在狭窄的空间中,基于传统层次自治系统的运动计划可能会导致映射,定位和控制噪声引起碰撞。此外,当无映射时,它将被禁用。为了解决这些问题,我们利用深厚的加强学习,可以证明可以有效地进行自我决策,从而在狭窄的空间中自探索而无需地图,同时避免碰撞。具体而言,基于我们的Ackermann-Steering矩形Zebrat机器人及其凉亭模拟器,我们建议矩形安全区域来表示状态并检测矩形形状的机器人的碰撞,以及无需精心制作的奖励功能,不需要增强功能。目的地信息。然后,我们在模拟的狭窄轨道中基准了五种增强学习算法,包括DDPG,DQN,SAC,PPO和PPO-DISCRETE。经过训练,良好的DDPG和DQN型号可以转移到三个全新的模拟轨道上,然后转移到三个现实世界中。
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在本文中,我们研究了DRL算法在本地导航问题的应用,其中机器人仅配备有限​​量距离的外部感受传感器(例如LIDAR),在未知和混乱的工作区中朝着目标位置移动。基于DRL的碰撞避免政策具有一些优势,但是一旦他们学习合适的动作的能力仅限于传感器范围,它们就非常容易受到本地最小值的影响。由于大多数机器人在非结构化环境中执行任务,因此寻求能够避免本地最小值的广义本地导航政策,尤其是在未经训练的情况下,这是非常兴趣的。为此,我们提出了一种新颖的奖励功能,该功能结合了在训练阶段获得的地图信息,从而提高了代理商故意最佳行动方案的能力。另外,我们使用SAC算法来训练我们的ANN,这表明在最先进的文献中比其他人更有效。一组SIM到SIM和SIM到现实的实验表明,我们提出的奖励与SAC相结合的表现优于比较局部最小值和避免碰撞的方法。
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小型无人驾驶飞机的障碍避免对于未来城市空袭(UAM)和无人机系统(UAS)交通管理(UTM)的安全性至关重要。有许多技术用于实时强大的无人机指导,但其中许多在离散的空域和控制中解决,这将需要额外的路径平滑步骤来为UA提供灵活的命令。为提供无人驾驶飞机的操作安全有效的计算指导,我们探讨了基于近端政策优化(PPO)的深增强学习算法的使用,以指导自主UA到其目的地,同时通过连续控制避免障碍物。所提出的场景状态表示和奖励功能可以将连续状态空间映射到连续控制,以便进行标题角度和速度。为了验证所提出的学习框架的性能,我们用静态和移动障碍进行了数值实验。详细研究了与环境和安全操作界限的不确定性。结果表明,该拟议的模型可以提供准确且强大的指导,并解决了99%以上的成功率的冲突。
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这项工作调查了基于课程学习(CL)对代理商的绩效的影响。特别是,我们专注于机器人毛美导航的安全方面,比较标准端到端(E2E)培训策略。为此,我们提出了一种方法,即利用学习(tol)和微调在基于团结的模拟中的微调,以及Robotnik Kairos作为机器人代理。对于公平的比较,我们的评估考虑了对每个学习方法的同等计算需求(即,相同的相互作用和环境的难度数),并确认我们基于CL的方法使用TOL优于E2E方法。特别是,我们提高了培训的政策的平均成功率和安全,导致看不见的测试方案中的碰撞减少了10%。为了进一步确认这些结果,我们采用正式的验证工具来量化加强学习政策的正确行为数量超过所需规范。
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多机器人导航是一项具有挑战性的任务,其中必须在动态环境中同时协调多个机器人。我们应用深入的加固学习(DRL)来学习分散的端到端策略,该政策将原始传感器数据映射到代理的命令速度。为了使政策概括,培训是在不同的环境和场景中进行的。在常见的多机器人场景中测试和评估了学识渊博的政策,例如切换一个地方,交叉路口和瓶颈情况。此策略使代理可以从死端恢复并浏览复杂的环境。
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With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.
