群体模棱两可(例如,SE(3)均衡性)是科学的关键物理对称性,从经典和量子物理学到计算生物学。它可以在任意参考转换下实现强大而准确的预测。鉴于此,已经为将这种对称性编码为深神经网络而做出了巨大的努力,该网络已被证明可以提高下游任务的概括性能和数据效率。构建模棱两可的神经网络通常会带来高计算成本以确保表现力。因此,如何更好地折衷表现力和计算效率在模棱两可的深度学习模型的设计中起着核心作用。在本文中,我们提出了一个框架来构建可以有效地近似几何量的se(3)等效图神经网络。受差异几何形状和物理学的启发,我们向图形神经网络介绍了局部完整帧,因此可以将以给定订单的张量信息投射到框架上。构建本地框架以形成正常基础,以避免方向变性并确保完整性。由于框架仅是由跨产品操作构建的,因此我们的方法在计算上是有效的。我们在两个任务上评估我们的方法:牛顿力学建模和平衡分子构象的产生。广泛的实验结果表明,我们的模型在两种类型的数据集中达到了最佳或竞争性能。
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包括协调性信息,例如位置,力,速度或旋转在计算物理和化学中的许多任务中是重要的。我们介绍了概括了等级图形网络的可控e(3)的等值图形神经网络(Segnns),使得节点和边缘属性不限于不变的标量,而是可以包含相协同信息,例如矢量或张量。该模型由可操纵的MLP组成,能够在消息和更新功能中包含几何和物理信息。通过可操纵节点属性的定义,MLP提供了一种新的Activation函数,以便与可转向功能字段一般使用。我们讨论我们的镜头通过等级的非线性卷曲镜头讨论我们的相关工作,进一步允许我们引脚点点的成功组件:非线性消息聚集在经典线性(可操纵)点卷积上改善;可操纵的消息在最近发送不变性消息的最近的等价图形网络上。我们展示了我们对计算物理学和化学的若干任务的方法的有效性,并提供了广泛的消融研究。
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建模分子势能表面在科学中至关重要。图神经网络在该领域表现出了巨大的成功,尤其是那些使用旋转等级表示的人。但是,他们要么患有复杂的数学形式,要么缺乏理论支持和设计原则。为了避免使用模棱两可的表示,我们引入了一种新型的本地框架方法来分子表示学习并分析其表现力。借助框架上的框架和模棱两可的向量的投影,GNN可以将原子的局部环境映射到标量表示。也可以在框架上投影在本地环境中传递消息。我们进一步分析了何时以及如何构建此类本地框架。我们证明,当局部环境没有对称性时,局部框架总是存在的,就像分子动力学模拟中一样。对于对称分子,尽管只能构建退化框架,但我们发现,由于自由度降低,在某些常见情况下,局部框架方法仍可能达到高表达能力。仅使用标量表示,我们可以采用现有的简单和强大的GNN体系结构。我们的模型在实验中的表现优于一系列最先进的基线。更简单的体系结构也可以提高更高的可扩展性。与最快的基线相比,我们的模型仅需30%的推理时间。
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分子模拟的粗粒度(CG)通过将选定的原子分组为伪珠并大幅加速模拟来简化粒子的表示。但是,这种CG程序会导致信息损失,从而使准确的背景映射,即从CG坐标恢复细粒度(FG)坐标,这是一个长期存在的挑战。受生成模型和e象网络的最新进展的启发,我们提出了一个新型模型,该模型严格嵌入了背态转换的重要概率性质和几何一致性要求。我们的模型将FG的不确定性编码为不变的潜在空间,并通过Equivariant卷积将其解码为FG几何形状。为了标准化该领域的评估,我们根据分子动力学轨迹提供了三个综合基准。实验表明,我们的方法始终恢复更现实的结构,并以显着的边距胜过现有的数据驱动方法。
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The field of geometric deep learning has had a profound impact on the development of innovative and powerful graph neural network architectures. Disciplines such as computer vision and computational biology have benefited significantly from such methodological advances, which has led to breakthroughs in scientific domains such as protein structure prediction and design. In this work, we introduce GCPNet, a new geometry-complete, SE(3)-equivariant graph neural network designed for 3D graph representation learning. We demonstrate the state-of-the-art utility and expressiveness of our method on six independent datasets designed for three distinct geometric tasks: protein-ligand binding affinity prediction, protein structure ranking, and Newtonian many-body systems modeling. Our results suggest that GCPNet is a powerful, general method for capturing complex geometric and physical interactions within 3D graphs for downstream prediction tasks. The source code, data, and instructions to train new models or reproduce our results are freely available on GitHub.
