我们正在履行社会心理学和社会神经科学以及动态框架的经验结果可能是对更智能人工代理的发展的启发。我们特别争辩说，复杂的人类认知体系结构归功于其与其从事社会和文化学习的能力的大部分表现力。在第一部分，我们的目标是展示社会学习在智力的发展中发挥着关键作用。我们通过讨论社会和文化学习理论，并调查各种动物在别人学习的能力;我们还探讨了社会神经科学的调查结果，在社交互动和学习期间检查人类大脑。然后，我们讨论了三种拟议的研究线，该研究落在了社会神经之上，并且可以在复杂的环境中发展社会智能体现的特工。首先，认知建筑的神经科学理论，如全球工作空间理论和注意力模式理论，可以提高生物合理性，帮助我们了解我们如何弥合智力的个人和社会理论。其次，智能地发生在时间上，而不是随着时间的推移，这是通过动态提供的强大框架自然融入的。第三，已经证明了社会实施例，以提供虚拟代理与人类之间的社交互动，具有更复杂的一系列交流信号。为了得出结论，我们在多层机器人系统领域提供了一种新的视角，探讨了如何通过遵循上述三个轴来推进。

在流行媒体中，人造代理商的意识出现与同时实现人类或超人水平智力的那些相同的代理之间通常存在联系。在这项工作中，我们探讨了意识和智力之间这种看似直观的联系的有效性和潜在应用。我们通过研究与三种当代意识功能理论相关的认知能力：全球工作空间理论（GWT），信息生成理论（IGT）和注意力模式理论（AST）。我们发现，这三种理论都将有意识的功能专门与人类领域将军智力的某些方面联系起来。有了这个见解，我们转向人工智能领域（AI），发现尽管远未证明一般智能，但许多最先进的深度学习方法已经开始纳入三个功能的关键方面理论。确定了这一趋势后，我们以人类心理时间旅行的激励例子来提出方式，其中三种理论中每种理论的见解都可以合并为一个单一的统一和可实施的模型。鉴于三种功能理论中的每一种都可以通过认知能力来实现这一可能，因此，具有精神时间旅行的人造代理不仅具有比当前方法更大的一般智力，而且还与我们当前对意识功能作用的理解更加一致在人类中，这使其成为AI研究的有希望的近期目标。

Many theories, based on neuroscientific and psychological empirical evidence and on computational concepts, have been elaborated to explain the emergence of consciousness in the central nervous system. These theories propose key fundamental mechanisms to explain consciousness, but they only partially connect such mechanisms to the possible functional and adaptive role of consciousness. Recently, some cognitive and neuroscientific models try to solve this gap by linking consciousness to various aspects of goal-directed behaviour, the pivotal cognitive process that allows mammals to flexibly act in challenging environments. Here we propose the Representation Internal-Manipulation (RIM) theory of consciousness, a theory that links the main elements of consciousness theories to components and functions of goal-directed behaviour, ascribing a central role for consciousness to the goal-directed manipulation of internal representations. This manipulation relies on four specific computational operations to perform the flexible internal adaptation of all key elements of goal-directed computation, from the representations of objects to those of goals, actions, and plans. Finally, we propose the concept of `manipulation agency' relating the sense of agency to the internal manipulation of representations. This allows us to propose that the subjective experience of consciousness is associated to the human capacity to generate and control a simulated internal reality that is vividly perceived and felt through the same perceptual and emotional mechanisms used to tackle the external world.

Artificial life is a research field studying what processes and properties define life, based on a multidisciplinary approach spanning the physical, natural and computational sciences. Artificial life aims to foster a comprehensive study of life beyond "life as we know it" and towards "life as it could be", with theoretical, synthetic and empirical models of the fundamental properties of living systems. While still a relatively young field, artificial life has flourished as an environment for researchers with different backgrounds, welcoming ideas and contributions from a wide range of subjects. Hybrid Life is an attempt to bring attention to some of the most recent developments within the artificial life community, rooted in more traditional artificial life studies but looking at new challenges emerging from interactions with other fields. In particular, Hybrid Life focuses on three complementary themes: 1) theories of systems and agents, 2) hybrid augmentation, with augmented architectures combining living and artificial systems, and 3) hybrid interactions among artificial and biological systems. After discussing some of the major sources of inspiration for these themes, we will focus on an overview of the works that appeared in Hybrid Life special sessions, hosted by the annual Artificial Life Conference between 2018 and 2022.

