Artificial life is a research field studying what processes and properties define life, based on a multidisciplinary approach spanning the physical, natural and computational sciences. Artificial life aims to foster a comprehensive study of life beyond "life as we know it" and towards "life as it could be", with theoretical, synthetic and empirical models of the fundamental properties of living systems. While still a relatively young field, artificial life has flourished as an environment for researchers with different backgrounds, welcoming ideas and contributions from a wide range of subjects. Hybrid Life is an attempt to bring attention to some of the most recent developments within the artificial life community, rooted in more traditional artificial life studies but looking at new challenges emerging from interactions with other fields. In particular, Hybrid Life focuses on three complementary themes: 1) theories of systems and agents, 2) hybrid augmentation, with augmented architectures combining living and artificial systems, and 3) hybrid interactions among artificial and biological systems. After discussing some of the major sources of inspiration for these themes, we will focus on an overview of the works that appeared in Hybrid Life special sessions, hosted by the annual Artificial Life Conference between 2018 and 2022.

Many theories, based on neuroscientific and psychological empirical evidence and on computational concepts, have been elaborated to explain the emergence of consciousness in the central nervous system. These theories propose key fundamental mechanisms to explain consciousness, but they only partially connect such mechanisms to the possible functional and adaptive role of consciousness. Recently, some cognitive and neuroscientific models try to solve this gap by linking consciousness to various aspects of goal-directed behaviour, the pivotal cognitive process that allows mammals to flexibly act in challenging environments. Here we propose the Representation Internal-Manipulation (RIM) theory of consciousness, a theory that links the main elements of consciousness theories to components and functions of goal-directed behaviour, ascribing a central role for consciousness to the goal-directed manipulation of internal representations. This manipulation relies on four specific computational operations to perform the flexible internal adaptation of all key elements of goal-directed computation, from the representations of objects to those of goals, actions, and plans. Finally, we propose the concept of `manipulation agency' relating the sense of agency to the internal manipulation of representations. This allows us to propose that the subjective experience of consciousness is associated to the human capacity to generate and control a simulated internal reality that is vividly perceived and felt through the same perceptual and emotional mechanisms used to tackle the external world.

最近围绕语言处理模型的复杂性的最新炒作使人们对机器获得了类似人类自然语言的指挥的乐观情绪。人工智能中自然语言理解的领域声称在这一领域取得了长足的进步，但是，在这方面和其他学科中使用“理解”的概念性清晰，使我们很难辨别我们实际上有多近的距离。目前的方法和剩余挑战的全面，跨学科的概述尚待进行。除了语言知识之外，这还需要考虑我们特定于物种的能力，以对，记忆，标签和传达我们（足够相似的）体现和位置经验。此外，测量实际约束需要严格分析当前模型的技术能力，以及对理论可能性和局限性的更深入的哲学反思。在本文中，我将所有这些观点（哲学，认知语言和技术）团结在一起，以揭开达到真实（人类般的）语言理解所涉及的挑战。通过解开当前方法固有的理论假设，我希望说明我们距离实现这一目标的实际程度，如果确实是目标。

在流行媒体中，人造代理商的意识出现与同时实现人类或超人水平智力的那些相同的代理之间通常存在联系。在这项工作中，我们探讨了意识和智力之间这种看似直观的联系的有效性和潜在应用。我们通过研究与三种当代意识功能理论相关的认知能力：全球工作空间理论（GWT），信息生成理论（IGT）和注意力模式理论（AST）。我们发现，这三种理论都将有意识的功能专门与人类领域将军智力的某些方面联系起来。有了这个见解，我们转向人工智能领域（AI），发现尽管远未证明一般智能，但许多最先进的深度学习方法已经开始纳入三个功能的关键方面理论。确定了这一趋势后，我们以人类心理时间旅行的激励例子来提出方式，其中三种理论中每种理论的见解都可以合并为一个单一的统一和可实施的模型。鉴于三种功能理论中的每一种都可以通过认知能力来实现这一可能，因此，具有精神时间旅行的人造代理不仅具有比当前方法更大的一般智力，而且还与我们当前对意识功能作用的理解更加一致在人类中，这使其成为AI研究的有希望的近期目标。

即将开发我们呼叫所体现的系统的新一代越来越自主和自学习系统。在将这些系统部署到真实上下文中，我们面临各种工程挑战，因为它以有益的方式协调所体现的系统的行为至关重要，确保他们与我们以人为本的社会价值观的兼容性，并且设计可验证安全可靠的人类-Machine互动。我们正在争辩说，引发系统工程将来自嵌入到体现系统的温室，并确保动态联合的可信度，这种情况意识到的情境意识，意图，探索，探险，不断发展，主要是不可预测的，越来越自主的体现系统在不确定，复杂和不可预测的现实世界环境中。我们还识别了许多迫切性的系统挑战，包括可信赖的体现系统，包括强大而人为的AI，认知架构，不确定性量化，值得信赖的自融化以及持续的分析和保证。

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.