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Development of navigation algorithms is essential for the successful deployment of robots in rapidly changing hazardous environments for which prior knowledge of configuration is often limited or unavailable. Use of traditional path-planning algorithms, which are based on localization and require detailed obstacle maps with goal locations, is not possible. In this regard, vision-based algorithms hold great promise, as visual information can be readily acquired by a robot's onboard sensors and provides a much richer source of information from which deep neural networks can extract complex patterns. Deep reinforcement learning has been used to achieve vision-based robot navigation. However, the efficacy of these algorithms in environments with dynamic obstacles and high variation in the configuration space has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we employ a deep Dyna-Q learning algorithm for room evacuation and obstacle avoidance in partially observable environments based on low-resolution raw image data from an onboard camera. We explore the performance of a robotic agent in environments containing no obstacles, convex obstacles, and concave obstacles, both static and dynamic. Obstacles and the exit are initialized in random positions at the start of each episode of reinforcement learning. Overall, we show that our algorithm and training approach can generalize learning for collision-free evacuation of environments with complex obstacle configurations. It is evident that the agent can navigate to a goal location while avoiding multiple static and dynamic obstacles, and can escape from a concave obstacle while searching for and navigating to the exit.
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本文研究了如何改善接受深入增强学习训练的导航剂的概括性能和学习速度(DRL)。尽管DRL在无机MAP导航中表现出巨大的潜力,但在训练场景中表现良好的DRL代理在不熟悉的情况下经常表现不佳。在这项工作中,我们建议LIDAR读数的表示是代理商效果退化的关键因素,并提出了一种强大的输入预处理(IP)方法来解决此问题。由于这种方法使用适应性的参数倒数函数来预处理激光雷达读数,因此我们将此方法称为IPAPREC及其归一化版本为IPAPRECN。 IPAPREC/IPAPRECN可以突出显示重要的短距离值,并压缩激光扫描中较重要的长距离值的范围,该值很好地解决了由激光扫描的常规表示引起的问题。通过广泛的模拟和现实世界实验来验证它们的高性能。结果表明,与常规方法相比,我们的方法可以大大改善导航剂的概括性能,并大大减少训练时间。
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在过去的几十年中,多机构增强学习(MARL)一直在学术界和行业受到广泛关注。 MAL中的基本问题之一是如何全面评估不同的方法。在视频游戏或简单的模拟场景中评估了大多数现有的MAL方法。这些方法在实际情况下,尤其是多机器人系统中的性能仍然未知。本文介绍了一个可扩展的仿真平台,用于多机器人增强学习(MRRL),称为SMART,以满足这一需求。确切地说,智能由两个组成部分组成:1)一个模拟环境,该环境为培训提供了各种复杂的交互场景,以及2)现实世界中的多机器人系统,用于现实的性能评估。此外,SMART提供了代理环境API,这些API是算法实现的插件。为了说明我们平台的实用性,我们就合作驾驶车道变更方案进行了案例研究。在案例研究的基础上,我们总结了MRRL的一些独特挑战,这些挑战很少被考虑。最后,我们为鼓励和增强MRRL研究的仿真环境,相关的基准任务和最先进的基线开放。
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由于涉及的复杂动态和多标准优化,控制非静态双模型机器人具有挑战性。最近的作品已经证明了深度加强学习(DRL)的仿真和物理机器人的有效性。在这些方法中,通常总共总共汇总来自不同标准的奖励以学习单个值函数。但是,这可能导致混合奖励之间的依赖信息丢失并导致次优策略。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的奖励自适应加强学习,用于Biped运动,允许控制策略通过使用动态机制通过多标准同时优化。该方法应用多重批评,为每个奖励组件学习单独的值函数。这导致混合政策梯度。我们进一步提出了动态权重,允许每个组件以不同的优先级优化策略。这种混合动态和动态策略梯度(HDPG)设计使代理商更有效地学习。我们表明所提出的方法优于总结奖励方法,能够转移到物理机器人。 SIM-to-Real和Mujoco结果进一步证明了HDPG的有效性和泛化。
