点对特征(PPF)广泛用于6D姿势估计。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于PPF框架的有效的6D姿势估计方法。我们介绍了一个目标良好的下采样策略,该策略更多地集中在边缘区域,以有效地提取复杂的几何形状。提出了一种姿势假设验证方法来通过计算边缘匹配度来解决对称歧义。我们对两个具有挑战性的数据集和一个现实世界中收集的数据集进行评估,这证明了我们方法对姿势估计几何复杂,遮挡,对称对象的优越性。我们通过将其应用于模拟穿刺来进一步验证我们的方法。
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实时机器人掌握,支持随后的精确反对操作任务,是高级高级自治系统的优先目标。然而,尚未找到这样一种可以用时间效率进行充分准确的掌握的算法。本文提出了一种新的方法,其具有2阶段方法,它使用深神经网络结合快速的2D对象识别,以及基于点对特征框架的随后的精确和快速的6D姿态估计来形成实时3D对象识别和抓握解决方案能够多对象类场景。所提出的解决方案有可能在实时应用上稳健地进行,需要效率和准确性。为了验证我们的方法,我们进行了广泛且彻底的实验,涉及我们自己的数据集的费力准备。实验结果表明,该方法在5CM5DEG度量标准中的精度97.37%,平均距离度量分数99.37%。实验结果显示了通过使用该方法的总体62%的相对改善(5cm5deg度量)和52.48%(平均距离度量)。此外,姿势估计执行也显示出运行时间的平均改善47.6%。最后,为了说明系统在实时操作中的整体效率,进行了一个拾取和放置的机器人实验,并显示了90%的准确度的令人信服的成功率。此实验视频可在https://sites.google.com/view/dl-ppf6dpose/上获得。
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在这项工作中,我们介绍了一个新颖的全球描述符,称为3D位置识别的稳定三角形描述符(STD)。对于一个三角形,其形状由侧面或包含角度的长度唯一决定。此外,三角形的形状对于刚性转换完全不变。基于此属性,我们首先设计了一种算法,以从3D点云中有效提取本地密钥点,并将这些关键点编码为三角形描述符。然后,通过匹配点云之间描述符的侧面长度(以及其他一些信息)来实现位置识别。从描述符匹配对获得的点对应关系可以在几何验证中进一步使用,从而大大提高了位置识别的准确性。在我们的实验中,我们将我们提出的系统与公共数据集(即Kitti,NCLT和Complex-ublan)和我们自我收集的数据集(即M2DP,扫描上下文)进行了广泛的比较(即M2DP,扫描上下文)(即带有非重复扫描固态激光雷达)。所有定量结果表明,性病具有更强的适应性,并且在其对应物方面的精度有了很大的提高。为了分享我们的发现并为社区做出贡献,我们在GitHub上开放代码:https://github.com/hku-mars/std。
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Estimating 6D poses of objects from images is an important problem in various applications such as robot manipulation and virtual reality. While direct regression of images to object poses has limited accuracy, matching rendered images of an object against the input image can produce accurate results. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network for 6D pose matching named DeepIM. Given an initial pose estimation, our network is able to iteratively refine the pose by matching the rendered image against the observed image. The network is trained to predict a relative pose transformation using a disentangled representation of 3D location and 3D orientation and an iterative training process. Experiments on two commonly used benchmarks for 6D pose estimation demonstrate that DeepIM achieves large improvements over stateof-the-art methods. We furthermore show that DeepIM is able to match previously unseen objects.