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模棱两可的神经网络,其隐藏的特征根据G组作用于数据的表示,表现出训练效率和提高的概括性能。在这项工作中,我们将群体不变和模棱两可的表示学习扩展到无监督的深度学习领域。我们根据编码器框架提出了一种通用学习策略,其中潜在表示以不变的术语和模棱两可的组动作组件分开。关键的想法是,网络学会通过学习预测适当的小组操作来对齐输入和输出姿势以解决重建任务的适当组动作来编码和从组不变表示形式进行编码和解码数据。我们在Equivariant编码器上得出必要的条件,并提出了对任何G(离散且连续的)有效的构造。我们明确描述了我们的旋转,翻译和排列的构造。我们在采用不同网络体系结构的各种数据类型的各种实验中测试了方法的有效性和鲁棒性。
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Graph neural networks have recently achieved great successes in predicting quantum mechanical properties of molecules. These models represent a molecule as a graph using only the distance between atoms (nodes). They do not, however, consider the spatial direction from one atom to another, despite directional information playing a central role in empirical potentials for molecules, e.g. in angular potentials. To alleviate this limitation we propose directional message passing, in which we embed the messages passed between atoms instead of the atoms themselves. Each message is associated with a direction in coordinate space. These directional message embeddings are rotationally equivariant since the associated directions rotate with the molecule. We propose a message passing scheme analogous to belief propagation, which uses the directional information by transforming messages based on the angle between them. Additionally, we use spherical Bessel functions and spherical harmonics to construct theoretically well-founded, orthogonal representations that achieve better performance than the currently prevalent Gaussian radial basis representations while using fewer than 1 /4 of the parameters. We leverage these innovations to construct the directional message passing neural network (DimeNet). DimeNet outperforms previous GNNs on average by 76 % on MD17 and by 31 % on QM9. Our implementation is available online. 1
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有效地预测分子相互作用具有通过多个数量级的加速分子动力学的可能性,从而彻底改变化学模拟。图表神经网络(GNNS)最近显示了这项任务的巨大成功,超越了基于固定分子核的经典方法。然而,它们仍然从理论角度出现非常有限,因为常规GNN不能区分某些类型的图表。在这项工作中,我们在理论和实践之间缩小了这种差距。我们表明,具有指示边缘嵌入和两个跳消息传递的GNN是必然的近似器,用于翻译的预测,并且等于排列和旋转。然后,我们利用这些见解和多种结构改进来提出通过神经网络(GemNet)的几何消息。我们展示了拟议的多次消融研究变化的好处。 GEMNET在Coll,MD17和OC20数据集上优于34%,41%和20%的先前模型,并在最具挑战性分子上表现尤其好。我们的实现可在线获取。
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3D相关的电感偏见,例如翻译不变性和旋转率偏差,对于在3D原子图(例如分子)上运行的图形神经网络是必不可少的。受到变压器在各个领域的成功的启发,我们研究了如何将这些电感偏置纳入变压器。在本文中,我们提出了Equibrouner,这是一个图形神经网络,利用了变压器体系结构的强度,并结合了基于不可减至表示(IRREPS)的$ SE(3)/e(3)$ - 均值功能。 IRREPS在通道尺寸中的编码均值信息而不使图形结构复杂化。简单性使我们能够通过用eproimiant对应物替换原始操作来直接合并它们。此外,为了更好地适应3D图,我们提出了一种新颖的模棱两可的图形注意力,该图都考虑了内容和几何信息,例如IRRERPS特征中包含的相对位置。为了提高注意力的表现力,我们用多层感知器的注意力取代了点产品的注意力,并包括非线性消息传递。我们在两个量子性能预测数据集(QM9和OC20)上进行基准测试。对于QM9,在接受相同数据分区训练的模型中,Equibourer在12个回归任务中的11个中取得了最佳结果。对于OC20,在使用IS2RE数据和IS2RS数据的培训设置下,Equibourer对最先进的模型进行了改进。复制所有主要结果的代码将很快获得。
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Molecular dynamics (MD) has long been the de facto choice for simulating complex atomistic systems from first principles. Recently deep learning models become a popular way to accelerate MD. Notwithstanding, existing models depend on intermediate variables such as the potential energy or force fields to update atomic positions, which requires additional computations to perform back-propagation. To waive this requirement, we propose a novel model called DiffMD by directly estimating the gradient of the log density of molecular conformations. DiffMD relies on a score-based denoising diffusion generative model that perturbs the molecular structure with a conditional noise depending on atomic accelerations and treats conformations at previous timeframes as the prior distribution for sampling. Another challenge of modeling such a conformation generation process is that a molecule is kinetic instead of static, which no prior works have strictly studied. To solve this challenge, we propose an equivariant geometric Transformer as the score function in the diffusion process to calculate corresponding gradients. It incorporates the directions and velocities of atomic motions via 3D spherical Fourier-Bessel representations. With multiple architectural improvements, we outperform state-of-the-art baselines on MD17 and isomers of C7O2H10 datasets. This work contributes to accelerating material and drug discovery.
