当考虑了许多提升功能时,从数据近似数据在数值上具有挑战性。即使是低维系统也可以在高维升空的空间中产生不稳定或不良条件的结果。在本文中,具有控制的扩展动态模式分解(DMD)和DMD,两种用于近似Koopman运算符的方法,被重新列为线性矩阵不等式约束的凸优化问题。然后将渐近稳定性约束和系统规范正规化器作为改善Koopman操作员的数值条件的方法合并。具体而言,H-Infinity Narm用于惩罚Koopman系统的投入输出增益。然后将加权功能应用于特定频率下的系统增益。这些约束和正规化器将双线性矩阵不等式的约束引入回归问题,这些问题是通过求解凸优化问题的序列来处理的。实验结果使用来自飞机疲劳结构测试钻机和软机器人臂的数据突出了所提出的回归方法的优势。
translated by 谷歌翻译
这项教程调查概述了统计学习理论中最新的非征血性进步与控制和系统识别相关。尽管在所有控制领域都取得了重大进展,但在线性系统的识别和学习线性二次调节器时,该理论是最发达的,这是本手稿的重点。从理论的角度来看,这些进步的大部分劳动都在适应现代高维统计和学习理论的工具。虽然与控制对机器学习的工具感兴趣的理论家高度相关,但基础材料并不总是容易访问。为了解决这个问题,我们提供了相关材料的独立介绍,概述了基于最新结果的所有关键思想和技术机械。我们还提出了许多开放问题和未来的方向。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Echo State Networks (ESN) are a type of Recurrent Neural Networks that yields promising results in representing time series and nonlinear dynamic systems. Although they are equipped with a very efficient training procedure, Reservoir Computing strategies, such as the ESN, require the use of high order networks, i.e. large number of layers, resulting in number of states that is magnitudes higher than the number of model inputs and outputs. This not only makes the computation of a time step more costly, but also may pose robustness issues when applying ESNs to problems such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) and other optimal control problems. One such way to circumvent this is through Model Order Reduction strategies such as the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and its variants (POD-DEIM), whereby we find an equivalent lower order representation to an already trained high dimension ESN. The objective of this work is to investigate and analyze the performance of POD methods in Echo State Networks, evaluating their effectiveness. To this end, we evaluate the Memory Capacity (MC) of the POD-reduced network in comparison to the original (full order) ENS. We also perform experiments on two different numerical case studies: a NARMA10 difference equation and an oil platform containing two wells and one riser. The results show that there is little loss of performance comparing the original ESN to a POD-reduced counterpart, and also that the performance of a POD-reduced ESN tend to be superior to a normal ESN of the same size. Also we attain speedups of around $80\%$ in comparison to the original ESN.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.
translated by 谷歌翻译
The affine rank minimization problem consists of finding a matrix of minimum rank that satisfies a given system of linear equality constraints. Such problems have appeared in the literature of a diverse set of fields including system identification and control, Euclidean embedding, and collaborative filtering. Although specific instances can often be solved with specialized algorithms, the general affine rank minimization problem is NP-hard, because it contains vector cardinality minimization as a special case.In this paper, we show that if a certain restricted isometry property holds for the linear transformation defining the constraints, the minimum rank solution can be recovered by solving a convex optimization problem, namely the minimization of the nuclear norm over the given affine space. We present several random ensembles of equations where the restricted isometry property holds with overwhelming probability, provided the codimension of the subspace is Ω(r(m + n) log mn), where m, n are the dimensions of the matrix, and r is its rank.The techniques used in our analysis have strong parallels in the compressed sensing framework. We discuss how affine rank minimization generalizes this pre-existing concept and outline a dictionary relating concepts from cardinality minimization to those of rank minimization. We also discuss several algorithmic approaches to solving the norm minimization relaxations, and illustrate our results with numerical examples.