最近围绕语言处理模型的复杂性的最新炒作使人们对机器获得了类似人类自然语言的指挥的乐观情绪。人工智能中自然语言理解的领域声称在这一领域取得了长足的进步，但是，在这方面和其他学科中使用“理解”的概念性清晰，使我们很难辨别我们实际上有多近的距离。目前的方法和剩余挑战的全面，跨学科的概述尚待进行。除了语言知识之外，这还需要考虑我们特定于物种的能力，以对，记忆，标签和传达我们（足够相似的）体现和位置经验。此外，测量实际约束需要严格分析当前模型的技术能力，以及对理论可能性和局限性的更深入的哲学反思。在本文中，我将所有这些观点（哲学，认知语言和技术）团结在一起，以揭开达到真实（人类般的）语言理解所涉及的挑战。通过解开当前方法固有的理论假设，我希望说明我们距离实现这一目标的实际程度，如果确实是目标。

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.

仅基于神经网络或符号计算的人工智能（AI）系统提出了代表性的复杂性挑战。虽然最小的表示可以产生行业或简单决策等行为输出，但更精细的内部表示可能会提供更丰富的行为。我们建议可以使用称为元模型的计算方法来解决这些问题。元模型是体现的混合模型，其中包括具有不同程度的表示复杂性的分层组件。我们将提出使用专门类型的模型组成的层组合。这种关系模仿了哺乳动物大脑的新皮质 - 丘脑系统关系，而不是使用通用黑匣子方法统一每个组件，它使用了前馈和反馈连接来促进功能通信。重要的是，可以在解剖学上显式建立层之间的关系。这允许可以以有趣的方式将结构特异性纳入模型的功能。我们将提出几种类型的层，这些层可能会在功能上集成到执行独特类型的任务的代理中，从同时执行形态发生和感知的代理到经历形态发生以及同时获得概念表示的代理。我们对元模型模型的方法涉及创建具有不同程度的代表性复杂性的模型，创建分层的元结构结构，模仿生物学大脑的结构和功能异质性，并具有足够灵活的输入/输出方法，以适应认知功能，社交互动，社交互动，社会互动，和自适应行为。我们将通过提出这种灵活和开源方法的开发中的下一步来得出结论。

在过去的几十年中，认知和情感神经科学的研究强调，情感对于人类的智力至关重要，实际上与认知密不可分。同时，对机器人和人造药物中的模拟和建模与情绪相关的过程的兴趣越来越大。在本意见论文中，我们的目标是提供情感建模中当前景观的快照，并展示神经科学如何帮助推动当前的最新技术。我们从研究三个领域的现有文献概述：情感计算，社会机器人技术和神经机构。简要地总结了关于自然情绪的当前知识状态，然后强调了人工情感中现有的建议如何与神经科学证据充分接触。最后，我们提供了一系列原则，以帮助指导未来的人工情感和智能机器的研究。总体而言，我们认为，机器人模型中与情绪相关的过程的更强整合对于未来智能机器中类似人类行为的设计至关重要。这种整合不仅会有助于发展能够解决现实世界问题的自主社会机器的发展，而且有助于促进对人情绪的理解。

Despite recent advances of AI research in many application-specific domains, we do not know how to build a human-level artificial intelligence (HLAI). We conjecture that learning from others' experience with the language is the essential characteristic that distinguishes human intelligence from the rest. Humans can update the action-value function with the verbal description as if they experience states, actions, and corresponding rewards sequences firsthand. In this paper, we present a classification of intelligence according to how individual agents learn and propose a definition and a test for HLAI. The main idea is that language acquisition without explicit rewards can be a sufficient test for HLAI.