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We introduce an approach for recovering the 6D pose of multiple known objects in a scene captured by a set of input images with unknown camera viewpoints. First, we present a single-view single-object 6D pose estimation method, which we use to generate 6D object pose hypotheses. Second, we develop a robust method for matching individual 6D object pose hypotheses across different input images in order to jointly estimate camera viewpoints and 6D poses of all objects in a single consistent scene. Our approach explicitly handles object symmetries, does not require depth measurements, is robust to missing or incorrect object hypotheses, and automatically recovers the number of objects in the scene. Third, we develop a method for global scene refinement given multiple object hypotheses and their correspondences across views. This is achieved by solving an object-level bundle adjustment problem that refines the poses of cameras and objects to minimize the reprojection error in all views. We demonstrate that the proposed method, dubbed Cosy-Pose, outperforms current state-of-the-art results for single-view and multi-view 6D object pose estimation by a large margin on two challenging benchmarks: the YCB-Video and T-LESS datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available on the project webpage. 5
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In this paper, we propose a novel 3D graph convolution based pipeline for category-level 6D pose and size estimation from monocular RGB-D images. The proposed method leverages an efficient 3D data augmentation and a novel vector-based decoupled rotation representation. Specifically, we first design an orientation-aware autoencoder with 3D graph convolution for latent feature learning. The learned latent feature is insensitive to point shift and size thanks to the shift and scale-invariance properties of the 3D graph convolution. Then, to efficiently decode the rotation information from the latent feature, we design a novel flexible vector-based decomposable rotation representation that employs two decoders to complementarily access the rotation information. The proposed rotation representation has two major advantages: 1) decoupled characteristic that makes the rotation estimation easier; 2) flexible length and rotated angle of the vectors allow us to find a more suitable vector representation for specific pose estimation task. Finally, we propose a 3D deformation mechanism to increase the generalization ability of the pipeline. Extensive experiments show that the proposed pipeline achieves state-of-the-art performance on category-level tasks. Further, the experiments demonstrate that the proposed rotation representation is more suitable for the pose estimation tasks than other rotation representations.
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休眠季节葡萄树修剪需要熟练的季节性工人,这在冬季变得越来越缺乏。随着在短期季节性招聘文化和低工资的短期季节性招聘文化和低工资的时间内,随着工人更少的葡萄藤,葡萄藤往往被修剪不一致地导致葡萄化物不平衡。除此之外,目前现有的机械方法无法选择性地修剪葡萄园和手动后续操作,通常需要进一步提高生产成本。在本文中,我们展示了崎岖,全自治机器人的设计和田间评估,用于休眠季节葡萄园的端到最终修剪。该设计的设计包括新颖的相机系统,运动冗余机械手,地面机器人和在感知系统中的新颖算法。所提出的研究原型机器人系统能够在213秒/葡萄藤中完全从两侧刺激一排藤蔓,总修枝精度为87%。与机械预灌浆试验相比,商业葡萄园中自治系统的初始现场测试显示出休眠季节修剪的显着变化。在手稿中描述了设计方法,系统组件,经验教训,未来增强以及简要的经济分析。
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本文介绍了使用腿收割机进行精密收集任务的集成系统。我们的收割机在狭窄的GPS拒绝了森林环境中的自主导航和树抓取了一项挑战性的任务。提出了映射,本地化,规划和控制的策略,并集成到完全自主系统中。任务从使用定制的传感器模块开始使用人员映射感兴趣区域。随后,人类专家选择树木进行收获。然后将传感器模块安装在机器上并用于给定地图内的本地化。规划算法在单路径规划问题中搜索一个方法姿势和路径。我们设计了一个路径,后面的控制器利用腿的收割机的谈判粗糙地形的能力。在达接近姿势时,机器用通用夹具抓住一棵树。此过程重复操作员选择的所有树。我们的系统已经在与树干和自然森林中的测试领域进行了测试。据我们所知,这是第一次在现实环境中运行的全尺寸液压机上显示了这一自主权。
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A key technical challenge in performing 6D object pose estimation from RGB-D image is to fully leverage the two complementary data sources. Prior works either extract information from the RGB image and depth separately or use costly post-processing steps, limiting their performances in highly cluttered scenes and real-time applications. In this work, we present DenseFusion, a generic framework for estimating 6D pose of a set of known objects from RGB-D images. DenseFusion is a heterogeneous architecture that processes the two data sources individually and uses a novel dense fusion network to extract pixel-wise dense feature embedding, from which the pose is estimated. Furthermore, we integrate an end-to-end iterative pose refinement procedure that further improves the pose estimation while achieving near real-time inference. Our experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in two datasets, YCB-Video and LineMOD. We also deploy our proposed method to a real robot to grasp and manipulate objects based on the estimated pose. Our code and video are available at https://sites.google.com/view/densefusion/.