translated by 谷歌翻译
从数据稳定动力学系统的数据中学习控制器通常遵循首先识别模型然后基于确定模型构建控制器的两步过程。但是,学习模型意味着确定系统动力学的通用描述,这些描述可能需要大量数据并提取对稳定的特定任务不必要的信息。这项工作的贡献是表明,如果线性动力学系统具有尺寸(McMillan学位)$ n $,那么总是存在$ n $状态,可以从中构建稳定反馈控制器,而与表示的尺寸无关观察到的状态和输入的数量。通过基于先前的工作,这一发现意味着,与学习动力学模型所需的最少状态相比,观察到的状态较少的任何线性动力系统都可以稳定。通过数值实验证明了理论发现,这些实验表明了圆柱体后面的流动稳定,从学习模型的数据少于数据。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们开发一种方法来构造来自表示基本上非线性(或不可连锁的)动态系统的数据集构成低维预测模型,其中具有由有限许多频率的外部强制进行外部矫正的双曲线线性部分。我们的数据驱动,稀疏,非线性模型获得为低维,吸引动力系统的光谱子纤维(SSM)的降低的动态的延长正常形式。我们说明了数据驱动的SSM降低了高维数值数据集的功率和涉及梁振荡,涡旋脱落和水箱中的晃动的实验测量。我们发现,在未加工的数据上培训的SSM减少也在额外的外部强制下准确预测非线性响应。
translated by 谷歌翻译
这项工作引入了一种数据驱动的控制方法,用于从稀缺数据中稳定高维动力系统。提出的上下文感知控制器推断方法基于这样的观察,即控制器只需要在不稳定的动态上进行本地行动才能稳定系统。这意味着仅仅学习不稳定的动力学就足够了,通常将其限制在所有系统动力学的高维状态空间中,尺寸要少得多,因此很少有数据示例足以识别它们。数值实验表明,与传统的数据驱动的控制技术和增强学习的变体相比,从数量级的数据样本中学习了上下文感知的控制器的推理,从数量级的稳定控制器学习。该实验进一步表明,上下文感知的控制器推断的数据需求较低,在复杂物理学的数据筛分工程问题中尤其有益,在该数据和培训成本方面,学习完整的系统动态通常是棘手的。
translated by 谷歌翻译
收缩理论是一种分析工具,用于研究以均匀的正面矩阵定义的收缩度量下的非自主(即,时变)非线性系统的差动动力学,其存在导致增量指数的必要和充分表征多种溶液轨迹彼此相互稳定性的稳定性。通过使用平方差分长度作为Lyapunov样功能,其非线性稳定性分析向下沸腾以找到满足以表达为线性矩阵不等式的稳定条件的合适的收缩度量,表明可以在众所周知的线性系统之间绘制许多平行线非线性系统理论与收缩理论。此外,收缩理论利用了与比较引理结合使用的指数稳定性的优越稳健性。这产生了基于神经网络的控制和估计方案的急需安全性和稳定性保证,而不借助使用均匀渐近稳定性的更涉及的输入到状态稳定性方法。这种独特的特征允许通过凸优化来系统构造收缩度量,从而获得了由于扰动和学习误差而在外部扰动的时变的目标轨迹和解决方案轨迹之间的距离上的明确指数界限。因此,本文的目的是介绍了收缩理论的课程概述及其在确定性和随机系统的非线性稳定性分析中的优点,重点导出了各种基于学习和数据驱动的自动控制方法的正式鲁棒性和稳定性保证。特别是,我们提供了使用深神经网络寻找收缩指标和相关控制和估计法的技术的详细审查。
translated by 谷歌翻译
由于其固有的非线性和高度的自由度,对连续体软机器人的建模和控制仍然是一项艰巨的任务。这些复杂性阻碍了适合实时控制的高保真模型的构建。尽管已经提出了各种模型和基于学习的方法来应对这些挑战,但它们缺乏普遍性,很少保留动态的结构。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新的,数据驱动的方法,用于从数据中提取面向控制的模型。我们克服了上面概述的问题,并证明了我们对光谱次级减少(SSMR)的卓越性能 - \'a-vis the Art的状态。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在许多学科中,动态系统的数据信息预测模型的开发引起了广泛的兴趣。我们提出了一个统一的框架,用于混合机械和机器学习方法,以从嘈杂和部分观察到的数据中识别动态系统。我们将纯数据驱动的学习与混合模型进行比较,这些学习结合了不完善的域知识。我们的公式与所选的机器学习模型不可知,在连续和离散的时间设置中都呈现,并且与表现出很大的内存和错误的模型误差兼容。首先,我们从学习理论的角度研究无内存线性(W.R.T.参数依赖性)模型误差,从而定义了过多的风险和概括误差。对于沿阵行的连续时间系统,我们证明,多余的风险和泛化误差都通过与T的正方形介于T的术语(指定训练数据的时间间隔)的术语界定。其次,我们研究了通过记忆建模而受益的方案,证明了两类连续时间复发性神经网络(RNN)的通用近似定理:两者都可以学习与内存有关的模型误差。此外,我们将一类RNN连接到储层计算,从而将学习依赖性错误的学习与使用随机特征在Banach空间之间进行监督学习的最新工作联系起来。给出了数值结果(Lorenz '63,Lorenz '96多尺度系统),以比较纯粹的数据驱动和混合方法,发现混合方法较少,渴望数据较少,并且更有效。最后,我们从数值上证明了如何利用数据同化来从嘈杂,部分观察到的数据中学习隐藏的动态,并说明了通过这种方法和培训此类模型来表示记忆的挑战。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Koopman运算符是无限维的运算符,可全球线性化非线性动态系统,使其光谱信息可用于理解动态。然而,Koopman运算符可以具有连续的光谱和无限维度的子空间,使得它们的光谱信息提供相当大的挑战。本文介绍了具有严格融合的数据驱动算法,用于从轨迹数据计算Koopman运算符的频谱信息。我们引入了残余动态模式分解(ResDMD),它提供了第一种用于计算普通Koopman运算符的Spectra和PseudtoStra的第一种方案,无需光谱污染。使用解析器操作员和RESDMD,我们还计算与测量保存动态系统相关的光谱度量的平滑近似。我们证明了我们的算法的显式收敛定理,即使计算连续频谱和离散频谱的密度,也可以实现高阶收敛即使是混沌系统。我们展示了在帐篷地图,高斯迭代地图,非线性摆,双摆,洛伦茨系统和11美元延长洛伦兹系统的算法。最后,我们为具有高维状态空间的动态系统提供了我们的算法的核化变体。这使我们能够计算与具有20,046维状态空间的蛋白质分子的动态相关的光谱度量,并计算出湍流流过空气的误差界限的非线性Koopman模式,其具有雷诺数为$> 10 ^ 5 $。一个295,122维的状态空间。