量子信息技术的快速发展显示了在近期量子设备中模拟量子场理论的有希望的机会。在这项工作中,我们制定了1+1尺寸$ \ lambda \ phi \ phi^4 $量子场理论的(时间依赖性)变异量子模拟理论,包括编码,状态准备和时间演化,并具有多个数值模拟结果。这些算法可以理解为Jordan-Lee-Preskill算法的近期变异类似物,这是使用通用量子设备模拟量子场理论的基本算法。此外,我们强调了基于LSZ降低公式和几种计算效率的谐波振荡器基础编码的优势,例如在实施单一耦合群集ANSATZ的肺泡版本时,以准备初始状态。我们还讨论了如何在量子场理论仿真中规避“光谱拥挤”问题,并根据州和子空间保真度评估我们的算法。
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FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.
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量子哈密顿学习和量子吉布斯采样的双重任务与物理和化学中的许多重要问题有关。在低温方案中,这些任务的算法通常会遭受施状能力,例如因样本或时间复杂性差而遭受。为了解决此类韧性,我们将量子自然梯度下降的概括引入了参数化的混合状态,并提供了稳健的一阶近似算法,即量子 - 固定镜下降。我们使用信息几何学和量子计量学的工具证明了双重任务的数据样本效率,因此首次将经典Fisher效率的开创性结果推广到变异量子算法。我们的方法扩展了以前样品有效的技术,以允许模型选择的灵活性,包括基于量子汉密尔顿的量子模型,包括基于量子的模型,这些模型可能会规避棘手的时间复杂性。我们的一阶算法是使用经典镜下降二元性的新型量子概括得出的。两种结果都需要特殊的度量选择,即Bogoliubov-Kubo-Mori度量。为了从数值上测试我们提出的算法,我们将它们的性能与现有基准进行了关于横向场ISING模型的量子Gibbs采样任务的现有基准。最后,我们提出了一种初始化策略,利用几何局部性来建模状态的序列(例如量子 - 故事过程)的序列。我们从经验上证明了它在实际和想象的时间演化的经验上,同时定义了更广泛的潜在应用。
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我们为$ S_N $-Quivariant Quantum卷积电路,建立并大大概括了Jordan的置力量子计算(PQC)形式主义的理论框架。我们表明量子电路是傅里叶空间神经架构的自然选择,其在计算$ S_N $ -Fourier系数的矩阵元素中,与在对称组上的最佳已知的经典快速傅里叶变换(FFT)相比计算的超级指数加速。特别是,我们利用Okounkov-Vershik方法来证明Harrow的陈述(Ph.D.论文2005 P.160)在$ \ OperatorName {su}(d)$ - 和$ s_n $-frirep基地之间并建立$ s_n $-arequivariant卷积量子交替使用年轻Jucys-Murphy(YJM)元素的ans {\“a} tze($ s_n $ -cqa)。我们证明了$ s_n $ -cqa是密集的,因此在每美元内表达S_N $-Frirep块,其可以作为潜在的未来量子机器学习和优化应用成为普遍模型。我们的方法提供了另一种方法来证明量子近似优化算法(QAOA)的普遍性,从表示理论的角度来看。我们的框架可以自然地应用于全局$ \ Operatorname {su}(d)$对称性的各种问题。我们展示了数值模拟以展示ANS {\“A} TEE的有效性,以找到标志结构$ j_1 $ - $ j_2 $反铁磁性Heisenberg模型在矩形和矩形状态Kagome格子。我们的工作确定了特定机器学习问题的量子优势,并提供了庆祝的Okounkov-Vershik的表示理论的第一次应用于机器学习和量子物理学。
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In my previous article I mentioned for the first time that a classical neural network may have quantum properties as its own structure may be entangled. The question one may ask now is whether such a quantum property can be used to entangle other systems? The answer should be yes, as shown in what follows.