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估计看不见对象的6D姿势对许多现实世界应用非常有需求。但是,当前的最新姿势估计方法只能处理以前训练的对象。在本文中,我们提出了一项新任务,以使算法能够估计测试过程中新颖对象的6D姿势估计。我们收集一个具有真实图像和合成图像的数据集,并且在测试集中最多可见48个看不见的对象。同时,我们提出了一个名为infimum Add(IADD)的新指标,这是对具有不同类型姿势歧义的对象的不变测量。还提供了针对此任务的两个阶段基线解决方案。通过训练端到端的3D对应网络,我们的方法可以准确有效地找到看不见的对象和部分视图RGBD图像之间的相应点。然后,它使用算法鲁棒到对象对称性从对应关系中计算6D姿势。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法的表现优于几个直观基线,从而验证其有效性。所有数据,代码和模型都将公开可用。项目页面:www.graspnet.net/unseen6d
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As the basis for prehensile manipulation, it is vital to enable robots to grasp as robustly as humans. In daily manipulation, our grasping system is prompt, accurate, flexible and continuous across spatial and temporal domains. Few existing methods cover all these properties for robot grasping. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for grasp perception to enable robots these abilities. Specifically, we develop a dense supervision strategy with real perception and analytic labels in the spatial-temporal domain. Additional awareness of objects' center-of-mass is incorporated into the learning process to help improve grasping stability. Utilization of grasp correspondence across observations enables dynamic grasp tracking. Our model, AnyGrasp, can generate accurate, full-DoF, dense and temporally-smooth grasp poses efficiently, and works robustly against large depth sensing noise. Embedded with AnyGrasp, we achieve a 93.3% success rate when clearing bins with over 300 unseen objects, which is comparable with human subjects under controlled conditions. Over 900 MPPH is reported on a single-arm system. For dynamic grasping, we demonstrate catching swimming robot fish in the water.
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特征提取和匹配是许多计算机视觉任务的基本部分,例如2D或3D对象检测,识别和注册。众所周知,2D功能提取和匹配已经取得了巨大的成功。不幸的是,在3D领域,由于描述性和效率低下,目前的方法无法支持3D激光雷达传感器在视觉任务中的广泛应用。为了解决此限制,我们提出了一种新颖的3D特征表示方法:3D激光点云的线性关键点表示,称为link3d。 Link3D的新颖性在于它完全考虑了LiDar Point Cloud的特征(例如稀疏性,场景的复杂性),并用其强大的邻居键盘来表示当前关键点,从而对当前关键点的描述提供了强烈的约束。提出的链接3D已在两个公共数据集(即Kitti,Steven VLP16)上进行了评估,实验结果表明,我们的方法在匹配性能方面的最先进表现都大大优于最先进的方法。更重要的是,Link3D显示出出色的实时性能(基于LIDAR的频率10 Hz)。 Link3D平均仅需32毫秒即可从64射线激光束收集的点云中提取功能,并且仅需大约8毫秒即可匹配两次LIDAR扫描,当时用Intel Core i7 @2.2 GHz处理器执行笔记本。此外,我们的方法可以广泛扩展到各种3D视觉应用。在本文中,我们已将Link3D应用于3D注册,LiDAR ODOMETIRE和放置识别任务,并与最先进的方法相比实现了竞争成果。