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近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题,它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用,专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习,讨论最近的扩展,并概述算法的连接(置换 - )方面的神经结构。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激进一步的研究。
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许多现实世界数据可以建模为3D图,但是完全有效地包含3D信息的学习表示形式具有挑战性。现有方法要么使用部分3D信息,要么遭受过多的计算成本。为了完全有效地合并3D信息,我们提出了一个新的消息传递方案,该方案在1跳社区内运行。我们的方法通过实现全球和本地完整性来确保有关3D图的3D信息的完整性。值得注意的是,我们提出了重要的旋转角度来实现全球完整性。此外,我们证明我们的方法比先前的方法快。我们为我们的方法提供了严格的完整性证明和时间复杂性的分析。由于分子本质上是量子系统,我们通过梳理量子启发的基础函数和提出的消息传递方案来构建\下划线{com} plete {com} plete {com} plete {com} plete {e}。实验结果证明了COMENET的能力和效率,尤其是在数量和尺寸大小的现实数据集上。我们的代码作为DIG库的一部分公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/divelab/dig})。
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Within the glassy liquids community, the use of Machine Learning (ML) to model particles' static structure in order to predict their future dynamics is currently a hot topic. The actual state of the art consists in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) (Bapst 2020) which, beside having a great expressive power, are heavy models with numerous parameters and lack interpretability. Inspired by recent advances (Thomas 2018), we build a GNN that learns a robust representation of the glass' static structure by constraining it to preserve the roto-translation (SE(3)) equivariance. We show that this constraint not only significantly improves the predictive power but also allows to reduce the number of parameters while improving the interpretability. Furthermore, we relate our learned equivariant features to well-known invariant expert features, which are easily expressible with a single layer of our network.
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Steerable convolutional neural networks (CNNs) provide a general framework for building neural networks equivariant to translations and other transformations belonging to an origin-preserving group $G$, such as reflections and rotations. They rely on standard convolutions with $G$-steerable kernels obtained by analytically solving the group-specific equivariance constraint imposed onto the kernel space. As the solution is tailored to a particular group $G$, the implementation of a kernel basis does not generalize to other symmetry transformations, which complicates the development of group equivariant models. We propose using implicit neural representation via multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) to parameterize $G$-steerable kernels. The resulting framework offers a simple and flexible way to implement Steerable CNNs and generalizes to any group $G$ for which a $G$-equivariant MLP can be built. We apply our method to point cloud (ModelNet-40) and molecular data (QM9) and demonstrate a significant improvement in performance compared to standard Steerable CNNs.