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In this thesis, we consider two simple but typical control problems and apply deep reinforcement learning to them, i.e., to cool and control a particle which is subject to continuous position measurement in a one-dimensional quadratic potential or in a quartic potential. We compare the performance of reinforcement learning control and conventional control strategies on the two problems, and show that the reinforcement learning achieves a performance comparable to the optimal control for the quadratic case, and outperforms conventional control strategies for the quartic case for which the optimal control strategy is unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first time deep reinforcement learning is applied to quantum control problems in continuous real space. Our research demonstrates that deep reinforcement learning can be used to control a stochastic quantum system in real space effectively as a measurement-feedback closed-loop controller, and our research also shows the ability of AI to discover new control strategies and properties of the quantum systems that are not well understood, and we can gain insights into these problems by learning from the AI, which opens up a new regime for scientific research.
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量子计算有可能彻底改变和改变我们的生活和理解世界的方式。该审查旨在提供对量子计算的可访问介绍,重点是统计和数据分析中的应用。我们从介绍了了解量子计算所需的基本概念以及量子和经典计算之间的差异。我们描述了用作量子算法的构建块的核心量子子程序。然后,我们审查了一系列预期的量子算法,以便在统计和机器学习中提供计算优势。我们突出了将量子计算应用于统计问题的挑战和机遇,并讨论潜在的未来研究方向。
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我们介绍了Netket的版本3,机器学习工具箱适用于许多身体量子物理学。Netket围绕神经网络量子状态构建,并为其评估和优化提供有效的算法。这个新版本是基于JAX的顶部,一个用于Python编程语言的可差分编程和加速的线性代数框架。最重要的新功能是使用机器学习框架的简明符号来定义纯Python代码中的任意神经网络ANS \“凝固的可能性,这允许立即编译以及渐变的隐式生成自动化。Netket 3还带来了GPU和TPU加速器的支持,对离散对称组的高级支持,块以缩放多程度的自由度,Quantum动态应用程序的驱动程序,以及改进的模块化,允许用户仅使用部分工具箱是他们自己代码的基础。
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Quantum machine learning is a rapidly evolving field of research that could facilitate important applications for quantum computing and also significantly impact data-driven sciences. In our work, based on various arguments from complexity theory and physics, we demonstrate that a single Kerr mode can provide some "quantum enhancements" when dealing with kernel-based methods. Using kernel properties, neural tangent kernel theory, first-order perturbation theory of the Kerr non-linearity, and non-perturbative numerical simulations, we show that quantum enhancements could happen in terms of convergence time and generalization error. Furthermore, we make explicit indications on how higher-dimensional input data could be considered. Finally, we propose an experimental protocol, that we call \emph{quantum Kerr learning}, based on circuit QED.
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现代量子机学习(QML)方法涉及在训练数据集上进行各种优化参数化量子电路,并随后对测试数据集(即,泛化)进行预测。在这项工作中,我们在培训数量为N $培训数据点后,我们在QML中对QML的普遍表现进行了全面的研究。我们表明,Quantum机器学习模型的泛化误差与$ T $培训门的尺寸在$ \ sqrt {t / n} $上缩放。当只有$ k \ ll t $ gates在优化过程中经历了大量变化时,我们证明了泛化误差改善了$ \ sqrt {k / n} $。我们的结果意味着将Unitaries编制到通常使用指数训练数据的量子计算行业的多项式栅极数量,这是一项通常使用指数尺寸训练数据的大量应用程序。我们还表明,使用量子卷积神经网络的相位过渡的量子状态的分类只需要一个非常小的训练数据集。其他潜在应用包括学习量子误差校正代码或量子动态模拟。我们的工作将新的希望注入QML领域,因为较少的培训数据保证了良好的概括。
