模块化机器人可以在每天重新排列到新设计中,通过为每项新任务形成定制机器人来处理各种各样的任务。但是,重新配置的机制是不够的:每个设计还需要自己独特的控制策略。人们可以从头开始为每个新设计制作一个政策,但这种方法不可扩展,特别是给出了甚至一小组模块可以生成的大量设计。相反,我们创建了一个模块化策略框架,策略结构在硬件排列上有调节,并仅使用一个培训过程来创建控制各种设计的策略。我们的方法利用了模块化机器人的运动学可以表示为设计图,其中节点作为模块和边缘作为它们之间的连接。给定机器人,它的设计图用于创建具有相同结构的策略图,其中每个节点包含一个深神经网络,以及通过共享参数的相同类型共享知识的模块(例如,Hexapod上的所有腿都相同网络参数)。我们开发了一种基于模型的强化学习算法,交织模型学习和轨迹优化,以培训策略。我们展示了模块化政策推广到培训期间没有看到的大量设计,没有任何额外的学习。最后,我们展示了与模拟和真实机器人一起控制各种设计的政策。
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机器人和与世界相互作用或互动的机器人和智能系统越来越多地被用来自动化各种任务。这些系统完成这些任务的能力取决于构成机器人物理及其传感器物体的机械和电气部件,例如,感知算法感知环境,并计划和控制算法以生产和控制算法来生产和控制算法有意义的行动。因此,通常有必要在设计具体系统时考虑这些组件之间的相互作用。本文探讨了以端到端方式对机器人系统进行任务驱动的合作的工作,同时使用推理或控制算法直接优化了系统的物理组件以进行任务性能。我们首先考虑直接优化基于信标的本地化系统以达到本地化准确性的问题。设计这样的系统涉及将信标放置在整个环境中,并通过传感器读数推断位置。在我们的工作中,我们开发了一种深度学习方法,以直接优化信标的放置和位置推断以达到本地化精度。然后,我们将注意力转移到了由任务驱动的机器人及其控制器优化的相关问题上。在我们的工作中,我们首先提出基于多任务增强学习的数据有效算法。我们的方法通过利用能够在物理设计的空间上概括设计条件的控制器,有效地直接优化了物理设计和控制参数,以直接优化任务性能。然后,我们对此进行跟进,以允许对离散形态参数(例如四肢的数字和配置)进行优化。最后,我们通过探索优化的软机器人的制造和部署来得出结论。
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Legged robots pose one of the greatest challenges in robotics. Dynamic and agile maneuvers of animals cannot be imitated by existing methods that are crafted by humans. A compelling alternative is reinforcement learning, which requires minimal craftsmanship and promotes the natural evolution of a control policy. However, so far, reinforcement learning research for legged robots is mainly limited to simulation, and only few and comparably simple examples have been deployed on real systems. The primary reason is that training with real robots, particularly with dynamically balancing systems, is complicated and expensive. In the present work, we report a new method for training a neural network policy in simulation and transferring it to a state-of-the-art legged system, thereby we leverage fast, automated, and cost-effective data generation schemes. The approach is applied to the ANYmal robot, a sophisticated medium-dog-sized quadrupedal system. Using policies trained in simulation, the quadrupedal machine achieves locomotion skills that go beyond what had been achieved with prior methods: ANYmal is capable of precisely and energy-efficiently following high-level body velocity commands, running faster than ever before, and recovering from falling even in complex configurations.