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没有标签的预处理分子表示模型是各种应用的基础。常规方法主要是处理2D分子图,并仅专注于2D任务,使其预验证的模型无法表征3D几何形状,因此对于下游3D任务有缺陷。在这项工作中,我们从完整而新颖的意义上处理了3D分子预处理。特别是,我们首先提议采用基于能量的模型作为预处理的骨干,该模型具有实现3D空间对称性的优点。然后,我们为力预测开发了节点级预处理损失,在此过程中,我们进一步利用了Riemann-Gaussian分布,以确保损失为E(3) - 不变,从而实现了更多的稳健性。此外,还利用了图形噪声量表预测任务,以进一步促进最终的性能。我们评估了从两个具有挑战性的3D基准:MD17和QM9的大规模3D数据集GEOM-QM9预测的模型。实验结果支持我们方法对当前最新预处理方法的更好疗效,并验证我们设计的有效性。
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在计算化学和材料科学中,创建快速准确的力场是一项长期挑战。最近,已经证明,几个直径传递神经网络(MPNN)超过了使用其他方法在准确性方面构建的模型。但是,大多数MPNN的计算成本高和可伸缩性差。我们建议出现这些局限性,因为MPNN仅传递两体消息,从而导致层数与网络的表达性之间的直接关系。在这项工作中,我们介绍了MACE,这是一种使用更高的车身订单消息的新型MPNN模型。特别是,我们表明,使用四体消息将所需的消息传递迭代数减少到\ emph {两},从而导致快速且高度可行的模型,达到或超过RMD17的最新准确性,3BPA和ACAC基准任务。我们还证明,使用高阶消息会导致学习曲线的陡峭程度改善。
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Molecular conformation generation aims to generate three-dimensional coordinates of all the atoms in a molecule and is an important task in bioinformatics and pharmacology. Previous methods usually first predict the interatomic distances, the gradients of interatomic distances or the local structures (e.g., torsion angles) of a molecule, and then reconstruct its 3D conformation. How to directly generate the conformation without the above intermediate values is not fully explored. In this work, we propose a method that directly predicts the coordinates of atoms: (1) the loss function is invariant to roto-translation of coordinates and permutation of symmetric atoms; (2) the newly proposed model adaptively aggregates the bond and atom information and iteratively refines the coordinates of the generated conformation. Our method achieves the best results on GEOM-QM9 and GEOM-Drugs datasets. Further analysis shows that our generated conformations have closer properties (e.g., HOMO-LUMO gap) with the groundtruth conformations. In addition, our method improves molecular docking by providing better initial conformations. All the results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and the great potential of the direct approach. The code is released at https://github.com/DirectMolecularConfGen/DMCG
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Modelling interactions is critical in learning complex dynamical systems, namely systems of interacting objects with highly non-linear and time-dependent behaviour. A large class of such systems can be formalized as $\textit{geometric graphs}$, $\textit{i.e.}$, graphs with nodes positioned in the Euclidean space given an $\textit{arbitrarily}$ chosen global coordinate system, for instance vehicles in a traffic scene. Notwithstanding the arbitrary global coordinate system, the governing dynamics of the respective dynamical systems are invariant to rotations and translations, also known as $\textit{Galilean invariance}$. As ignoring these invariances leads to worse generalization, in this work we propose local coordinate frames per node-object to induce roto-translation invariance to the geometric graph of the interacting dynamical system. Further, the local coordinate frames allow for a natural definition of anisotropic filtering in graph neural networks. Experiments in traffic scenes, 3D motion capture, and colliding particles demonstrate that the proposed approach comfortably outperforms the recent state-of-the-art.
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这项工作介绍了神经性等因素的外部潜力(NEQUIP),E(3) - 用于学习分子动力学模拟的AB-INITIO计算的用于学习网状体电位的e(3)的神经网络方法。虽然大多数当代对称的模型使用不变的卷曲,但仅在标量上采取行动,Nequip采用E(3) - 几何张量的相互作用,举起Quivariant卷曲,导致了更多的信息丰富和忠实的原子环境代表。该方法在挑战和多样化的分子和材料集中实现了最先进的准确性,同时表现出显着的数据效率。 Nequip优先于现有型号,最多三个数量级的培训数据,挑战深度神经网络需要大量培训套装。该方法的高数据效率允许使用高阶量子化学水平的理论作为参考的精确潜力构建,并且在长时间尺度上实现高保真分子动力学模拟。
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本文介绍了欧几里德对称的生成模型:E(n)等分反的归一化流量(E-NFS)。为了构建E-NFS,我们采用鉴别性E(n)图神经网络,并将它们集成为微分方程,以获得可逆的等式功能:连续时间归一化流量。我们展示了E-NFS在诸如DW4和LJ13的粒子系统中的文献中的基础和现有方法,以及QM9的分子在对数似然方面。据我们所知,这是第一次流动,共同生成3D中的分子特征和位置。
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