尽管最近的强化学习最近在学习复杂的行为方面非常成功,但它需要大量的数据才能学习任务,更不用说能够适应新任务了。引起这种限制的根本原因之一在于试验学习范式的强化学习范式的性质,在这种情况下,代理商与任务进行交流并进行学习仅依靠奖励信号,这是隐含的,这是隐含的和不足以学习的一项任务很好。相反,人类主要通过语义表征或自然语言指示来学习新技能。但是,将语言指示用于机器人运动控制来提高适应性,这是一个新出现的主题和挑战。在本文中,我们提出了一种元素算法,该算法通过多个操纵任务中的语言说明来解决学习技能的挑战。一方面,我们的算法利用语言指令来塑造其对任务的解释,另一方面,它仍然学会了在试用过程中解决任务。我们在机器人操纵基准(Meta-World)上评估了算法,并且在培训和测试成功率方面显着优于最先进的方法。该代码可在\ url {https://tumi6robot.wixsite.com/million}中获得。
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元强化学习(META-RL)是一种有前途的方法,使代理商能够快速学习新任务。但是,由于仅由奖励提供的任务信息不足,大多数元元素算法在多任任务方案中显示出较差的概括。语言条件的元RL通过匹配语言指令和代理的行为来改善概括。因此,从对称性学习是人类学习的一种重要形式,因此将对称性和语言指令结合到元素rl可以帮助提高算法的概括和学习效率。因此,我们提出了一种双MDP元提升学习方法,该方法可以通过对称数据和语言指令有效地学习新任务。我们在多个具有挑战性的操作任务中评估了我们的方法,实验结果表明我们的方法可以大大提高元强化学习的概括和效率。
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本文着重于机器人增强学习,并以稀疏的自然语言目标表示。一个开放的问题是源于自然语言的组成性,以及在感觉数据和动作中的语言基础。我们通过三个贡献来解决这些问题。我们首先提出了一种利用专家反馈的事后视角指导重播的机制。其次,我们提出了一个SEQ2SEQ模型,以生成语言的后代指令。最后,我们介绍了一类新颖的以语言为中心的学习任务。我们表明,事后看来指示可以提高预期的学习绩效。此外,我们还提供了一个意外的结果:我们表明,如果从某种意义上说,代理人学习以一种自我监督的方式与自己交谈,则可以提高代理的学习表现。我们通过学习生成语言指示来实现这一目标,这本来可以作为最初意外行为的自然语言目标。我们的结果表明,绩效增益随任务复杂性而增加。
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我们研究了从机器人交互的大型离线数据集学习一系列基于视觉的操纵任务的问题。为了实现这一目标,人类需要简单有效地将任务指定给机器人。目标图像是一种流行的任务规范形式,因为它们已经在机器人的观察空间接地。然而,目标图像也有许多缺点:它们对人类提供的不方便,它们可以通过提供导致稀疏奖励信号的所需行为,或者在非目标达到任务的情况下指定任务信息。自然语言为任务规范提供了一种方便而灵活的替代方案,而是随着机器人观察空间的接地语言挑战。为了可扩展地学习此基础,我们建议利用具有人群源语言标签的离线机器人数据集(包括高度最佳,自主收集的数据)。使用此数据,我们学习一个简单的分类器,该分类器预测状态的更改是否完成了语言指令。这提供了一种语言调节奖励函数,然后可以用于离线多任务RL。在我们的实验中,我们发现,在语言条件的操作任务中,我们的方法优于目标 - 图像规格和语言条件仿制技术超过25%,并且能够从自然语言中执行Visuomotor任务,例如“打开右抽屉“和”移动订书机“,在弗兰卡·埃米卡熊猫机器人上。
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强化学习(RL)算法有望为机器人系统实现自主技能获取。但是,实际上,现实世界中的机器人RL通常需要耗时的数据收集和频繁的人类干预来重置环境。此外,当部署超出知识的设置超出其学习的设置时,使用RL学到的机器人政策通常会失败。在这项工作中,我们研究了如何通过从先前看到的任务中收集的各种离线数据集的有效利用来应对这些挑战。当面对一项新任务时,我们的系统会适应以前学习的技能,以快速学习执行新任务并将环境返回到初始状态,从而有效地执行自己的环境重置。我们的经验结果表明,将先前的数据纳入机器人增强学习中可以实现自主学习,从而大大提高了学习的样本效率,并可以更好地概括。
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Meta-reinforcement learning algorithms can enable robots to acquire new skills much more quickly, by leveraging prior experience to learn how to learn. However, much of the current research on meta-reinforcement learning focuses on task distributions that are very narrow. For example, a commonly used meta-reinforcement learning benchmark uses different running velocities for a simulated robot as different tasks. When policies are meta-trained on such narrow task distributions, they cannot possibly generalize to more quickly acquire entirely new tasks. Therefore, if the aim of these methods is enable faster acquisition of entirely new behaviors, we must evaluate them on task distributions that are sufficiently broad to enable generalization to new behaviors. In this paper, we propose an open-source simulated benchmark for meta-reinforcement learning and multitask learning consisting of 50 distinct robotic manipulation tasks. Our aim is to make it possible to develop algorithms that generalize to accelerate the acquisition of entirely new, held-out tasks. We