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经典算法通常对于解决非障碍最小值的非凸优化问题通常无效。在本文中,我们通过利用量子隧道的全局效应来探讨非凸优化的量子加速。具体而言,我们引入了一种称为量子隧道步行(QTW)的量子算法,并将其应用于局部最小值大约全局最小值的非凸问题。我们表明,当不同局部最小值较高但薄且最小值平坦时,QTW在经典随机梯度下降(SGD)上实现了量子加速。基于此观察结果,我们构建了一个特定的双孔景观,其中经典算法无法有效地击中一个目标,但是QTW可以在已知井附近提供适当的初始状态时可以很好地击中一个目标。最后,我们通过数值实验证实了我们的发现。
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变形量子算法(VQAS)可以是噪声中间级量子(NISQ)计算机上的量子优势的路径。自然问题是NISQ设备的噪声是否对VQA性能的基本限制。我们严格证明对嘈杂的VQAS进行严重限制,因为噪音导致训练景观具有贫瘠高原(即消失梯度)。具体而言,对于考虑的本地Pauli噪声,我们证明梯度在Qubits $ N $的数量中呈指数呈指数增长,如果Ansatz的深度以$ N $线性增长。这些噪声诱导的贫瘠强韧(NIBPS)在概念上不同于无辐射贫瘠强度,其与随机参数初始化相关联。我们的结果是为通用Ansatz制定的,该通用ansatz包括量子交替运算符ANSATZ和酉耦合簇Ansatz等特殊情况。对于前者来说,我们的数值启发式展示了用于现实硬件噪声模型的NIBP现象。
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即使在数十年的量子计算开发之后,通常在经典同行中具有指数加速的通常有用量子算法的示例是稀缺的。线性代数定位量子机学习(QML)的量子算法中的最新进展作为这种有用的指数改进的潜在来源。然而,在一个意想不到的发展中,最近一系列的“追逐化”结果同样迅速消除了几个QML算法的指数加速度的承诺。这提出了关键问题是否是其他线性代数QML算法的指数加速度持续存在。在本文中,我们通过该镜头研究了Lloyd,Garnerone和Zanardi的拓扑数据分析算法后面的量子算法方法。我们提供了证据表明,该算法解决的问题通过表明其自然概括与模拟一个清洁量子位模型很难地难以进行棘手的 - 这被广泛认为需要在经典计算机上需要超时时间 - 并且非常可能免疫追逐。基于此结果,我们为等级估计和复杂网络分析等问题提供了许多新的量子算法,以及其经典侵害性的复杂性 - 理论上。此外,我们分析了近期实现的所提出的量子算法的适用性。我们的结果为全面吹嘘和限制的量子计算机提供了许多有用的应用程序,具有古典方法的保证指数加速,恢复了线性代数QML的一些潜力,以成为量子计算的杀手应用之一。
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量子计算是量子物理学的迷人研究领域。最近的进展激励我们在深度研究通用量子计算模型(UQCM),它位于量子计算的基础上,并与基本物理有紧密的连接。虽然已经发展到几十年前,但仍然缺乏含有形式化和理解UQCM的物理上简洁的原则或图片。考虑到静止新兴模型的多样性,但重要的是要了解经典和量子计算之间的差异很重要。在这项工作中,我们通过将其中几个类别分类为两类来进行统一uqcm的主要尝试,从而制作模型表。通过这样的表格,一些已知的模型或方案显示为杂交或模型的组合,更重要的是,它还导致尚未探讨的新方案。我们对UQCM的研究也导致了一些洞察量子算法。这项工作揭示了计算模型系统研究的重要性和可行性。
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量子Gibbs状态的制备是量子计算的重要组成部分,在各种区域具有广泛的应用,包括量子仿真,量子优化和量子机器学习。在本文中,我们提出了用于量子吉布斯状态准备的变分杂化量子典型算法。我们首先利用截短的泰勒系列来评估自由能,并选择截短的自由能量作为损耗功能。然后,我们的协议训练参数化量子电路以学习所需的量子吉布斯状态。值得注意的是,该算法可以在配备有参数化量子电路的近期量子计算机上实现。通过执行数值实验,我们显示浅参数化电路,只有一个额外的量子位训练,以便准备诸如高于95%的保真度的insing链和旋转链Gibbs状态。特别地,对于ising链模型,我们发现,只有一个参数和一个额外的qubit的简化电路ansatz可以训练,以在大于2的逆温度下实现吉布斯状态准备中的99%保真度。
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Climate change is becoming one of the greatest challenges to the sustainable development of modern society. Renewable energies with low density greatly complicate the online optimization and control processes, where modern advanced computational technologies, specifically quantum computing, have significant potential to help. In this paper, we discuss applications of quantum computing algorithms toward state-of-the-art smart grid problems. We suggest potential, exponential quantum speedup by the use of the Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd (HHL) algorithms for sparse matrix inversions in power-flow problems. However, practical implementations of the algorithm are limited by the noise of quantum circuits, the hardness of realizations of quantum random access memories (QRAM), and the depth of the required quantum circuits. We benchmark the hardware and software requirements from the state-of-the-art power-flow algorithms, including QRAM requirements from hybrid phonon-transmon systems, and explicit gate counting used in HHL for explicit realizations. We also develop near-term algorithms of power flow by variational quantum circuits and implement real experiments for 6 qubits with a truncated version of power flows.
