算法公平旨在识别和校正机器学习算法中的偏差源。混淆,确保公平往往以准确性为止。我们在这项工作中提供正式工具,以便在算法公平中调和这一基本紧张。具体而言,我们将帕累托最优性的概念从多目标优化中寻求神经网络分类器的公平准确性帕累托。我们证明许多现有的算法公平方法正在执行所谓的线性标定方案,其具有恢复帕累托最佳解决方案的严重限制。相反,与线性方案相比,我们将Chebyshev标准化方案从理论上提供优越,并且在恢复Pareto最佳解决方案时没有更加计算繁重。
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尽管大规模的经验风险最小化(ERM)在各种机器学习任务中取得了高精度,但公平的ERM受到公平限制与随机优化的不兼容的阻碍。我们考虑具有离散敏感属性以及可能需要随机求解器的可能性大型模型和数据集的公平分类问题。现有的内部处理公平算法在大规模设置中要么是不切实际的,因为它们需要在每次迭代时进行大量数据,要么不保证它们会收敛。在本文中,我们开发了第一个具有保证收敛性的随机内处理公平算法。对于人口统计学,均衡的赔率和公平的机会均等的概念,我们提供了算法的略有变化,称为Fermi,并证明这些变化中的每一个都以任何批次大小收敛于随机优化。从经验上讲,我们表明Fermi适合具有多个(非二进制)敏感属性和非二进制目标的随机求解器,即使Minibatch大小也很小,也可以很好地表现。广泛的实验表明,与最先进的基准相比,FERMI实现了所有经过测试的设置之间的公平违规和测试准确性之间最有利的权衡,该基准是人口统计学奇偶校验,均衡的赔率,均等机会,均等机会。这些好处在小批量的大小和非二元分类具有大量敏感属性的情况下尤其重要,这使得费米成为大规模问题的实用公平算法。
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At the core of insurance business lies classification between risky and non-risky insureds, actuarial fairness meaning that risky insureds should contribute more and pay a higher premium than non-risky or less-risky ones. Actuaries, therefore, use econometric or machine learning techniques to classify, but the distinction between a fair actuarial classification and "discrimination" is subtle. For this reason, there is a growing interest about fairness and discrimination in the actuarial community Lindholm, Richman, Tsanakas, and Wuthrich (2022). Presumably, non-sensitive characteristics can serve as substitutes or proxies for protected attributes. For example, the color and model of a car, combined with the driver's occupation, may lead to an undesirable gender bias in the prediction of car insurance prices. Surprisingly, we will show that debiasing the predictor alone may be insufficient to maintain adequate accuracy (1). Indeed, the traditional pricing model is currently built in a two-stage structure that considers many potentially biased components such as car or geographic risks. We will show that this traditional structure has significant limitations in achieving fairness. For this reason, we have developed a novel pricing model approach. Recently some approaches have Blier-Wong, Cossette, Lamontagne, and Marceau (2021); Wuthrich and Merz (2021) shown the value of autoencoders in pricing. In this paper, we will show that (2) this can be generalized to multiple pricing factors (geographic, car type), (3) it perfectly adapted for a fairness context (since it allows to debias the set of pricing components): We extend this main idea to a general framework in which a single whole pricing model is trained by generating the geographic and car pricing components needed to predict the pure premium while mitigating the unwanted bias according to the desired metric.