evaluate 7 state-of-the-art meta-reinforcement learning and multi-task learning algorithms on these tasks. Surprisingly, while each task and its variations (e.g., with different object positions) can be learned with reasonable success, these algorithms struggle to learn with multiple tasks at the same time, even with as few as ten distinct training tasks. Our analysis and open-source environments pave the way for future research in multi-task learning and meta-learning that can enable meaningful generalization, thereby unlocking the full potential of these methods. 1
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与人类在环境中共存的通用机器人必须学会将人类语言与其在一系列日常任务中有用的看法和行动联系起来。此外,他们需要获取各种曲目的一般专用技能,允许通过遵循无约束语言指示来组成长地平任务。在本文中,我们呈现了凯文(从语言和愿景撰写的行动),是一个露天模拟基准,用于学习Long-Horizo​​ n语言条件的任务。我们的目的是使可以开发能够通过船上传感器解决许多机器人操纵任务的代理商,并且仅通过人类语言指定。 Calvin任务在序列长度,动作空间和语言方面更复杂,而不是现有的视觉和语言任务数据集,并支持灵活的传感器套件规范。我们评估零拍摄的代理商以新颖的语言指示以及新的环境和对象。我们表明,基于多语境模仿学习的基线模型在凯文中表现不佳,表明有很大的空间,用于开发创新代理,了解学习将人类语言与这款基准相关的世界模型。
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大型语言模型可以编码有关世界的大量语义知识。这种知识对于旨在采取自然语言表达的高级,时间扩展的指示的机器人可能非常有用。但是,语言模型的一个重大弱点是,它们缺乏现实世界的经验,这使得很难利用它们在给定的体现中进行决策。例如,要求语言模型描述如何清洁溢出物可能会导致合理的叙述,但是它可能不适用于需要在特定环境中执行此任务的特定代理商(例如机器人)。我们建议通过预处理的技能来提供现实世界的基础,这些技能用于限制模型以提出可行且在上下文上适当的自然语言动作。机器人可以充当语​​言模型的“手和眼睛”,而语言模型可以提供有关任务的高级语义知识。我们展示了如何将低级技能与大语言模型结合在一起,以便语言模型提供有关执行复杂和时间扩展说明的过程的高级知识,而与这些技能相关的价值功能则提供了连接必要的基础了解特定的物理环境。我们在许多现实世界的机器人任务上评估了我们的方法,我们表明了对现实世界接地的需求,并且这种方法能够在移动操纵器上完成长远,抽象的自然语言指令。该项目的网站和视频可以在https://say-can.github.io/上找到。
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通过稀疏奖励的环境中的深度加强学习学习机器人操纵是一项具有挑战性的任务。在本文中,我们通过引入虚构对象目标的概念来解决这个问题。对于给定的操纵任务,首先通过物理逼真的模拟训练感兴趣的对象以达到自己的目标位置,而不会被操纵。然后利用对象策略来构建可编征物体轨迹的预测模型,该轨迹提供具有逐步更加困难的对象目标的机器人来达到训练期间的课程。所提出的算法,遵循对象(FO),已经在需要增加探索程度的7个Mujoco环境中进行评估,并且与替代算法相比,取得了更高的成功率。在特别具有挑战性的学习场景中,例如当物体的初始和目标位置相隔甚远,我们的方法仍然可以学习政策,而竞争方法目前失败。
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Learning policies that effectively utilize language instructions in complex, multi-task environments is an important problem in sequential decision-making. While it is possible to condition on the entire language instruction directly, such an approach could suffer from generalization issues. In our work, we propose \emph{Learning Interpretable Skill Abstractions (LISA)}, a hierarchical imitation learning framework that can learn diverse, interpretable primitive behaviors or skills from language-conditioned demonstrations to better generalize to unseen instructions. LISA uses vector quantization to learn discrete skill codes that are highly correlated with language instructions and the behavior of the learned policy. In navigation and robotic manipulation environments, LISA outperforms a strong non-hierarchical Decision Transformer baseline in the low data regime and is able to compose learned skills to solve tasks containing unseen long-range instructions. Our method demonstrates a more natural way to condition on language in sequential decision-making problems and achieve interpretable and controllable behavior with the learned skills.