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尽管数十年的努力,但在真正的情景中的机器人导航具有波动性,不确定性,复杂性和歧义(vuca短暂),仍然是一个具有挑战性的话题。受到中枢神经系统(CNS)的启发,我们提出了一个在Vuca环境中的自主导航的分层多专家学习框架。通过考虑目标位置,路径成本和安全水平的启发式探索机制,上层执行同时映射探索和路线规划,以避免陷入盲巷,类似于CNS中的大脑。使用本地自适应模型融合多种差异策略,下层追求碰撞 - 避免和直接策略之间的平衡,作为CNS中的小脑。我们在多个平台上进行仿真和实际实验,包括腿部和轮式机器人。实验结果表明我们的算法在任务成就,时间效率和安全性方面优于现有方法。
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通过直接将感知输入映射到机器人控制命令中,深入的强化学习(DRL)算法已被证明在机器人导航中有效,尤其是在未知环境中。但是,大多数现有方法忽略导航中的局部最小问题,从而无法处理复杂的未知环境。在本文中,我们提出了第一个基于DRL的导航方法,该方法由具有连续动作空间,自适应向前模拟时间(AFST)的SMDP建模,以克服此问题。具体而言,我们通过修改其GAE来更好地估计SMDP中的策略梯度,改善了指定SMDP问题的分布式近端策略优化(DPPO)算法。我们在模拟器和现实世界中评估了我们的方法。
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随着行业的发展,无人机出现在各个领域。近年来,深厚的强化学习在游戏中取得了令人印象深刻的收益,我们致力于将深入的强化学习算法应用于机器人技术领域,将强化学习算法从游戏场景转移到现实世界中的应用程序场景。我们受到Openai Gym的Lunarlander的启发,我们决定在强化学习领域进行大胆的尝试以控制无人机。目前,在机器人控制上应用强化学习算法仍然缺乏工作,与机器人控制有关的物理模拟平台仅适用于经典算法的验证,并且不适合访问培训的增强学习算法。在本文中,我们将面对这个问题,弥合物理模拟平台和智能代理之间的差距,将智能代理连接到物理模拟平台,使代理可以在近似现实世界的模拟器中学习和完成无人机飞行任务。我们提出了一个基于凉亭的增强学习框架,该框架是一种物理模拟平台(ROS-RL),并在框架中使用了三个连续的动作空间增强算法来处理无人机自动降落问题。实验显示了算法的有效性,算法是基于强化学习的无人机自动着陆的任务,取得了全面的成功。
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本文提出了一种基于强化学习的导航方法,在其中我们将占用观测定义为运动原始启发式评估,而不是使用原始传感器数据。我们的方法可以将多传感器融合生成的占用数据快速映射到3D工作区中的轨迹值中。计算有效的轨迹评估允许对动作空间进行密集采样。我们利用不同数据结构中的占用观测来分析其对培训过程和导航性能的影响。我们在基于物理的仿真环境(包括静态和动态障碍)中对两个不同机器人进行训练和测试。我们通过最先进方法的其他常规数据结构对我们的占用表示进行基准测试。在动态环境中,通过物理机器人成功验证了训练有素的导航政策。结果表明,与其他占用表示相比,我们的方法不仅减少了所需的训练时间,还可以改善导航性能。我们的工作和所有相关信息的开源实现可从\ url {https://github.com/river-lab/tentabot}获得。
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Efficient use of the space in an elevator is very necessary for a service robot, due to the need for reducing the amount of time caused by waiting for the next elevator. To provide a solution for this, we propose a hybrid approach that combines reinforcement learning (RL) with voice interaction for robot navigation in the scene of entering the elevator. RL provides robots with a high exploration ability to find a new clear path to enter the elevator compared to traditional navigation methods such as Optimal Reciprocal Collision Avoidance (ORCA). The proposed method allows the robot to take an active clear path action towards the elevator whilst a crowd of people stands at the entrance of the elevator wherein there are still lots of space. This is done by embedding a clear path action (voice prompt) into the RL framework, and the proposed navigation policy helps the robot to finish tasks efficiently and safely. Our model approach provides a great improvement in the success rate and reward of entering the elevator compared to state-of-the-art navigation policies without active clear path operation.
