来进一步验证我们的方法。

本文介绍了一种新型的多视图6 DOF对象姿势细化方法，重点是改进对合成数据训练的方法。它基于DPOD检测器，该检测器会在每个帧中产生密集的2D-3D对应关系。我们选择使用多个具有已知相机转换的帧，因为它允许通过可解释的ICP样损耗函数引入几何约束。损耗函数是通过可区分的渲染器实现的，并经过迭代进行了优化。我们还证明，仅根据合成数据训练的完整检测和完善管道可用于自动标记的真实数据。我们对linemod，caslusion，自制和YCB-V数据集执行定量评估，并与对合成和真实数据训练的最新方法相比，报告出色的性能。我们从经验上证明，我们的方法仅需要几个帧，并且可以在外部摄像机校准中关闭相机位置和噪音，从而使其实际用法更加容易且无处不在。

估计看不见对象的6D姿势对许多现实世界应用非常有需求。但是，当前的最新姿势估计方法只能处理以前训练的对象。在本文中，我们提出了一项新任务，以使算法能够估计测试过程中新颖对象的6D姿势估计。我们收集一个具有真实图像和合成图像的数据集，并且在测试集中最多可见48个看不见的对象。同时，我们提出了一个名为infimum Add（IADD）的新指标，这是对具有不同类型姿势歧义的对象的不变测量。还提供了针对此任务的两个阶段基线解决方案。通过训练端到端的3D对应网络，我们的方法可以准确有效地找到看不见的对象和部分视图RGBD图像之间的相应点。然后，它使用算法鲁棒到对象对称性从对应关系中计算6D姿势。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法的表现优于几个直观基线，从而验证其有效性。所有数据，代码和模型都将公开可用。项目页面：www.graspnet.net/unseen6d