我们正在履行社会心理学和社会神经科学以及动态框架的经验结果可能是对更智能人工代理的发展的启发。我们特别争辩说，复杂的人类认知体系结构归功于其与其从事社会和文化学习的能力的大部分表现力。在第一部分，我们的目标是展示社会学习在智力的发展中发挥着关键作用。我们通过讨论社会和文化学习理论，并调查各种动物在别人学习的能力;我们还探讨了社会神经科学的调查结果，在社交互动和学习期间检查人类大脑。然后，我们讨论了三种拟议的研究线，该研究落在了社会神经之上，并且可以在复杂的环境中发展社会智能体现的特工。首先，认知建筑的神经科学理论，如全球工作空间理论和注意力模式理论，可以提高生物合理性，帮助我们了解我们如何弥合智力的个人和社会理论。其次，智能地发生在时间上，而不是随着时间的推移，这是通过动态提供的强大框架自然融入的。第三，已经证明了社会实施例，以提供虚拟代理与人类之间的社交互动，具有更复杂的一系列交流信号。为了得出结论，我们在多层机器人系统领域提供了一种新的视角，探讨了如何通过遵循上述三个轴来推进。

This white paper lays out a vision of research and development in the field of artificial intelligence for the next decade (and beyond). Its denouement is a cyber-physical ecosystem of natural and synthetic sense-making, in which humans are integral participants$\unicode{x2014}$what we call ''shared intelligence''. This vision is premised on active inference, a formulation of adaptive behavior that can be read as a physics of intelligence, and which inherits from the physics of self-organization. In this context, we understand intelligence as the capacity to accumulate evidence for a generative model of one's sensed world$\unicode{x2014}$also known as self-evidencing. Formally, this corresponds to maximizing (Bayesian) model evidence, via belief updating over several scales: i.e., inference, learning, and model selection. Operationally, this self-evidencing can be realized via (variational) message passing or belief propagation on a factor graph. Crucially, active inference foregrounds an existential imperative of intelligent systems; namely, curiosity or the resolution of uncertainty. This same imperative underwrites belief sharing in ensembles of agents, in which certain aspects (i.e., factors) of each agent's generative world model provide a common ground or frame of reference. Active inference plays a foundational role in this ecology of belief sharing$\unicode{x2014}$leading to a formal account of collective intelligence that rests on shared narratives and goals. We also consider the kinds of communication protocols that must be developed to enable such an ecosystem of intelligences and motivate the development of a shared hyper-spatial modeling language and transaction protocol, as a first$\unicode{x2014}$and key$\unicode{x2014}$step towards such an ecology.

建立一种人类综合人工认知系统，即人工综合情报（AGI），是人工智能（AI）领域的圣杯。此外，实现人工系统实现认知发展的计算模型将是脑和认知科学的优秀参考。本文介绍了一种通过集成元素认知模块来开发认知架构的方法，以实现整个模块的训练。这种方法是基于两个想法：（1）脑激发AI，学习人类脑建筑以构建人类级智能，（2）概率的生成模型（PGM）基础的认知系统，为发展机器人开发认知系统通过整合PGM。发展框架称为全大脑PGM（WB-PGM），其根本地不同于现有的认知架构，因为它可以通过基于感官电机信息的系统不断学习。在这项研究中，我们描述了WB-PGM的基本原理，基于PGM的元素认知模块的当前状态，与人类大脑的关系，对认知模块的整合的方法，以及未来的挑战。我们的研究结果可以作为大脑研究的参考。随着PGMS描述变量之间的明确信息关系，本说明书提供了从计算科学到脑科学的可解释指导。通过提供此类信息，神经科学的研究人员可以向AI和机器人提供的研究人员提供反馈，以及目前模型缺乏对大脑的影响。此外，它可以促进神经认知科学的研究人员以及AI和机器人的合作。

