A generative recurrent neural network is quickly trained in an unsupervised manner to model popular reinforcement learning environments through compressed spatiotemporal representations. The world model's extracted features are fed into compact and simple policies trained by evolution, achieving state of the art results in various environments. We also train our agent entirely inside of an environment generated by its own internal world model, and transfer this policy back into the actual environment. Interactive version of paper: https://worldmodels.github.io 32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2018),

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.

在人类中，感知意识促进了来自感官输入的快速识别和提取信息。这种意识在很大程度上取决于人类代理人如何与环境相互作用。在这项工作中，我们提出了主动神经生成编码，用于学习动作驱动的生成模型的计算框架，而不会在动态环境中反正出错误（Backprop）。具体而言，我们开发了一种智能代理，即使具有稀疏奖励，也可以从规划的认知理论中汲取灵感。我们展示了我们框架与深度Q学习竞争力的几个简单的控制问题。我们的代理的强劲表现提供了有希望的证据，即神经推断和学习的无背方法可以推动目标定向行为。

尽管深度强化学习（RL）最近取得了许多成功，但其方法仍然效率低下，这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示，以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法，可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用：（i）GRICA受到独立组件分析（ICA）的启发，并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外，格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 （ii）潜在表示预测（LARP）还需要更多的上下文：除了要求状态作为输入外，它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 （iii）重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示，以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL，而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现，每种方法都有其优势和缺点，并从我们的实验中得出结论，包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。

这篇综述解决了在深度强化学习（DRL）背景下学习测量数据的抽象表示的问题。尽管数据通常是模棱两可，高维且复杂的解释，但许多动态系统可以通过一组低维状态变量有效地描述。从数据中发现这些状态变量是提高数据效率，稳健性和DRL方法的概括，应对维度的诅咒以及将可解释性和见解带入Black-Box DRL的关键方面。这篇综述通过描述用于学习世界的学习代表的主要深度学习工具，提供对方法和原则的系统观点，总结应用程序，基准和评估策略，并讨论开放的方式，从而提供了DRL中无监督的代表性学习的全面概述，挑战和未来的方向。

Planning has been very successful for control tasks with known environment dynamics. To leverage planning in unknown environments, the agent needs to learn the dynamics from interactions with the world. However, learning dynamics models that are accurate enough for planning has been a long-standing challenge, especially in image-based domains. We propose the Deep Planning Network (PlaNet), a purely model-based agent that learns the environment dynamics from images and chooses actions through fast online planning in latent space. To achieve high performance, the dynamics model must accurately predict the rewards ahead for multiple time steps. We approach this using a latent dynamics model with both deterministic and stochastic transition components. Moreover, we propose a multi-step variational inference objective that we name latent overshooting. Using only pixel observations, our agent solves continuous control tasks with contact dynamics, partial observability, and sparse rewards, which exceed the difficulty of tasks that were previously solved by planning with learned models. PlaNet uses substantially fewer episodes and reaches final performance close to and sometimes higher than strong model-free algorithms.

自由能原理及其必然的积极推论构成了一种生物启发的理论，该理论假设生物学作用保留在一个受限制的世界首选状态中，即它们最小化自由能。根据这一原则，生物学家学习了世界的生成模型和未来的计划行动，该模型将使代理保持稳态状态，以满足其偏好。该框架使自己在计算机中实现，因为它理解了使其计算负担得起的重要方面，例如变异推断和摊销计划。在这项工作中，我们研究了深度学习的工具，以设计和实现基于主动推断的人造代理，对自由能原理进行深入学习的呈现，调查工作与机器学习和主动推理领域相关，以及讨论实施过程中涉及的设计选择。该手稿探究了积极推理框架的新观点，将其理论方面扎根于更务实的事务中，为活跃推理的新手提供了实用指南，并为深度学习从业人员的起点提供了研究，以调查自由能源原则的实施。

有效推论是一种数学框架，它起源于计算神经科学，作为大脑如何实现动作，感知和学习的理论。最近，已被证明是在不确定性下存在国家估算和控制问题的有希望的方法，以及一般的机器人和人工代理人的目标驱动行为的基础。在这里，我们审查了最先进的理论和对国家估计，控制，规划和学习的积极推断的实现;描述当前的成就，特别关注机器人。我们展示了相关实验，以适应，泛化和稳健性而言说明其潜力。此外，我们将这种方法与其他框架联系起来，并讨论其预期的利益和挑战：使用变分贝叶斯推理具有功能生物合理性的统一框架。

