数据驱动的模拟器承诺高数据效率进行驾驶策略学习。当用于建模相互作用时,这种数据效率变为瓶颈:小型基础数据集通常缺乏用于学习交互式驾驶的有趣和具有挑战性的边缘案例。我们通过提出使用绘制的ADO车辆学习强大的驾驶策略的仿真方法来解决这一挑战。因此,我们的方法可用于学习涉及多代理交互的策略,并允许通过最先进的策略学习方法进行培训。我们评估了驾驶中学习标准交互情景的方法。在广泛的实验中,我们的工作表明,由此产生的政策可以直接转移到全规模的自治车辆,而无需使用任何传统的SIM-to-Real传输技术,例如域随机化。
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仿真有可能改变在安全关键方案中部署的移动代理的强大算法的开发。然而,对现有模拟发动机的差的光敏性和缺乏不同的传感器方式保持关键障碍朝来实现这种潜力。在这里,我们呈现Vista,一个开源,数据驱动模拟器,用于为自动车辆集成多种类型的传感器。使用高保真度,实际数据集,Vista表示和模拟RGB摄像机,3D LIDAR和基于事件的相机,可以快速生成模拟中的新颖观点,从而富集可用于与难以实现的拐角案例的政策学习的数据在物理世界中捕获。使用Vista,我们展示了在每个传感器类型上培训和测试对控制策略的能力,并通过在全尺度自主车辆上进行展示这种方法的功率。在Vista中学到的政策展示了SIM-TEAR-REAL转移,而不是改进和更高的鲁棒性,而不是完全在现实世界数据上培训的鲁棒性。
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安全驾驶需要人类和智能代理的多种功能,例如无法看到环境的普遍性,对周围交通的安全意识以及复杂的多代理设置中的决策。尽管强化学习取得了巨大的成功(RL),但由于缺乏集成的环境,大多数RL研究工作分别研究了每个能力。在这项工作中,我们开发了一个名为MetAdrive的新驾驶模拟平台,以支持对机器自治的可概括增强学习算法的研究。 Metadrive具有高度的组成性,可以从程序生成和实际数据导入的实际数据中产生无限数量的不同驾驶场景。基于Metadrive,我们在单一代理和多代理设置中构建了各种RL任务和基线,包括在看不见的场景,安全探索和学习多机构流量的情况下进行基准标记。对程序生成的场景和现实世界情景进行的概括实验表明,增加训练集的多样性和大小会导致RL代理的推广性提高。我们进一步评估了元数据环境中各种安全的增强学习和多代理增强学习算法,并提供基准。源代码,文档和演示视频可在\ url {https://metadriverse.github.io/metadrive}上获得。
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We introduce CARLA, an open-source simulator for autonomous driving research. CARLA has been developed from the ground up to support development, training, and validation of autonomous urban driving systems. In addition to open-source code and protocols, CARLA provides open digital assets (urban layouts, buildings, vehicles) that were created for this purpose and can be used freely. The simulation platform supports flexible specification of sensor suites and environmental conditions. We use CARLA to study the performance of three approaches to autonomous driving: a classic modular pipeline, an endto-end model trained via imitation learning, and an end-to-end model trained via reinforcement learning. The approaches are evaluated in controlled scenarios of increasing difficulty, and their performance is examined via metrics provided by CARLA, illustrating the platform's utility for autonomous driving research.
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我们介绍了\ textit {nocturne},这是一种新的2D驾驶模拟器,用于调查部分可观察性下的多代理协调。夜曲的重点是在不具有计算机视觉的计算开销并从图像中提取特征的情况下,在现实世界中的推理和心理理论方面进行研究。该模拟器中的代理只会观察到场景的障碍,模仿人类的视觉传感限制。 Unlike existing benchmarks that are bottlenecked by rendering human-like observations directly using a camera input, Nocturne uses efficient intersection methods to compute a vectorized set of visible features in a C++ back-end, allowing the simulator to run at $2000+$ steps-per -第二。使用开源轨迹和映射数据,我们构建了一个模拟器,以加载和重播来自现实世界驾驶数据的任意轨迹和场景。使用这种环境,我们基准了加强学习和模仿学习剂,并证明这些代理远离人类水平的协调能力,并显着偏离专家轨迹。
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强化学习(RL)已证明可以在各种任务中达到超级人类水平的表现。但是,与受监督的机器学习不同,将其推广到各种情况的学习策略仍然是现实世界中最具挑战性的问题之一。自主驾驶(AD)提供了一个多方面的实验领域,因为有必要在许多变化的道路布局和可能的交通情况大量分布中学习正确的行为,包括个人驾驶员个性和难以预测的交通事件。在本文中,我们根据可配置,灵活和性能的代码库为AD提出了一个具有挑战性的基准。我们的基准测试使用了随机场景生成器的目录,包括用于道路布局和交通变化的多种机制,不同的数值和视觉观察类型,不同的动作空间,不同的车辆模型,并允许在静态场景定义下使用。除了纯粹的算法见解外,我们面向应用程序的基准还可以更好地理解设计决策的影响,例如行动和观察空间对政策的普遍性。我们的基准旨在鼓励研究人员提出能够在各种情况下成功概括的解决方案,这是当前RL方法失败的任务。基准的代码可在https://github.com/seawee1/driver-dojo上获得。
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With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.