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通信搜索是刚性点云注册算法中的重要步骤。大多数方法在每个步骤都保持单个对应关系,并逐渐删除错误的通信。但是,建立一对一的对应关系非常困难,尤其是当将两个点云与许多本地功能匹配时。本文提出了一种优化方法,该方法在将部分点云与完整点云匹配时保留每个关键点的所有可能对应关系。然后,通过考虑匹配成本,这些不确定的对应关系通过估计的刚性转换逐渐更新。此外,我们提出了一个新的点功能描述符,该描述符衡量本地点云区域之间的相似性。广泛的实验表明,即使在同一类别中与不同对象匹配时,我们的方法也优于最先进的方法(SOTA)方法。值得注意的是,我们的方法在将真实世界的噪声深度图像注册为模板形状时的表现优于SOTA方法。
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在本文中,我们使用从低成本消费者RGB-D传感器获取的RGB-D数据提出蘑菇检测,定位和3D姿势估计算法。我们使用RGB和深度信息进行不同的目的。从RGB颜色,我们首先提取蘑菇的初始轮廓位置,然后将初始轮廓位置和原始图像提供给蘑菇分割的活动轮廓。然后将这些分段蘑菇用作每个蘑菇检测的圆形Hough变换的输入,包括其中心和半径。一旦RGB图像中的每个蘑菇的中心位置都是已知的,我们就会使用深度信息在3D空间中定位它,即在世界坐标系中。在每个蘑菇的检测到的中心缺少深度信息的情况下,我们从每个蘑菇的半径内的最近可用深度信息估计。我们还使用预先准备的直立蘑菇模型来估计每个蘑菇的3D姿势。我们使用全球注册,然后是本地精炼登记方法进行此3D姿势估计。从估计的3D姿势,我们仅使用四元素表示的旋转部分作为每个蘑菇的方向。这些估计(X,Y,Z)位置,直径和蘑菇的方向用于机器人拣选应用。我们对3D印刷和真正的蘑菇进行了广泛的实验,表明我们的方法具有有趣的性能。
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随着基于粉末的添加剂制造的快速开发,DepeDdering是去除覆盖3D打印零件的未使用粉末的过程,已成为进一步提高其生产力的主要瓶颈。传统的手动缩减非常耗时且昂贵,并且一些先前的自动化系统要么需要预处理或缺乏对不同3D打印零件的适应性。为了解决这些问题,我们引入了一个机器人系统,该机器人系统会自动从3D打印零件的表面上去除未加入的粉末。关键组件是一个视觉感知系统,该系统由一个姿势跟踪模块组成,该模块可实时跟踪6D姿势的粉末封闭零件,以及一个估计缩减完成百分比的进度估计模块。跟踪模块可以在高达60 fps的笔记本电脑CPU上有效运行。实验表明,我们的退化系统可以从各种3D打印零件的表面上除去未持续的粉末,而不会造成任何损坏。据我们所知,这是第一个基于视觉的机器人脱皮系统之一,可适应各种形状的部分而无需预多供款。
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Estimating the 6D pose of known objects is important for robots to interact with the real world. The problem is challenging due to the variety of objects as well as the complexity of a scene caused by clutter and occlusions between objects. In this work, we introduce PoseCNN, a new Convolutional Neural Network for 6D object pose estimation. PoseCNN estimates the 3D translation of an object by localizing its center in the image and predicting its distance from the camera. The 3D rotation of the object is estimated by regressing to a quaternion representation. We also introduce a novel loss function that enables PoseCNN to handle symmetric objects. In addition, we contribute a large scale video dataset for 6D object pose estimation named the YCB-Video dataset. Our dataset provides accurate 6D poses of 21 objects from the YCB dataset observed in 92 videos with 133,827 frames. We conduct extensive experiments on our YCB-Video dataset and the OccludedLINEMOD dataset to show that PoseCNN is highly robust to occlusions, can handle symmetric objects, and provide accurate pose estimation using only color images as input. When using depth data to further refine the poses, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the challenging OccludedLINEMOD dataset. Our code and dataset are available at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/posecnn/.