强化学习（RL）通过与环境相互作用的试验过程解决顺序决策问题。尽管RL在玩复杂的视频游戏方面取得了巨大的成功，但在现实世界中，犯错误总是不希望的。为了提高样本效率并从而降低错误，据信基于模型的增强学习（MBRL）是一个有前途的方向，它建立了环境模型，在该模型中可以进行反复试验，而无需实际成本。在这项调查中，我们对MBRL进行了审查，重点是Deep RL的最新进展。对于非壮观环境，学到的环境模型与真实环境之间始终存在概括性错误。因此，非常重要的是分析环境模型中的政策培训与实际环境中的差异，这反过来又指导了更好的模型学习，模型使用和政策培训的算法设计。此外，我们还讨论了其他形式的RL，包括离线RL，目标条件RL，多代理RL和Meta-RL的最新进展。此外，我们讨论了MBRL在现实世界任务中的适用性和优势。最后，我们通过讨论MBRL未来发展的前景来结束这项调查。我们认为，MBRL在被忽略的现实应用程序中具有巨大的潜力和优势，我们希望这项调查能够吸引更多关于MBRL的研究。

在现实世界中，感知的信号通常是高维且嘈杂的，并且在下游决策任务所需的必要和充分信息中找到和使用其表示形式，将有助于提高任务中的计算效率和概括能力。在本文中，我们专注于部分可观察到的环境，并建议学习一组最小的状态表示，以捕获足够的决策信息以进行决策，称为\ textIt {动作充足的状态表示}（ASRS）。我们为系统中变量之间的结构关系构建了生成环境模型，并提出了一种基于结构约束的ASRS来表征ASR的原则方法，以及在政策学习中最大程度地提高累积奖励的目标。然后，我们开发一个结构化的顺序变异自动编码器来估计环境模型并提取ASRS。我们关于载载和Vizdoom的经验结果证明了学习和使用ASRS进行政策学习的明显优势。此外，估计的环境模型和ASR允许从紧凑的潜在空间中想象的结果中学习行为，以提高样品效率。

这是一门专门针对STEM学生开发的介绍性机器学习课程。我们的目标是为有兴趣的读者提供基础知识，以在自己的项目中使用机器学习，并将自己熟悉术语作为进一步阅读相关文献的基础。在这些讲义中，我们讨论受监督，无监督和强化学习。注释从没有神经网络的机器学习方法的说明开始，例如原理分析，T-SNE，聚类以及线性回归和线性分类器。我们继续介绍基本和先进的神经网络结构，例如密集的进料和常规神经网络，经常性的神经网络，受限的玻尔兹曼机器，（变性）自动编码器，生成的对抗性网络。讨论了潜在空间表示的解释性问题，并使用梦和对抗性攻击的例子。最后一部分致力于加强学习，我们在其中介绍了价值功能和政策学习的基本概念。

With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.

在多任务强化学习设置中，学习者通常通过利用它们之间的相似性来培训多个相关任务。与此同时，训练有素的代理能够解决更广泛的不同问题。虽然这种效果有充分的模型多任务方法，但我们在使用多个任务中使用单一学习动态模型时展示了不利影响。因此，我们以类似的方式从共享策略网络中的类似方式解决了基于模型的多项任务强度学习效益的基本问题。使用单个动力学模型，我们看到清晰的任务混乱证据和表现降低。作为一种补救措施，通过训练孤立的子网来强制执行学习动态模型的内部结构，该任务的孤立的子网显着提高了使用相同数量的参数的性能。我们通过在简单的GridWorld上比较两种方法和更复杂的VizDoom多任务实验来说明我们的研究结果。

Advances in reinforcement learning (RL) often rely on massive compute resources and remain notoriously sample inefficient. In contrast, the human brain is able to efficiently learn effective control strategies using limited resources. This raises the question whether insights from neuroscience can be used to improve current RL methods. Predictive processing is a popular theoretical framework which maintains that the human brain is actively seeking to minimize surprise. We show that recurrent neural networks which predict their own sensory states can be leveraged to minimise surprise, yielding substantial gains in cumulative reward. Specifically, we present the Predictive Processing Proximal Policy Optimization (P4O) agent; an actor-critic reinforcement learning agent that applies predictive processing to a recurrent variant of the PPO algorithm by integrating a world model in its hidden state. P4O significantly outperforms a baseline recurrent variant of the PPO algorithm on multiple Atari games using a single GPU. It also outperforms other state-of-the-art agents given the same wall-clock time and exceeds human gamer performance on multiple games including Seaquest, which is a particularly challenging environment in the Atari domain. Altogether, our work underscores how insights from the field of neuroscience may support the development of more capable and efficient artificial agents.