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我们开发了一种新的持续元学习方法,以解决连续多任务学习中的挑战。在此设置中,代理商的目标是快速通过任何任务序列实现高奖励。先前的Meta-Creenifiltive学习算法已经表现出有希望加速收购新任务的结果。但是,他们需要在培训期间访问所有任务。除了简单地将过去的经验转移到新任务,我们的目标是设计学习学习的持续加强学习算法,使用他们以前任务的经验更快地学习新任务。我们介绍了一种新的方法,连续的元策略搜索(Comps),通过以增量方式,在序列中的每个任务上,通过序列的每个任务来消除此限制,而无需重新访问先前的任务。 Comps持续重复两个子程序:使用RL学习新任务,并使用RL的经验完全离线Meta学习,为后续任务学习做好准备。我们发现,在若干挑战性连续控制任务的旧序列上,Comps优于持续的持续学习和非政策元增强方法。
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Poor sample efficiency continues to be the primary challenge for deployment of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms for real-world applications, and in particular for visuo-motor control. Model-based RL has the potential to be highly sample efficient by concurrently learning a world model and using synthetic rollouts for planning and policy improvement. However, in practice, sample-efficient learning with model-based RL is bottlenecked by the exploration challenge. In this work, we find that leveraging just a handful of demonstrations can dramatically improve the sample-efficiency of model-based RL. Simply appending demonstrations to the interaction dataset, however, does not suffice. We identify key ingredients for leveraging demonstrations in model learning -- policy pretraining, targeted exploration, and oversampling of demonstration data -- which forms the three phases of our model-based RL framework. We empirically study three complex visuo-motor control domains and find that our method is 150%-250% more successful in completing sparse reward tasks compared to prior approaches in the low data regime (100K interaction steps, 5 demonstrations). Code and videos are available at: https://nicklashansen.github.io/modemrl
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加强学习(RL)提供了通过试验和错误学习的自然主义框架,这是由于其简单和有效性,并且由于其与人类和动物如何通过经验获得技能。然而,现实世界的体现学习,例如由人类和动物执行的,位于持续的非剧目世界中,而RL中的共同基准任务是epiSodic,在试验之间重置的环境以提供多次尝试。当尝试采取为ePiSodic模拟环境开发的RL算法并在现实世界平台上运行时,这种差异呈现出一项重大挑战,如机器人。在本文中,我们的目标是通过为自主强化学习(ARL)框架(ARL)提供框架来解决这一差异:加强学习的代理商不仅通过自己的经验学习,而且还争夺缺乏人类监督在试验之间重置。我们在此框架上介绍了一个模拟的基准伯爵,其中包含一系列多样化和具有挑战性的模拟任务,这些任务反映了所引入学习的障碍,当只有最小的对外在干预的依赖性时,可以假设。我们表明,作为干预措施的剧集RL和现有方法斗争的标准方法最小化,强调了对强化学习开发新算法的需求,更加注重自主。
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对看不见的环境变化的深入强化学习的概括通常需要对大量各种培训变化进行政策学习。我们从经验上观察到,接受过许多变化的代理商(通才)倾向于在一开始就更快地学习,但是长期以来其最佳水平的性能高原。相比之下,只接受一些变体培训的代理商(专家)通常可以在有限的计算预算下获得高回报。为了两全其美,我们提出了一个新颖的通才特权训练框架。具体来说,我们首先培训一名通才的所有环境变化。当它无法改善时,我们会推出大量的专家,并从通才克隆过重量,每个人都接受了训练,以掌握选定的一小部分变化子集。我们终于通过所有专家的示范引起的辅助奖励恢复了通才的培训。特别是,我们调查了开始专业培训的时机,并在专家的帮助下比较策略以学习通才。我们表明,该框架将政策学习的信封推向了包括Procgen,Meta-World和Maniskill在内的几个具有挑战性和流行的基准。
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本文详细介绍了我们对2021年真正机器人挑战的第一阶段提交的提交;三指机器人必须沿指定目标轨迹携带立方体的挑战。为了解决第1阶段,我们使用一种纯净的增强学习方法,该方法需要对机器人系统或机器人抓握的最少专家知识。与事后的经验重播一起采用了稀疏,基于目标的奖励,以教导控制立方体将立方体移至目标的X和Y坐标。同时,采用了基于密集的距离奖励来教授将立方体提升到目标的Z坐标(高度组成部分)的政策。该策略在将域随机化的模拟中进行培训,然后再转移到真实的机器人进行评估。尽管此次转移后的性能往往会恶化,但我们的最佳政策可以通过有效的捏合掌握能够成功地沿目标轨迹提升真正的立方体。我们的方法表现优于所有其他提交,包括那些利用更传统的机器人控制技术的提交,并且是第一个解决这一挑战的纯学习方法。
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稀疏奖励学习通常在加强学习(RL)方面效率低下。 Hindsight Experience重播(她)已显示出一种有效的解决方案,可以处理低样本效率,这是由于目标重新标记而导致的稀疏奖励效率。但是,她仍然有一个隐含的虚拟阳性稀疏奖励问题,这是由于实现目标而引起的,尤其是对于机器人操纵任务而言。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新型的无模型连续RL算法,称为Relay-HER(RHER)。提出的方法首先分解并重新布置原始的长马任务,以增量复杂性为新的子任务。随后,多任务网络旨在以复杂性的上升顺序学习子任务。为了解决虚拟阳性的稀疏奖励问题,我们提出了一种随机混合的探索策略(RME),在该策略中,在复杂性较低的人的指导下,较高复杂性的子任务的实现目标很快就会改变。实验结果表明,在五个典型的机器人操纵任务中,与香草盖相比,RHER样品效率的显着提高,包括Push,Pickandplace,抽屉,插入物和InstaclePush。提出的RHER方法还应用于从头开始的物理机器人上的接触式推送任务,成功率仅使用250集达到10/10。