2021年8月，圣达菲研究所举办了一个关于集体智力的研讨会，是智力项目基础的一部分。该项目旨在通过促进智能性质的跨学科研究来推进人工智能领域。该研讨会汇集了计算机科学家，生物学家，哲学家，社会科学家和其他人，以分享他们对多种代理人之间的互动产生的洞察力的见解 - 是否这些代理商是机器，动物或人类。在本报告中，我们总结了每个会谈和随后的讨论。我们还借出了许多关键主题，并确定未来研究的重要前沿。

建立一种人类综合人工认知系统，即人工综合情报（AGI），是人工智能（AI）领域的圣杯。此外，实现人工系统实现认知发展的计算模型将是脑和认知科学的优秀参考。本文介绍了一种通过集成元素认知模块来开发认知架构的方法，以实现整个模块的训练。这种方法是基于两个想法：（1）脑激发AI，学习人类脑建筑以构建人类级智能，（2）概率的生成模型（PGM）基础的认知系统，为发展机器人开发认知系统通过整合PGM。发展框架称为全大脑PGM（WB-PGM），其根本地不同于现有的认知架构，因为它可以通过基于感官电机信息的系统不断学习。在这项研究中，我们描述了WB-PGM的基本原理，基于PGM的元素认知模块的当前状态，与人类大脑的关系，对认知模块的整合的方法，以及未来的挑战。我们的研究结果可以作为大脑研究的参考。随着PGMS描述变量之间的明确信息关系，本说明书提供了从计算科学到脑科学的可解释指导。通过提供此类信息，神经科学的研究人员可以向AI和机器人提供的研究人员提供反馈，以及目前模型缺乏对大脑的影响。此外，它可以促进神经认知科学的研究人员以及AI和机器人的合作。

This white paper lays out a vision of research and development in the field of artificial intelligence for the next decade (and beyond). Its denouement is a cyber-physical ecosystem of natural and synthetic sense-making, in which humans are integral participants$\unicode{x2014}$what we call ''shared intelligence''. This vision is premised on active inference, a formulation of adaptive behavior that can be read as a physics of intelligence, and which inherits from the physics of self-organization. In this context, we understand intelligence as the capacity to accumulate evidence for a generative model of one's sensed world$\unicode{x2014}$also known as self-evidencing. Formally, this corresponds to maximizing (Bayesian) model evidence, via belief updating over several scales: i.e., inference, learning, and model selection. Operationally, this self-evidencing can be realized via (variational) message passing or belief propagation on a factor graph. Crucially, active inference foregrounds an existential imperative of intelligent systems; namely, curiosity or the resolution of uncertainty. This same imperative underwrites belief sharing in ensembles of agents, in which certain aspects (i.e., factors) of each agent's generative world model provide a common ground or frame of reference. Active inference plays a foundational role in this ecology of belief sharing$\unicode{x2014}$leading to a formal account of collective intelligence that rests on shared narratives and goals. We also consider the kinds of communication protocols that must be developed to enable such an ecosystem of intelligences and motivate the development of a shared hyper-spatial modeling language and transaction protocol, as a first$\unicode{x2014}$and key$\unicode{x2014}$step towards such an ecology.

Researchers across cognitive, neuro-, and computer sciences increasingly reference human-like artificial intelligence and neuroAI. However, the scope and use of the terms are often inconsistent. Contributed research ranges widely from mimicking behaviour, to testing machine learning methods as neurally plausible hypotheses at the cellular or functional levels, or solving engineering problems. However, it cannot be assumed nor expected that progress on one of these three goals will automatically translate to progress in others. Here a simple rubric is proposed to clarify the scope of individual contributions, grounded in their commitments to human-like behaviour, neural plausibility, or benchmark/engineering goals. This is clarified using examples of weak and strong neuroAI and human-like agents, and discussing the generative, corroborate, and corrective ways in which the three dimensions interact with one another. The author maintains that future progress in artificial intelligence will need strong interactions across the disciplines, with iterative feedback loops and meticulous validity tests, leading to both known and yet-unknown advances that may span decades to come.