Imitation learning techniques aim to mimic human behavior in a given task. An agent (a learning machine) is trained to perform a task from demonstrations by learning a mapping between observations and actions. The idea of teaching by imitation has been around for many years, however, the field is gaining attention recently due to advances in computing and sensing as well as rising demand for intelligent applications. The paradigm of learning by imitation is gaining popularity because it facilitates teaching complex tasks with minimal expert knowledge of the tasks. Generic imitation learning methods could potentially reduce the problem of teaching a task to that of providing demonstrations; without the need for explicit programming or designing reward functions specific to the task. Modern sensors are able to collect and transmit high volumes of data rapidly, and processors with high computational power allow fast processing that maps the sensory data to actions in a timely manner. This opens the door for many potential AI applications that require real-time perception and reaction such as humanoid robots, self-driving vehicles, human computer interaction and computer games to name a few. However, specialized algorithms are needed to effectively and robustly learn models as learning by imitation poses its own set of challenges. In this paper, we survey imitation learning methods and present design options in different steps of the learning process. We introduce a background and motivation for the field as well as highlight challenges specific to the imitation problem. Methods for designing and evaluating imitation learning tasks are categorized and reviewed. Special attention is given to learning methods in robotics and games as these domains are the most popular in the literature and provide a wide array of problems and methodologies. We extensively discuss combining imitation learning approaches using different sources and methods, as well as incorporating other motion learning methods to enhance imitation. We also discuss the potential impact on industry, present major applications and highlight current and future research directions.

从意外的外部扰动中恢复的能力是双模型运动的基本机动技能。有效的答复包括不仅可以恢复平衡并保持稳定性的能力，而且在平衡恢复物质不可行时，也可以保证安全的方式。对于与双式运动有关的机器人，例如人形机器人和辅助机器人设备，可帮助人类行走，设计能够提供这种稳定性和安全性的控制器可以防止机器人损坏或防止伤害相关的医疗费用。这是一个具有挑战性的任务，因为它涉及用触点产生高维，非线性和致动系统的高动态运动。尽管使用基于模型和优化方法的前进方面，但诸如广泛领域知识的要求，诸如较大的计算时间和有限的动态变化的鲁棒性仍然会使这个打开问题。在本文中，为了解决这些问题，我们开发基于学习的算法，能够为两种不同的机器人合成推送恢复控制政策：人形机器人和有助于双模型运动的辅助机器人设备。我们的工作可以分为两个密切相关的指示：1）学习人形机器人的安全下降和预防策略，2）使用机器人辅助装置学习人类的预防策略。为实现这一目标，我们介绍了一套深度加强学习（DRL）算法，以学习使用这些机器人时提高安全性的控制策略。

我们提出了一种新的四管齐下的方法，在文献中首次建立消防员的情境意识。我们构建了一系列深度学习框架，彼此之叠，以提高消防员在紧急首次响应设置中进行的救援任务的安全性，效率和成功完成。首先，我们使用深度卷积神经网络（CNN）系统，以实时地分类和识别来自热图像的感兴趣对象。接下来，我们将此CNN框架扩展了对象检测，跟踪，分割与掩码RCNN框架，以及具有多模级自然语言处理（NLP）框架的场景描述。第三，我们建立了一个深入的Q学习的代理，免受压力引起的迷失方向和焦虑，能够根据现场消防环境中观察和存储的事实来制定明确的导航决策。最后，我们使用了一种低计算无监督的学习技术，称为张量分解，在实时对异常检测进行有意义的特征提取。通过这些临时深度学习结构，我们建立了人工智能系统的骨干，用于消防员的情境意识。要将设计的系统带入消防员的使用，我们设计了一种物理结构，其中处理后的结果被用作创建增强现实的投入，这是一个能够建议他们所在地的消防员和周围的关键特征，这对救援操作至关重要在手头，以及路径规划功能，充当虚拟指南，以帮助迷彩的第一个响应者恢复安全。当组合时，这四种方法呈现了一种新颖的信息理解，转移和综合方法，这可能会大大提高消防员响应和功效，并降低寿命损失。

The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.

一个沿着城市街道行走的人试图对世界各个方面进行建模，这很快就会被许多商店，汽车和人们遵循自己的复杂且难以理解的动态所淹没。在这种环境中的探索和导航是一项日常任务，不需要大量精神资源。是否可以将这种感官信息的消防软管转变为最小的潜在状态，这是代理在世界上成功采取行动的必要和足够的？我们具体地提出了这个问题，并提出了可控制的状态发现算法（AC-State），该算法具有理论保证，并且实际上被证明可以发现\ textit {最小可控的潜在状态}，其中包含所有用于控制控制的信息代理，同时完全丢弃所有无关的信息。该算法由一个具有信息瓶颈的多步逆模型（预测遥远观察结果的动作）组成。 AC-State可以在没有奖励或示威的情况下实现本地化，探索和导航。我们证明了在三个领域中发现可控潜在状态的发现：将机器人组分散注意力（例如，照明条件和背景变化），与其他代理商一起在迷宫中进行探索，并在Matterport House Simulator中导航。