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分类,一种重大研究的数据驱动机器学习任务,驱动越来越多的预测系统,涉及批准的人类决策,如贷款批准和犯罪风险评估。然而,分类器经常展示歧视性行为,特别是当呈现有偏置数据时。因此,分类公平已经成为一个高优先级的研究区。数据管理研究显示与数据和算法公平有关的主题的增加和兴趣,包括公平分类的主题。公平分类的跨学科努力,具有最大存在的机器学习研究,导致大量的公平概念和尚未系统地评估和比较的广泛方法。在本文中,我们对13个公平分类方法和额外变种的广泛分析,超越,公平,公平,效率,可扩展性,对数据误差的鲁棒性,对潜在的ML模型,数据效率和使用各种指标的稳定性的敏感性和稳定性现实世界数据集。我们的分析突出了对不同指标的影响的新颖见解和高级方法特征对不同方面的性能方面。我们还讨论了选择适合不同实际设置的方法的一般原则,并确定以数据管理为中心的解决方案可能产生最大影响的区域。
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超参数优化构成了典型的现代机器学习工作流程的很大一部分。这是由于这样一个事实,即机器学习方法和相应的预处理步骤通常只有在正确调整超参数时就会产生最佳性能。但是在许多应用中,我们不仅有兴趣仅仅为了预测精度而优化ML管道;确定最佳配置时,必须考虑其他指标或约束,从而导致多目标优化问题。由于缺乏知识和用于多目标超参数优化的知识和容易获得的软件实现,因此通常在实践中被忽略。在这项工作中,我们向读者介绍了多个客观超参数优化的基础知识,并激励其在应用ML中的实用性。此外,我们从进化算法和贝叶斯优化的领域提供了现有优化策略的广泛调查。我们说明了MOO在几个特定ML应用中的实用性,考虑了诸如操作条件,预测时间,稀疏,公平,可解释性和鲁棒性之类的目标。
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本文考虑了在分解正常形式(DNF,ANDS的DNF,ANDS,相当于判定规则集)或联合正常形式(CNF,ORS)作为分类模型的联合正常形式的学习。为规则简化,将整数程序配制成最佳贸易分类准确性。我们还考虑公平设定,并扩大制定,以包括对两种不同分类措施的明确限制:机会平等和均等的赔率。列生成(CG)用于有效地搜索候选条款(连词或剖钉)的指数数量,而不需要启发式规则挖掘。此方法还会绑定所选规则集之间的间隙和培训数据上的最佳规则集。要处理大型数据集,我们建议使用随机化的近似CG算法。与三个最近提出的替代方案相比,CG算法主导了16个数据集中的8个中的精度简单折衷。当最大限度地提高精度时,CG与为此目的设计的规则学习者具有竞争力,有时发现明显更简单的解决方案,这些解决方案不太准确。与其他公平和可解释的分类器相比,我们的方法能够找到符合较严格的公平概念的规则集,以适度的折衷准确性。
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A recent explosion of research focuses on developing methods and tools for building fair predictive models. However, most of this work relies on the assumption that the training and testing data are representative of the target population on which the model will be deployed. However, real-world training data often suffer from selection bias and are not representative of the target population for many reasons, including the cost and feasibility of collecting and labeling data, historical discrimination, and individual biases. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for certifying and ensuring the fairness of predictive models trained on biased data. We take inspiration from query answering over incomplete and inconsistent databases to present and formalize the problem of consistent range approximation (CRA) of answers to queries about aggregate information for the target population. We aim to leverage background knowledge about the data collection process, biased data, and limited or no auxiliary data sources to compute a range of answers for aggregate queries over the target population that are consistent with available information. We then develop methods that use CRA of such aggregate queries to build predictive models that are certifiably fair on the target population even when no external information about that population is available during training. We evaluate our methods on real data and demonstrate improvements over state of the art. Significantly, we show that enforcing fairness using our methods can lead to predictive models that are not only fair, but more accurate on the target population.
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作为一种预测模型的评分系统具有可解释性和透明度的显着优势,并有助于快速决策。因此,评分系统已广泛用于各种行业,如医疗保健和刑事司法。然而,这些模型中的公平问题长期以来一直受到批评,并且使用大数据和机器学习算法在评分系统的构建中提高了这个问题。在本文中,我们提出了一般框架来创建公平知识,数据驱动评分系统。首先,我们开发一个社会福利功能,融入了效率和群体公平。然后,我们将社会福利最大化问题转换为机器学习中的风险最小化任务,并在混合整数编程的帮助下导出了公平感知评分系统。最后,导出了几种理论界限用于提供参数选择建议。我们拟议的框架提供了适当的解决方案,以解决进程中的分组公平问题。它使政策制定者能够设置和定制其所需的公平要求以及其他特定于应用程序的约束。我们用几个经验数据集测试所提出的算法。实验证据支持拟议的评分制度在实现利益攸关方的最佳福利以及平衡可解释性,公平性和效率的需求方面的有效性。
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我们提出了简单的主动采样和重新重量策略,以优化最小最大公平性,可以应用于通过损耗最小化学习的任何分类或回归模型。我们的方法背后的关键直觉是在每个TIMESTEP中使用来自当前模型中最差的组的DataPoint,以更新模型。实施的易于实现和我们稳健的制定的一般性使其成为提高糟糕表现群体的模型性能的有吸引力的选择。对于凸起的学习问题,如线性或逻辑回归,我们提供了对我们的策略的细粒度分析,证明了其收敛速度对Min-Max Fair解决方案。