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Exploration in environments with sparse rewards has been a persistent problem in reinforcement learning (RL). Many tasks are natural to specify with a sparse reward, and manually shaping a reward function can result in suboptimal performance. However, finding a non-zero reward is exponentially more difficult with increasing task horizon or action dimensionality. This puts many real-world tasks out of practical reach of RL methods. In this work, we use demonstrations to overcome the exploration problem and successfully learn to perform long-horizon, multi-step robotics tasks with continuous control such as stacking blocks with a robot arm. Our method, which builds on top of Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients and Hindsight Experience Replay, provides an order of magnitude of speedup over RL on simulated robotics tasks. It is simple to implement and makes only the additional assumption that we can collect a small set of demonstrations. Furthermore, our method is able to solve tasks not solvable by either RL or behavior cloning alone, and often ends up outperforming the demonstrator policy.
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Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.
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Dexterous manipulation with anthropomorphic robot hands remains a challenging problem in robotics because of the high-dimensional state and action spaces and complex contacts. Nevertheless, skillful closed-loop manipulation is required to enable humanoid robots to operate in unstructured real-world environments. Reinforcement learning (RL) has traditionally imposed enormous interaction data requirements for optimizing such complex control problems. We introduce a new framework that leverages recent advances in GPU-based simulation along with the strength of imitation learning in guiding policy search towards promising behaviors to make RL training feasible in these domains. To this end, we present an immersive virtual reality teleoperation interface designed for interactive human-like manipulation on contact rich tasks and a suite of manipulation environments inspired by tasks of daily living. Finally, we demonstrate the complementary strengths of massively parallel RL and imitation learning, yielding robust and natural behaviors. Videos of trained policies, our source code, and the collected demonstration datasets are available at https://maltemosbach.github.io/interactive_ human_like_manipulation/.
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For an autonomous agent to fulfill a wide range of user-specified goals at test time, it must be able to learn broadly applicable and general-purpose skill repertoires. Furthermore, to provide the requisite level of generality, these skills must handle raw sensory input such as images. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that acquires such general-purpose skills by combining unsupervised representation learning and reinforcement learning of goal-conditioned policies. Since the particular goals that might be required at test-time are not known in advance, the agent performs a self-supervised "practice" phase where it imagines goals and attempts to achieve them. We learn a visual representation with three distinct purposes: sampling goals for self-supervised practice, providing a structured transformation of raw sensory inputs, and computing a reward signal for goal reaching. We also propose a retroactive goal relabeling scheme to further improve the sample-efficiency of our method. Our off-policy algorithm is efficient enough to learn policies that operate on raw image observations and goals for a real-world robotic system, and substantially outperforms prior techniques. * Equal contribution. Order was determined by coin flip.
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