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从意外的外部扰动中恢复的能力是双模型运动的基本机动技能。有效的答复包括不仅可以恢复平衡并保持稳定性的能力,而且在平衡恢复物质不可行时,也可以保证安全的方式。对于与双式运动有关的机器人,例如人形机器人和辅助机器人设备,可帮助人类行走,设计能够提供这种稳定性和安全性的控制器可以防止机器人损坏或防止伤害相关的医疗费用。这是一个具有挑战性的任务,因为它涉及用触点产生高维,非线性和致动系统的高动态运动。尽管使用基于模型和优化方法的前进方面,但诸如广泛领域知识的要求,诸如较大的计算时间和有限的动态变化的鲁棒性仍然会使这个打开问题。在本文中,为了解决这些问题,我们开发基于学习的算法,能够为两种不同的机器人合成推送恢复控制政策:人形机器人和有助于双模型运动的辅助机器人设备。我们的工作可以分为两个密切相关的指示:1)学习人形机器人的安全下降和预防策略,2)使用机器人辅助装置学习人类的预防策略。为实现这一目标,我们介绍了一套深度加强学习(DRL)算法,以学习使用这些机器人时提高安全性的控制策略。
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随着腿部机器人和嵌入式计算都变得越来越有能力,研究人员已经开始专注于这些机器人的现场部署。在非结构化环境中的强大自治需要对机器人周围的世界感知,以避免危害。但是,由于处理机车动力学所需的复杂规划人员和控制器,因此在网上合并在线的同时在线保持敏捷运动对腿部机器人更具挑战性。该报告将比较三种最新的感知运动方法,并讨论可以使用视觉来实现腿部自主权的不同方式。
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机器人的形态和行为的互相适应变得与快速的3D-制造方法和高效的深强化学习算法的出现越来越重要。对于互相适应的方法应用到真实世界的一个主要挑战是由于模型和仿真不准确的模拟到现实的差距。然而,以前的工作主要集中在形态开发的分析模型,并用大量的用户群(微)模拟器的进化适应的研究,忽视的模拟到现实差距的存在和在现实世界中制造周期的成本。本文提出了一种新的办法,结合经典的高频率计算昂贵的图形神经网络的代理数据高效互相适应深层神经网络具有不同度的自由度数。在仿真结果表明,新方法可以通过有效的设计优化与离线强化学习相结合共同适应的生产周期这样一个有限的数量中的代理程序,它允许在今后的工作中直接应用到真实世界的互相适应任务评估
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Policy search methods can allow robots to learn control policies for a wide range of tasks, but practical applications of policy search often require hand-engineered components for perception, state estimation, and low-level control. In this paper, we aim to answer the following question: does training the perception and control systems jointly end-toend provide better performance than training each component separately? To this end, we develop a method that can be used to learn policies that map raw image observations directly to torques at the robot's motors. The policies are represented by deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with 92,000 parameters, and are trained using a guided policy search method, which transforms policy search into supervised learning, with supervision provided by a simple trajectory-centric reinforcement learning method. We evaluate our method on a range of real-world manipulation tasks that require close coordination between vision and control, such as screwing a cap onto a bottle, and present simulated comparisons to a range of prior policy search methods.
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策略搜索和模型预测控制〜(MPC)是机器人控制的两个不同范式:策略搜索具有使用经验丰富的数据自动学习复杂策略的强度,而MPC可以使用模型和轨迹优化提供最佳控制性能。开放的研究问题是如何利用并结合两种方法的优势。在这项工作中,我们通过使用策略搜索自动选择MPC的高级决策变量提供答案,这导致了一种新的策略搜索 - 用于模型预测控制框架。具体地,我们将MPC作为参数化控制器配制,其中难以优化的决策变量表示为高级策略。这种制定允许以自我监督的方式优化政策。我们通过专注于敏捷无人机飞行中的具有挑战性的问题来验证这一框架:通过快速的盖茨飞行四轮车。实验表明,我们的控制器在模拟和现实世界中实现了鲁棒和实时的控制性能。拟议的框架提供了合并学习和控制的新视角。
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Reinforcement Learning (RL) has seen many recent successes for quadruped robot control. The imitation of reference motions provides a simple and powerful prior for guiding solutions towards desired solutions without the need for meticulous reward design. While much work uses motion capture data or hand-crafted trajectories as the reference motion, relatively little work has explored the use of reference motions coming from model-based trajectory optimization. In this work, we investigate several design considerations that arise with such a framework, as demonstrated through four dynamic behaviours: trot, front hop, 180 backflip, and biped stepping. These are trained in simulation and transferred to a physical Solo 8 quadruped robot without further adaptation. In particular, we explore the space of feed-forward designs afforded by the trajectory optimizer to understand its impact on RL learning efficiency and sim-to-real transfer. These findings contribute to the long standing goal of producing robot controllers that combine the interpretability and precision of model-based optimization with the robustness that model-free RL-based controllers offer.