Theory of Mind is an essential ability of humans to infer the mental states of others. Here we provide a coherent summary of the potential, current progress, and problems of deep learning approaches to Theory of Mind. We highlight that many current findings can be explained through shortcuts. These shortcuts arise because the tasks used to investigate Theory of Mind in deep learning systems have been too narrow. Thus, we encourage researchers to investigate Theory of Mind in complex open-ended environments. Furthermore, to inspire future deep learning systems we provide a concise overview of prior work done in humans. We further argue that when studying Theory of Mind with deep learning, the research's main focus and contribution ought to be opening up the network's representations. We recommend researchers use tools from the field of interpretability of AI to study the relationship between different network components and aspects of Theory of Mind.

即将开发我们呼叫所体现的系统的新一代越来越自主和自学习系统。在将这些系统部署到真实上下文中，我们面临各种工程挑战，因为它以有益的方式协调所体现的系统的行为至关重要，确保他们与我们以人为本的社会价值观的兼容性，并且设计可验证安全可靠的人类-Machine互动。我们正在争辩说，引发系统工程将来自嵌入到体现系统的温室，并确保动态联合的可信度，这种情况意识到的情境意识，意图，探索，探险，不断发展，主要是不可预测的，越来越自主的体现系统在不确定，复杂和不可预测的现实世界环境中。我们还识别了许多迫切性的系统挑战，包括可信赖的体现系统，包括强大而人为的AI，认知架构，不确定性量化，值得信赖的自融化以及持续的分析和保证。

人工智能（AI）的价值分配问题询问我们如何确保人造系统的“价值”（即，客观函数）与人类的价值一致。在本文中，我认为语言交流（自然语言）是稳健价值对齐的必要条件。我讨论了这一主张的真相对试图确保AI系统价值一致的研究计划所带来的后果；或者，更谨慎地设计强大的有益或道德人造代理。

This article presents a survey of literature in the area of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), specifically on systems containing more than two agents (i.e., having multiple humans and/or multiple robots). We identify three core aspects of ``Multi-agent" HRI systems that are useful for understanding how these systems differ from dyadic systems and from one another. These are the Team structure, Interaction style among agents, and the system's Computational characteristics. Under these core aspects, we present five attributes of HRI systems, namely Team size, Team composition, Interaction model, Communication modalities, and Robot control. These attributes are used to characterize and distinguish one system from another. We populate resulting categories with examples from recent literature along with a brief discussion of their applications and analyze how these attributes differ from the case of dyadic human-robot systems. We summarize key observations from the current literature, and identify challenges and promising areas for future research in this domain. In order to realize the vision of robots being part of the society and interacting seamlessly with humans, there is a need to expand research on multi-human -- multi-robot systems. Not only do these systems require coordination among several agents, they also involve multi-agent and indirect interactions which are absent from dyadic HRI systems. Adding multiple agents in HRI systems requires advanced interaction schemes, behavior understanding and control methods to allow natural interactions among humans and robots. In addition, research on human behavioral understanding in mixed human-robot teams also requires more attention. This will help formulate and implement effective robot control policies in HRI systems with large numbers of heterogeneous robots and humans; a team composition reflecting many real-world scenarios.

We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.

在本文中，我们在人工代理中介绍了活跃的自我的计算建模叙述。特别是，我们专注于代理人如何配备控制意识以及它在自主位于行动中的方式以及反过来，影响行动控制。我们认为这需要铺设一个体现的认知模型，将自下而上的过程（传感器学习和对控制的细粒度适应）与自上而下的过程（战略选择和决策的认知过程）。我们基于预测处理和自由能量最小化的原理提出了这种概念计算架构。使用此常规模型，我们描述了控制层次结构的级别的控制感以及如何支持在不可预测的环境中的动作控制。我们在模型的实施以及模拟任务场景中的第一评估，其中自主代理必须应对不可预测的情况并经历相应的控制感。我们探讨了不同的型号参数设置，导致不同方式结合低电平和高级动作控制。结果表明，在低/高级动作控制需求的情况下适当加权信息的重要性，并且他们证明了控制的感觉如何促进这一点。

There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.