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当代掌握检测方法采用深度学习,实现传感器和物体模型不确定性的鲁棒性。这两个主导的方法设计了掌握质量评分或基于锚的掌握识别网络。本文通过将其视为图像空间中的关键点检测来掌握掌握检测的不同方法。深网络检测每个掌握候选者作为一对关键点,可转换为掌握代表= {x,y,w,{\ theta}} t,而不是转角点的三态或四重奏。通过将关键点分组成对来降低检测难度提高性能。为了促进捕获关键点之间的依赖关系,将非本地模块结合到网络设计中。基于离散和连续定向预测的最终过滤策略消除了错误的对应关系,并进一步提高了掌握检测性能。此处提出的方法GKNET在康奈尔和伸缩的提花数据集上的精度和速度之间实现了良好的平衡(在41.67和23.26 fps的96.9%和98.39%)之间。操纵器上的后续实验使用4种类型的抓取实验来评估GKNet,反映不同滋扰的速度:静态抓握,动态抓握,在各种相机角度抓住,夹住。 GKNet优于静态和动态掌握实验中的参考基线,同时表现出变化的相机观点和中度杂波的稳健性。结果证实了掌握关键点是深度掌握网络的有效输出表示的假设,为预期的滋扰因素提供鲁棒性。
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Estimating the 6D pose of objects is one of the major fields in 3D computer vision. Since the promising outcomes from instance-level pose estimation, the research trends are heading towards category-level pose estimation for more practical application scenarios. However, unlike well-established instance-level pose datasets, available category-level datasets lack annotation quality and provided pose quantity. We propose the new category level 6D pose dataset HouseCat6D featuring 1) Multi-modality of Polarimetric RGB+P and Depth, 2) Highly diverse 194 objects of 10 household object categories including 2 photometrically challenging categories, 3) High-quality pose annotation with an error range of only 1.35 mm to 1.74 mm, 4) 41 large scale scenes with extensive viewpoint coverage, 5) Checkerboard-free environment throughout the entire scene. We also provide benchmark results of state-of-the-art category-level pose estimation networks.
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虽然相机和激光雷达在大多数辅助和自主驾驶系统中广泛使用,但仅提出了少数作品来将用于在线传感器数据融合的摄像机和镜头的时间同步和外部校准相关联。时间和空间校准技术正面临缺乏相关性和实时的挑战。在本文中,我们介绍了姿势估计模型和环境鲁棒线的提取,以提高数据融合和即时在线校正能力的相关性。考虑到相邻力矩之间的点云匹配的对应关系,动态目标旨在寻求最佳政策。搜索优化过程旨在以计算精度和效率提供准确的参数。为了证明这种方法的好处,我们以基础真实价值在基蒂基准上进行评估。在在线实验中,与时间校准中的软同步方法相比,我们的方法提高了准确性38.5%。在空间校准时,我们的方法会在0.4秒内自动纠正干扰误差,并达到0.3度的精度。这项工作可以促进传感器融合的研究和应用。
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培训和测试监督对象检测模型需要大量带有地面真相标签的图像。标签定义图像中的对象类及其位置,形状以及可能的其他信息,例如姿势。即使存在人力,标签过程也非常耗时。我们引入了一个新的标签工具,用于2D图像以及3D三角网格:3D标记工具(3DLT)。这是一个独立的,功能丰富和跨平台软件,不需要安装,并且可以在Windows,MacOS和基于Linux的发行版上运行。我们不再像当前工具那样在每个图像上分别标记相同的对象,而是使用深度信息从上述图像重建三角形网格,并仅在上述网格上标记一次对象。我们使用注册来简化3D标记,离群值检测来改进2D边界框的计算和表面重建,以将标记可能性扩展到大点云。我们的工具经过最先进的方法测试,并且在保持准确性和易用性的同时,它极大地超过了它们。
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