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随着算法治理的快速发展,公平性已成为机器学习模型的强制性属性,以抑制无意的歧视。在本文中,我们着重于实现公平性的预处理方面,并提出了一种数据重新拨打的方法,该方法仅在培训阶段调整样本的重量。与通常为每个(子)组分配均匀权重的大多数以前的重新校正方法不同,我们对每个训练样本在与公平相关的数量和预测效用方面的影响进行颗粒片,并根据在从影响下的影响下对单个权重进行计算。公平和效用。实验结果表明,以前的方法以不可忽略的实用性成本达到公平性,而为了取得重大优势,我们的方法可以从经验上释放权衡并获得无需成本的公平就可以平等机会。与多个现实世界表格数据集中的基线方法相比,我们通过香草分类器和标准培训过程证明了通过香草分类器和标准培训过程的公平性。可在https://github.com/brandeis-machine-learning/influence-fairness上获得代码。
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招聘或大学入学等选择问题的歧视通常是由决策者对弱势人口群体的隐性偏见来解释的。在本文中,我们考虑了决策者收到每个候选品质的噪声估计的模型,其方差取决于候选人的组 - 我们认为这种差异方差是许多选择问题的关键特征。我们分析了两个值得注意的设置:首先,噪声差异对于决策者而言是未知的,他只能独立于他们的群体选择最高的估计质量;在第二个中,差异是已知的,决策者挑选了给出嘈杂估计的最高预期质量的候选者。我们表明,两者的基线决策者都会产生歧视,尽管在相反的方向:第一个导致低方差集团的代表性不足,而第二个导致高方差群体的代表性不足。我们研究了对施加公平机制的选择效用的影响,我们将获得$ \ Gamma $ -rule术语(它是古典四分之五规则的延伸,它还包括人口统计奇偶校验)。在第一个设置(具有未知的差异)中,我们证明,在温和的条件下,施加$ \ Gamma $ -rule增加了选择效用 - 在这里,公平与公用事业之间没有权衡。在第二个设置(具有已知的差异)中,施加$ \ Gamma $ -rule降低了该实用程序,但我们由于公平机制而证明了该公用事业损失的束缚。
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我们解决了分类中群体公平的问题,目的是学习不会不公正地歧视人口亚组的模型。大多数现有方法仅限于简单的二进制任务或涉及难以实施培训机制。这降低了他们的实际适用性。在本文中,我们提出了Fairgrad,这是一种基于重新加权方案来实施公平性的方法,该计划根据是否有优势地迭代地学习特定权重。Fairgrad易于实施,可以适应各种标准公平定义。此外,我们表明它与各种数据集的标准基线相媲美,包括自然语言处理和计算机视觉中使用的数据集。
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Machine learning can impact people with legal or ethical consequences when it is used to automate decisions in areas such as insurance, lending, hiring, and predictive policing. In many of these scenarios, previous decisions have been made that are unfairly biased against certain subpopulations, for example those of a particular race, gender, or sexual orientation. Since this past data may be biased, machine learning predictors must account for this to avoid perpetuating or creating discriminatory practices. In this paper, we develop a framework for modeling fairness using tools from causal inference. Our definition of counterfactual fairness captures the intuition that a decision is fair towards an individual if it is the same in (a) the actual world and (b) a counterfactual world where the individual belonged to a different demographic group. We demonstrate our framework on a real-world problem of fair prediction of success in law school. * Equal contribution. This work was done while JL was a Research Fellow at the Alan Turing Institute. 2 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/05/04/big-risks-big-opportunities-intersection-big-dataand-civil-rights 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2017),
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It is important to guarantee that machine learning algorithms deployed in the real world do not result in unfairness or unintended social consequences. Fair ML has largely focused on the protection of single attributes in the simpler setting where both attributes and target outcomes are binary. However, the practical application in many a real-world problem entails the simultaneous protection of multiple sensitive attributes, which are often not simply binary, but continuous or categorical. To address this more challenging task, we introduce FairCOCCO, a fairness measure built on cross-covariance operators on reproducing kernel Hilbert Spaces. This leads to two practical tools: first, the FairCOCCO Score, a normalised metric that can quantify fairness in settings with single or multiple sensitive attributes of arbitrary type; and second, a subsequent regularisation term that can be incorporated into arbitrary learning objectives to obtain fair predictors. These contributions address crucial gaps in the algorithmic fairness literature, and we empirically demonstrate consistent improvements against state-of-the-art techniques in balancing predictive power and fairness on real-world datasets.