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在当前的嘈杂中间尺度量子(NISQ)时代,量子机学习正在成为基于程序门的量子计算机的主要范式。在量子机学习中,对量子电路的门进行了参数化,并且参数是根据数据和电路输出的测量来通过经典优化来调整的。参数化的量子电路(PQC)可以有效地解决组合优化问题,实施概率生成模型并进行推理(分类和回归)。该专着为具有概率和线性代数背景的工程师的观众提供了量子机学习的独立介绍。它首先描述了描述量子操作和测量所必需的必要背景,概念和工具。然后,它涵盖了参数化的量子电路,变异量子本质层以及无监督和监督的量子机学习公式。
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To simulate bosons on a qubit- or qudit-based quantum computer, one has to regularize the theory by truncating infinite-dimensional local Hilbert spaces to finite dimensions. In the search for practical quantum applications, it is important to know how big the truncation errors can be. In general, it is not easy to estimate errors unless we have a good quantum computer. In this paper we show that traditional sampling methods on classical devices, specifically Markov Chain Monte Carlo, can address this issue with a reasonable amount of computational resources available today. As a demonstration, we apply this idea to the scalar field theory on a two-dimensional lattice, with a size that goes beyond what is achievable using exact diagonalization methods. This method can be used to estimate the resources needed for realistic quantum simulations of bosonic theories, and also, to check the validity of the results of the corresponding quantum simulations.
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Experimental sciences have come to depend heavily on our ability to organize, interpret and analyze high-dimensional datasets produced from observations of a large number of variables governed by natural processes. Natural laws, conservation principles, and dynamical structure introduce intricate inter-dependencies among these observed variables, which in turn yield geometric structure, with fewer degrees of freedom, on the dataset. We show how fine-scale features of this structure in data can be extracted from \emph{discrete} approximations to quantum mechanical processes given by data-driven graph Laplacians and localized wavepackets. This data-driven quantization procedure leads to a novel, yet natural uncertainty principle for data analysis induced by limited data. We illustrate the new approach with algorithms and several applications to real-world data, including the learning of patterns and anomalies in social distancing and mobility behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Hybrid quantum-classical systems make it possible to utilize existing quantum computers to their fullest extent. Within this framework, parameterized quantum circuits can be regarded as machine learning models with remarkable expressive power. This Review presents the components of these models and discusses their application to a variety of data-driven tasks, such as supervised learning and generative modeling. With an increasing number of experimental demonstrations carried out on actual quantum hardware and with software being actively developed, this rapidly growing field is poised to have a broad spectrum of real-world applications.
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