The applicability of computational models to the biological world is an active topic of debate. We argue that a useful path forward results from abandoning hard boundaries between categories and adopting an observer-dependent, pragmatic view. Such a view dissolves the contingent dichotomies driven by human cognitive biases (e.g., tendency to oversimplify) and prior technological limitations in favor of a more continuous, gradualist view necessitated by the study of evolution, developmental biology, and intelligent machines. Efforts to re-shape living systems for biomedical or bioengineering purposes require prediction and control of their function at multiple scales. This is challenging for many reasons, one of which is that living systems perform multiple functions in the same place at the same time. We refer to this as "polycomputing" - the ability of the same substrate to simultaneously compute different things. This ability is an important way in which living things are a kind of computer, but not the familiar, linear, deterministic kind; rather, living things are computers in the broad sense of computational materials as reported in the rapidly-growing physical computing literature. We argue that an observer-centered framework for the computations performed by evolved and designed systems will improve the understanding of meso-scale events, as it has already done at quantum and relativistic scales. Here, we review examples of biological and technological polycomputing, and develop the idea that overloading of different functions on the same hardware is an important design principle that helps understand and build both evolved and designed systems. Learning to hack existing polycomputing substrates, as well as evolve and design new ones, will have massive impacts on regenerative medicine, robotics, and computer engineering.

Researchers across cognitive, neuro-, and computer sciences increasingly reference human-like artificial intelligence and neuroAI. However, the scope and use of the terms are often inconsistent. Contributed research ranges widely from mimicking behaviour, to testing machine learning methods as neurally plausible hypotheses at the cellular or functional levels, or solving engineering problems. However, it cannot be assumed nor expected that progress on one of these three goals will automatically translate to progress in others. Here a simple rubric is proposed to clarify the scope of individual contributions, grounded in their commitments to human-like behaviour, neural plausibility, or benchmark/engineering goals. This is clarified using examples of weak and strong neuroAI and human-like agents, and discussing the generative, corroborate, and corrective ways in which the three dimensions interact with one another. The author maintains that future progress in artificial intelligence will need strong interactions across the disciplines, with iterative feedback loops and meticulous validity tests, leading to both known and yet-unknown advances that may span decades to come.

MetaVerse，巨大的虚拟物理网络空间，为艺术家带来了前所未有的机会，将我们的身体环境的每个角落与数字创造力混合。本文对计算艺术进行了全面的调查，其中七个关键主题与成权相关，描述了混合虚拟物理现实中的新颖艺术品。主题首先涵盖了MetaVerse的建筑元素，例如虚拟场景和字符，听觉，文本元素。接下来，已经反映了诸如沉浸式艺术，机器人艺术和其他用户以其他用户的方法提供了沉浸式艺术，机器人艺术和其他用户中心的若干非凡类型的新颖创作。最后，我们提出了几项研究议程：民主化的计算艺术，数字隐私和搬迁艺术家的安全性，为数字艺术品，技术挑战等等的所有权认可。该调查还担任艺术家和搬迁技术人员的介绍材料，以开始在超现实主义网络空间领域创造。

在本文中，我们在人工代理中介绍了活跃的自我的计算建模叙述。特别是，我们专注于代理人如何配备控制意识以及它在自主位于行动中的方式以及反过来，影响行动控制。我们认为这需要铺设一个体现的认知模型，将自下而上的过程（传感器学习和对控制的细粒度适应）与自上而下的过程（战略选择和决策的认知过程）。我们基于预测处理和自由能量最小化的原理提出了这种概念计算架构。使用此常规模型，我们描述了控制层次结构的级别的控制感以及如何支持在不可预测的环境中的动作控制。我们在模型的实施以及模拟任务场景中的第一评估，其中自主代理必须应对不可预测的情况并经历相应的控制感。我们探讨了不同的型号参数设置，导致不同方式结合低电平和高级动作控制。结果表明，在低/高级动作控制需求的情况下适当加权信息的重要性，并且他们证明了控制的感觉如何促进这一点。

There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.