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在粗糙的地形上的动态运动需要准确的脚部放置,避免碰撞以及系统的动态不足的计划。在存在不完美且常常不完整的感知信息的情况下,可靠地优化此类动作和互动是具有挑战性的。我们提出了一个完整的感知,计划和控制管道,可以实时优化机器人所有自由度的动作。为了减轻地形所带来的数值挑战,凸出不平等约束的顺序被提取为立足性可行性的局部近似值,并嵌入到在线模型预测控制器中。每个高程映射预先计算了步骤性分类,平面分割和签名的距离场,以最大程度地减少优化过程中的计算工作。多次射击,实时迭代和基于滤波器的线路搜索的组合用于可靠地以高速率解决该法式问题。我们在模拟中的间隙,斜率和踏上石头的情况下验证了所提出的方法,并在Anymal四倍的平台上进行实验,从而实现了最新的动态攀登。
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深度学习的兴起导致机器人研究中的范式转变,有利于需要大量数据的方法。在物理平台上生成这样的数据集是昂贵的。因此,最先进的方法在模拟中学习,其中数据生成快速以及廉价并随后将知识转移到真实机器人(SIM-to-Real)。尽管变得越来越真实,但所有模拟器都是基于模型的施工,因此不可避免地不完善。这提出了如何修改模拟器以促进学习机器人控制政策的问题,并克服模拟与现实之间的不匹配,通常称为“现实差距”。我们对机器人学的SIM-Teal研究提供了全面的审查,专注于名为“域随机化”的技术,这是一种从随机仿真学习的方法。
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Some of the most challenging environments on our planet are accessible to quadrupedal animals but remain out of reach for autonomous machines. Legged locomotion can dramatically expand the operational domains of robotics. However, conventional controllers for legged locomotion are based on elaborate state machines that explicitly trigger the execution of motion primitives and reflexes. These designs have escalated in complexity while falling short of the generality and robustness of animal locomotion. Here we present a radically robust controller for legged locomotion in challenging natural environments. We present a novel solution to incorporating proprioceptive feedback in locomotion control and demonstrate remarkable zero-shot generalization from simulation to natural environments. The controller is trained by reinforcement learning in simulation. It is based on a neural network that acts on a stream of proprioceptive signals. The trained controller has taken two generations of quadrupedal ANYmal robots to a variety of natural environments that are beyond the reach of prior published work in legged locomotion. The controller retains its robustness under conditions that have never been encountered during training: deformable terrain such as mud and snow, dynamic footholds such as rubble, and overground impediments such as thick vegetation and gushing water. The presented work opens new frontiers for robotics and indicates that radical robustness in natural environments can be achieved by training in much simpler domains.
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腿部运动的最新进展使四足动物在具有挑战性的地形上行走。但是,两足机器人本质上更加不稳定,因此很难为其设计步行控制器。在这项工作中,我们利用了对机车控制的快速适应的最新进展,并将其扩展到双皮亚机器人。与现有作品类似,我们从基本策略开始,该策略在将适应模块的输入中作为输入作为输入。该外部媒介包含有关环境的信息,并使步行控制器能够快速在线适应。但是,外部估计器可能是不完善的,这可能导致基本政策的性能不佳,这预计是一个完美的估计器。在本文中,我们提出了A-RMA(Adapting RMA),该A-RMA(适应RMA)还通过使用无模型RL对其进行了鉴定,从而适应了不完美的外部外部估计器的基本策略。我们证明,A-RMA在仿真中胜过许多基于RL的基线控制器和基于模型的控制器,并显示了单个A-RMA策略的零拍摄部署,以使双皮德机器人Cassie能够在各种各样的现实世界中的不同场景超出了培训期间所见。 https://ashish-kmr.github.io/a-rma/的视频和结果
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Figure 1: A five-fingered humanoid hand trained with reinforcement learning manipulating a block from an initial configuration to a goal configuration using vision for sensing.