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们为通过深神经网络参数参数的离散时间动力学系统的消散性和局部渐近稳定提供了足够的条件。我们利用神经网络作为点式仿射图的表示,从而揭示其本地线性操作员并使其可以通过经典的系统分析和设计方法访问。这使我们能够通过评估其耗散性并估算其固定点和状态空间分区来“打开神经动力学系统行为的黑匣子”。我们将这些局部线性运算符的规范与耗散系统中存储的能量的规范联系起来,其供应率由其总偏差项表示。从经验上讲,我们分析了这些局部线性运算符的动力学行为和特征值光谱的差异,具有不同的权重,激活函数,偏置项和深度。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Learning-enabled control systems have demonstrated impressive empirical performance on challenging control problems in robotics, but this performance comes at the cost of reduced transparency and lack of guarantees on the safety or stability of the learned controllers. In recent years, new techniques have emerged to provide these guarantees by learning certificates alongside control policies -- these certificates provide concise, data-driven proofs that guarantee the safety and stability of the learned control system. These methods not only allow the user to verify the safety of a learned controller but also provide supervision during training, allowing safety and stability requirements to influence the training process itself. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of this rapidly developing field of certificate learning. We hope that this paper will serve as an accessible introduction to the theory and practice of certificate learning, both to those who wish to apply these tools to practical robotics problems and to those who wish to dive more deeply into the theory of learning for control.
translated by 谷歌翻译
用于未知非线性系统的学习和合成稳定控制器是现实世界和工业应用的具有挑战性问题。 Koopman操作员理论允许通过直线系统和非线性控制系统的镜头通过线性系统和非线性控制系统的镜头来分析非线性系统。这些方法的关键思想,在于将非线性系统的坐标转换为Koopman可观察,这是允许原始系统(控制系统)作为更高尺寸线性(双线性控制)系统的坐标。然而,对于非线性控制系统,通过应用基于Koopman操作员的学习方法获得的双线性控制模型不一定是稳定的,因此,不保证稳定反馈控制的存在,这对于许多真实世界的应用来说是至关重要的。同时识别基于这些可稳定的Koopman的双线性控制系统以及相关的Koopman可观察到仍然是一个开放的问题。在本文中,我们提出了一个框架,以通过同时学习为基于Koopman的底层未知的非线性控制系统以及基于Koopman的控制Lyapunov函数(CLF)来识别和构造这些可稳定的双线性模型及其相关的可观察能力。双线性模型使用学习者和伪空。我们提出的方法从而为非线性控制系统具有未知动态的非线性控制系统提供了可证明的全球渐近稳定性的保证。提供了数值模拟,以验证我们提出的稳定反馈控制器为未知的非线性系统的效力。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Data-driven modeling has become a key building block in computational science and engineering. However, data that are available in science and engineering are typically scarce, often polluted with noise and affected by measurement errors and other perturbations, which makes learning the dynamics of systems challenging. In this work, we propose to combine data-driven modeling via operator inference with the dynamic training via roll outs of neural ordinary differential equations. Operator inference with roll outs inherits interpretability, scalability, and structure preservation of traditional operator inference while leveraging the dynamic training via roll outs over multiple time steps to increase stability and robustness for learning from low-quality and noisy data. Numerical experiments with data describing shallow water waves and surface quasi-geostrophic dynamics demonstrate that operator inference with roll outs provides predictive models from training trajectories even if data are sampled sparsely in time and polluted with noise of up to 10%.