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基于机器学习的决策支持系统的利用率增加强调了导致所有利益相关者准确和公平的预测的必要性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新的方法,可以在训练期间提高神经网络模型的公平性。我们介绍了一系列公平性,增强了我们与传统的二进制交叉熵基准损耗一起使用的正规化组件。这些损失函数基于偏置奇偶校验分数(BPS),一个分数有助于使用单个数字量化模型中的偏差。在目前的工作中,我们调查这些正则化组件对偏见的行为和效果。我们在累犯预测任务以及基于人口普查的成人收入数据集的上下文中部署它们。结果表明,对于公平损失功能的良好选择,我们可以减少训练有素的模型的偏置,而不会降低精度,即使在不平衡数据集中也是如此。
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近年来,解决机器学习公平性(ML)和自动决策的问题引起了处理人工智能的科学社区的大量关注。已经提出了ML中的公平定义的一种不同的定义,认为不同概念是影响人口中个人的“公平决定”的不同概念。这些概念之间的精确差异,含义和“正交性”尚未在文献中完全分析。在这项工作中,我们试图在这个解释中汲取一些订单。
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越来越多地部署算法和模型来为人们提供决定,不可避免地会影响他们的生活。结果,负责开发这些模型的人必须仔细评估他们对不同人群的影响并偏爱群体公平,也就是说,确保由敏感人口属性(例如种族或性别)确定的群体不会受到不公正的对待。为了实现这一目标,这些人口统计学属性的可用性(意识)是评估这些模型影响的人的基本基础。不幸的是,收集和存储这些属性通常与行业实践以及有关数据最小化和隐私的立法冲突。因此,即使是从开发它们的公司内部,也很难衡量训练有素的模型的群体公平性。在这项工作中,我们通过使用量化技术来解决在敏感属性不认识的情况下衡量群体公平性的问题,这是一项与直接提供群体级别的患病率估算(而不是个人级别的类标签)有关的监督学习任务。我们表明,量化方法特别适合解决未通行问题的公平性,因为它们是可行的不可避免的分配变化,同时将(理想的)目标取消了(不可避免的)允许(不良)的副作用的(理想的)目标个人敏感属性的推断。更详细地说,我们表明,在不认识下的公平性可以作为量化问题,并通过量化文献中的可靠方法解决。我们表明,这些方法在五个实验方案中测量人口统计学的先前方法都优于以前的方法,这对应于使分类器公平性估计不认识的重要挑战。
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Algorithmic fairness is becoming increasingly important in data mining and machine learning. Among others, a foundational notation is group fairness. The vast majority of the existing works on group fairness, with a few exceptions, primarily focus on debiasing with respect to a single sensitive attribute, despite the fact that the co-existence of multiple sensitive attributes (e.g., gender, race, marital status, etc.) in the real-world is commonplace. As such, methods that can ensure a fair learning outcome with respect to all sensitive attributes of concern simultaneously need to be developed. In this paper, we study the problem of information-theoretic intersectional fairness (InfoFair), where statistical parity, a representative group fairness measure, is guaranteed among demographic groups formed by multiple sensitive attributes of interest. We formulate it as a mutual information minimization problem and propose a generic end-to-end algorithmic framework to solve it. The key idea is to leverage a variational representation of mutual information, which considers the variational distribution between learning outcomes and sensitive attributes, as well as the density ratio between the variational and the original distributions. Our proposed framework is generalizable to many different settings, including other statistical notions of fairness, and could handle any type of learning task equipped with a gradient-based optimizer. Empirical evaluations in the fair classification task on three real-world datasets demonstrate that our proposed framework can effectively debias the classification results with minimal impact to the classification accuracy.
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We present a systematic approach for achieving fairness in a binary classification setting. While we focus on two well-known quantitative definitions of fairness, our approach encompasses many other previously studied definitions as special cases. The key idea is to reduce fair classification to a sequence of cost-sensitive classification problems, whose solutions yield a randomized classifier with the lowest (empirical) error subject to the desired constraints. We introduce two reductions that work for any representation of the cost-sensitive classifier and compare favorably to prior baselines on a variety of data sets, while overcoming several of their disadvantages.
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在结果决策中使用机器学习模型通常会加剧社会不平等,特别是对种族和性别定义的边缘化群体成员产生不同的影响。 ROC曲线(AUC)下的区域被广泛用于评估机器学习中评分功能的性能,但与其他性能指标相比,在算法公平性中进行了研究。由于AUC的成对性质,定义基于AUC的组公平度量是成对依赖性的,并且可能涉及\ emph {group}和\ emph {group} aucs。重要的是,仅考虑一种AUC类别不足以减轻AUC优化的不公平性。在本文中,我们提出了一个最小值学习和偏置缓解框架,该框架既包含组内和组间AUC,同时保持实用性。基于这个Rawlsian框架,我们设计了一种有效的随机优化算法,并证明了其收敛到最小组级AUC。我们对合成数据集和现实数据集进行了数值实验,以验证Minimax框架的有效性和所提出的优化算法。
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