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Imitation learning techniques aim to mimic human behavior in a given task. An agent (a learning machine) is trained to perform a task from demonstrations by learning a mapping between observations and actions. The idea of teaching by imitation has been around for many years, however, the field is gaining attention recently due to advances in computing and sensing as well as rising demand for intelligent applications. The paradigm of learning by imitation is gaining popularity because it facilitates teaching complex tasks with minimal expert knowledge of the tasks. Generic imitation learning methods could potentially reduce the problem of teaching a task to that of providing demonstrations; without the need for explicit programming or designing reward functions specific to the task. Modern sensors are able to collect and transmit high volumes of data rapidly, and processors with high computational power allow fast processing that maps the sensory data to actions in a timely manner. This opens the door for many potential AI applications that require real-time perception and reaction such as humanoid robots, self-driving vehicles, human computer interaction and computer games to name a few. However, specialized algorithms are needed to effectively and robustly learn models as learning by imitation poses its own set of challenges. In this paper, we survey imitation learning methods and present design options in different steps of the learning process. We introduce a background and motivation for the field as well as highlight challenges specific to the imitation problem. Methods for designing and evaluating imitation learning tasks are categorized and reviewed. Special attention is given to learning methods in robotics and games as these domains are the most popular in the literature and provide a wide array of problems and methodologies. We extensively discuss combining imitation learning approaches using different sources and methods, as well as incorporating other motion learning methods to enhance imitation. We also discuss the potential impact on industry, present major applications and highlight current and future research directions.
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最近的研究表明,图形神经网络(GNNS)可以学习适用于典型的多层Perceptron(MLP)的运动控制的政策,具有卓越的转移和多任务性能(Wang等,2018; Huang Et al。,2020)。到目前为止,由于传感器和致动器的数量增长,GNN的性能随着传感器和执行器的数量而迅速变化,结果已经限于对小剂量的训练。在监督学习环境中使用GNN的关键动机是它们对大图的适用性,但尚未实现这种益处用于运动控制。我们将宽松的GNN架构中的弱点识别出导致这种较差的缩放:在网络中的MLP中过度拟合,用于编码,解码和传播消息。为了打击这一点,我们引入了雪花,一种用于高维连续控制的GNN训练方法,可以冻结受影响的网络部分中的参数。雪花显着提高了GNN在大型代理上的运动控制的性能,现在与MLP的性能相匹配,以及具有卓越的转移性能。
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由于机器人动力学中的固有非线性,腿部机器人全身动作的在线计划具有挑战性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个非线性MPC框架,该框架可以通过有效利用机器人动力学结构来在线生成全身轨迹。Biconmp用于在真正的四倍机器人上生成各种环状步态,其性能在不同的地形上进行了评估,对抗不同步态之间的不可预见的推动力并在线过渡。此外,提出了双孔在机器人上产生非平凡无环的全身动态运动的能力。同样的方法也被用来在人体机器人(TALOS)上产生MPC的各种动态运动,并在模拟中产生另一个四倍的机器人(Anymal)。最后,报告并讨论了对计划范围和频率对非线性MPC框架的影响的广泛经验分析。
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惯性测量单元(IMU)在机器人研究中无处不在。它为机器人提供了姿势信息,以实现平衡和导航。但是,人类和动物可以在没有精确的方向或位置值的情况下感知其身体在环境中的运动。这种互动固有地涉及感知和动作之间的快速反馈回路。这项工作提出了一种端到端方法,该方法使用高维视觉观察和动作命令来训练视觉自模型进行腿部运动。视觉自模型学习机器人身体运动与地面纹理之间的空间关系从图像序列变化。我们证明机器人可以利用视觉自模型来实现机器人在训练过程中看不见的现实环境中的各种运动任务。通过我们提出的方法,机器人可以在没有IMU的情况下或在没有GPS或弱地磁场的环境中进行运动,例如该市的室内和Urban Canyons。
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基于腿部机器人的基于深的加固学习(RL)控制器表现出令人印象深刻的鲁棒性,可在不同的环境中为多个机器人平台行走。为了在现实世界中启用RL策略为类人类机器人应用,至关重要的是,建立一个可以在2D和3D地形上实现任何方向行走的系统,并由用户命令控制。在本文中,我们通过学习遵循给定步骤序列的政策来解决这个问题。该政策在一组程序生成的步骤序列(也称为脚步计划)的帮助下进行培训。我们表明,仅将即将到来的2个步骤喂入政策就足以实现全向步行,安装到位,站立和攀登楼梯。我们的方法采用课程学习对地形的复杂性,并规避了参考运动或预训练的权重的需求。我们证明了我们提出的方法在Mujoco仿真环境中学习2个新机器人平台的RL策略-HRP5P和JVRC -1-。可以在线获得培训和评估的代码。
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