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Koopman运算符全球线性化非线性动力学系统及其光谱信息是分析和分解非线性动力学系统的强大工具。但是,Koopman运营商是无限维度的,计算其光谱信息是一个巨大的挑战。我们介绍了Measure-tearving扩展动态模式分解($ \ texttt {mpedmd} $),这是第一种截断方法,其特征性组件收敛到koopman运算符的光谱,以用于一般测量的动态系统。 $ \ texttt {mpedmd} $是基于正交式procrustes问题的数据驱动算法,该问题使用可观察的一般字典来强制测量Koopman运算符的截断。它具有灵活性且易于使用的任何预先存在的DMD类型方法,并且具有不同类型的数据。我们证明了$ \ texttt {mpedmd} $的融合,用于投影值和标量值光谱测量,光谱和koopman模式分解。对于延迟嵌入(Krylov子空间)的情况,我们的结果包括随着字典的大小增加,光谱测量近似值的第一个收敛速率。我们在一系列具有挑战性的示例中演示了$ \ texttt {mpedmd} $,与其他DMD型方法相比,其对噪声的稳健性提高,以及其捕获湍流边界层实验测量的能源保存和级联反应的能力,并以Reynolds的方式流动。数字$> 6 \ times 10^4 $和状态空间尺寸$> 10^5 $。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们提出了一种从数据模拟动态系统的数值方法。我们使用最近引入的方法可扩展的概率近似(SPA)从欧几里德空间到凸多台的项目点,并表示在新的低维坐标中的系统的预计状态,表示其在多晶硅中的位置。然后,我们介绍特定的非线性变换,以构建多特渗透中动力学的模型,并转换回原始状态空间。为了克服投影到低维层的潜在信息损失,我们在局部延迟嵌入定理的意义上使用记忆。通过施工,我们的方法产生稳定的模型。我们说明了在各种示例上具有多个连接组件的甚至复制混沌动力学和吸引子的方法的能力。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们介绍了一种闭合方法,用于识别来自数据的离散时间线性时变量,将学习问题作为正规化的最小二乘问题,符号器在轨迹内有利于平滑的解决方案。我们开发了一种封闭式算法,保证了最优性,并且复杂性随着每个轨迹所考虑的即时线性而增加。即使在存在大量数据的情况下,宇宙算法也可以实现所需的结果。我们的方法使用比通用凸起求解器的两个数量级较少的计算能力解决了这个问题,并且比随机块坐标血压尤其是设计的方法快3倍。即使对于10K和100K时间瞬间,我们的方法的计算时间仍然是第二个,即通用求解器崩溃的时间。为了证明其对现实世界系统的适用性,我们使用春季大众阻尼系统测试并使用估计的模型来找到最佳控制路径。我们的算法应用于彗星拦截器任务的低保真度和功能工程模拟器,需要精确指向车载摄像机在快速动态环境中。因此,本文提供了一种快速替代于用于线性时变系统的经典系统识别技术,同时证明是空间行业中的应用的实心基础,以及向该算法结合杠杆化数据的算法的步骤关键环境。
translated by 谷歌翻译
We investigate the problem of recovering a partially observed high-rank matrix whose columns obey a nonlinear structure such as a union of subspaces, an algebraic variety or grouped in clusters. The recovery problem is formulated as the rank minimization of a nonlinear feature map applied to the original matrix, which is then further approximated by a constrained non-convex optimization problem involving the Grassmann manifold. We propose two sets of algorithms, one arising from Riemannian optimization and the other as an alternating minimization scheme, both of which include first- and second-order variants. Both sets of algorithms have theoretical guarantees. In particular, for the alternating minimization, we establish global convergence and worst-case complexity bounds. Additionally, using the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz property, we show that the alternating minimization converges to a unique limit point. We provide extensive numerical results for the recovery of union of subspaces and clustering under entry sampling and dense Gaussian sampling. Our methods are competitive with existing approaches and, in particular, high accuracy is achieved in the recovery using Riemannian second-order methods.
translated by 谷歌翻译