科学和工程学的进步通常揭示了最初用于理解，预测和控制现象的经典方法的局限性。随着进步，通常必须重新评估概念类别，以更好地跟踪最近在学科中发现的不变性。完善框架并解决学科之间的界限是至关重要的，以便它们更好地促进而不是限制实验方法和能力。在本文中，我们讨论了发育生物学，计算机科学和机器人技术的交集问题。在生物机器人的背景下，我们探索了概念，信息和生命科学的最新进展所驱动的概念和以前不同领域的变化。本文中，每个作者都提供了自己对该主题的看法，并由他们自己的纪律培训构成。我们认为，与计算一样，发育生物学和机器人技术的某些方面与特定材料无关。相反，这些领域的一致性可以帮助阐明多尺度控制，自组装以及形式与功能之间的关系。我们希望由于克服技术局限性而引起的界限，可以出现新的领域，从而将实际应用从再生医学到有用的合成生命机器。

当代机器人主义者的主要目标之一是使智能移动机器人能够在共享的人类机器人环境中平稳运行。为此目标服务的最基本必要的功能之一是在这种“社会”背景下有效的导航。结果，最近的一般社会导航的研究激增，尤其是如何处理社会导航代理之间的冲突。这些贡献介绍了各种模型，算法和评估指标，但是由于该研究领域本质上是跨学科的，因此许多相关论文是不可比较的，并且没有共同的标准词汇。这项调查的主要目标是通过引入这种通用语言，使用它来调查现有工作并突出开放问题来弥合这一差距。它首先定义社会导航的冲突，并提供其组成部分的详细分类学。然后，这项调查将现有工作映射到了本分类法中，同时使用其框架讨论论文。最后，本文提出了一些未来的研究方向和开放问题，这些方向目前正在社会导航的边界，以帮助集中于正在进行的和未来的研究。

讨论了与科学，工程，建筑和人为因素相关的月球表面上的运输设施问题。未来十年制造的后勤决策可能对财务成功至关重要。除了概述一些问题及其与数学和计算的关系外，本文还为决策者，科学家和工程师提供了有用的资源。

预测性编码提供了对皮质功能的潜在统一说明 - 假设大脑的核心功能是最小化有关世界生成模型的预测错误。该理论与贝叶斯大脑框架密切相关，在过去的二十年中，在理论和认知神经科学领域都产生了重大影响。基于经验测试的预测编码的改进和扩展的理论和数学模型，以及评估其在大脑中实施的潜在生物学合理性以及该理论所做的具体神经生理学和心理学预测。尽管存在这种持久的知名度，但仍未对预测编码理论，尤其是该领域的最新发展进行全面回顾。在这里，我们提供了核心数学结构和预测编码的逻辑的全面综述，从而补充了文献中最新的教程。我们还回顾了该框架中的各种经典和最新工作，从可以实施预测性编码的神经生物学现实的微电路到预测性编码和广泛使用的错误算法的重新传播之间的紧密关系，以及对近距离的调查。预测性编码和现代机器学习技术之间的关系。

最近的自主代理和机器人的应用，如自动驾驶汽车，情景的培训师，勘探机器人和服务机器人带来了关注与当前生成人工智能（AI）系统相关的至关重要的信任相关挑战。尽管取得了巨大的成功，基于连接主义深度学习神经网络方法的神经网络方法缺乏解释他们对他人的决策和行动的能力。没有符号解释能力，它们是黑色盒子，这使得他们的决定或行动不透明，这使得难以信任它们在安全关键的应用中。最近对AI系统解释性的立场目睹了可解释的人工智能（XAI）的几种方法;然而，大多数研究都专注于应用于计算科学中的数据驱动的XAI系统。解决越来越普遍的目标驱动器和机器人的研究仍然缺失。本文评论了可解释的目标驱动智能代理和机器人的方法，重点是解释和沟通代理人感知功能的技术（示例，感官和愿景）和认知推理（例如，信仰，欲望，意图，计划和目标）循环中的人类。审查强调了强调透明度，可辨与和持续学习以获得解释性的关键策略。最后，本文提出了解释性的要求，并提出了用于实现有效目标驱动可解释的代理和机器人的路线图。

大型语言模型（LLMS）具有变革性。它们是预先训练的基础模型，可以通过微调来适应许多不同的自然语言任务，以前每个任务都需要单独的网络模型。这是接近人类语言的非凡多功能性的一步。 GPT-3和最近的LAMDA可以与人类进行对话，并在最少的启动之后与许多例子进行许多主题。但是，关于这些LLM是否了解他们在说什么或表现出智力迹象的反应。在与LLM的三次访谈中得出截然不同的结论中，这种较高的差异显示出来。发现了一种新的可能性，可以解释这种分歧。实际上，LLM中似乎是智慧的是反映面试官智力的镜子，这是一个显着的转折，可以被视为反向图灵测试。如果是这样，那么通过研究访谈，我们可能会更多地了解面试官的智力和信念，而不是LLM的智能。