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Despite some successful applications of goal-driven navigation, existing deep reinforcement learning-based approaches notoriously suffers from poor data efficiency issue. One of the reasons is that the goal information is decoupled from the perception module and directly introduced as a condition of decision-making, resulting in the goal-irrelevant features of the scene representation playing an adversary role during the learning process. In light of this, we present a novel Goal-guided Transformer-enabled reinforcement learning (GTRL) approach by considering the physical goal states as an input of the scene encoder for guiding the scene representation to couple with the goal information and realizing efficient autonomous navigation. More specifically, we propose a novel variant of the Vision Transformer as the backbone of the perception system, namely Goal-guided Transformer (GoT), and pre-train it with expert priors to boost the data efficiency. Subsequently, a reinforcement learning algorithm is instantiated for the decision-making system, taking the goal-oriented scene representation from the GoT as the input and generating decision commands. As a result, our approach motivates the scene representation to concentrate mainly on goal-relevant features, which substantially enhances the data efficiency of the DRL learning process, leading to superior navigation performance. Both simulation and real-world experimental results manifest the superiority of our approach in terms of data efficiency, performance, robustness, and sim-to-real generalization, compared with other state-of-art baselines. Demonstration videos are available at \colorb{https://youtu.be/93LGlGvaN0c.
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Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.
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我们提出了一种新的方法,以改善基于深入强化学习(DRL)的室外机器人导航系统的性能。大多数现有的DRL方法基于精心设计的密集奖励功能,这些功能可以学习环境中的有效行为。我们仅通过稀疏的奖励(易于设计)来解决这个问题,并提出了一种新颖的自适应重尾增强算法,用于户外导航,称为Htron。我们的主要思想是利用重尾政策参数化,这些参数隐含在稀疏的奖励环境中引起探索。我们在三种不同的室外场景中评估了针对钢琴,PPO和TRPO算法的htron的性能:进球,避免障碍和地形导航不均匀。我们平均观察到成功率的平均增加了34.41%,与其他方法相比,与其他方法获得的导航政策相比,为达到目标的平均时间步骤下降了15.15%,高程成本下降了24.9%。此外,我们证明我们的算法可以直接转移到Clearpath Husky机器人中,以在现实情况下进行户外地形导航。
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Robot navigation in dynamic environments shared with humans is an important but challenging task, which suffers from performance deterioration as the crowd grows. In this paper, multi-subgoal robot navigation approach based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed, which can reason about more comprehensive relationships among all agents (robot and humans). Specifically, the next position point is planned for the robot by introducing history information and interactions in our work. Firstly, based on subgraph network, the history information of all agents is aggregated before encoding interactions through a graph neural network, so as to improve the ability of the robot to anticipate the future scenarios implicitly. Further consideration, in order to reduce the probability of unreliable next position points, the selection module is designed after policy network in the reinforcement learning framework. In addition, the next position point generated from the selection module satisfied the task requirements better than that obtained directly from the policy network. The experiments demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of both success rate and collision rate, especially in crowded human environments.
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在包装交付,交通监控,搜索和救援操作以及军事战斗订婚等不同应用中,对使用无人驾驶汽车(UAV)(无人机)的需求越来越不断增加。在所有这些应用程序中,无人机用于自动导航环境 - 没有人类互动,执行特定任务并避免障碍。自主无人机导航通常是使用强化学习(RL)来完成的,在该学习中,代理在域中充当专家在避免障碍的同时导航环境。了解导航环境和算法限制在选择适当的RL算法以有效解决导航问题方面起着至关重要的作用。因此,本研究首先确定了无人机导航任务,并讨论导航框架和仿真软件。接下来,根据环境,算法特征,能力和不同无人机导航问题的应用程序对RL算法进行分类和讨论,这将帮助从业人员和研究人员为其无人机导航使用情况选择适当的RL算法。此外,确定的差距和机会将推动无人机导航研究。
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