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由于交通环境的复杂性和波动性,自主驾驶中的决策是一个显着难的问题。在这个项目中,我们使用深度Q-network,以及基于规则的限制来使车道变化的决定。可以通过将高级横向决策与基于低级规则的轨迹监视相结合来获得安全高效的车道改变行为。预计该代理商在培训中,在实际的UDAcity模拟器中进行了适当的车道更换操作,总共100次发作。结果表明,基于规则的DQN比DQN方法更好地执行。基于规则的DQN达到0.8的安全速率和47英里/小时的平均速度
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We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.
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The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1
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我们解决了由具有不同驱动程序行为的道路代理人填充的密集模拟交通环境中的自我车辆导航问题。由于其异构行为引起的代理人的不可预测性,这种环境中的导航是挑战。我们提出了一种新的仿真技术,包括丰富现有的交通模拟器,其具有与不同程度的侵略性程度相对应的行为丰富的轨迹。我们在驾驶员行为建模算法的帮助下生成这些轨迹。然后,我们使用丰富的模拟器培训深度加强学习(DRL)策略,包括一组高级车辆控制命令,并在测试时间使用此策略来执行密集流量的本地导航。我们的政策隐含地模拟了交通代理商之间的交互,并计算了自助式驾驶员机动,例如超速,超速,编织和突然道路变化的激进驾驶员演习的安全轨迹。我们增强的行为丰富的模拟器可用于生成由对应于不同驱动程序行为和流量密度的轨迹组成的数据集,我们的行为的导航方案可以与最先进的导航算法相结合。
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High-quality traffic flow generation is the core module in building simulators for autonomous driving. However, the majority of available simulators are incapable of replicating traffic patterns that accurately reflect the various features of real-world data while also simulating human-like reactive responses to the tested autopilot driving strategies. Taking one step forward to addressing such a problem, we propose Realistic Interactive TrAffic flow (RITA) as an integrated component of existing driving simulators to provide high-quality traffic flow for the evaluation and optimization of the tested driving strategies. RITA is developed with fidelity, diversity, and controllability in consideration, and consists of two core modules called RITABackend and RITAKit. RITABackend is built to support vehicle-wise control and provide traffic generation models from real-world datasets, while RITAKit is developed with easy-to-use interfaces for controllable traffic generation via RITABackend. We demonstrate RITA's capacity to create diversified and high-fidelity traffic simulations in several highly interactive highway scenarios. The experimental findings demonstrate that our produced RITA traffic flows meet all three design goals, hence enhancing the completeness of driving strategy evaluation. Moreover, we showcase the possibility for further improvement of baseline strategies through online fine-tuning with RITA traffic flows.
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行人在场的运动控制算法对于开发安全可靠的自动驾驶汽车(AV)至关重要。传统运动控制算法依赖于手动设计的决策政策,这些政策忽略了AV和行人之间的相互作用。另一方面,深度强化学习的最新进展允许在没有手动设计的情况下自动学习政策。为了解决行人在场的决策问题,作者介绍了一个基于社会价值取向和深入强化学习(DRL)的框架,该框架能够以不同的驾驶方式生成决策政策。该政策是在模拟环境中使用最先进的DRL算法培训的。还引入了适合DRL训练的新型计算效率的行人模型。我们执行实验以验证我们的框架,并对使用两种不同的无模型深钢筋学习算法获得的策略进行了比较分析。模拟结果表明,开发的模型如何表现出自然的驾驶行为,例如短暂的驾驶行为,以促进行人的穿越。
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最近,自主驾驶社会上有许多进展,吸引了学术界和工业的很多关注。然而,现有的作品主要专注于汽车,自动驾驶卡车算法和模型仍然需要额外的开发。在本文中,我们介绍了智能自动驾驶卡车系统。我们所呈现的系统由三个主要组成部分组成,1)一个现实的交通仿真模块,用于在测试场景中产生现实的交通流量,2)设计和评估了在现实世界部署中模仿实际卡车响应的高保真卡车模型,3 )具有基于学习的决策算法和多模轨迹策划仪的智能计划模块,考虑到卡车的约束,道路斜率变化和周围的交通流量。我们为每个组分单独提供定量评估,以证明每个部件的保真度和性能。我们还将我们的建议系统部署在真正的卡车上,并进行真实的世界实验,表明我们的系统能力缓解了SIM-TO-REAL差距。我们的代码可以在https://github.com/inceptioresearch/iits提供
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自驱动粒子(SDP)描述了日常生活中常见的一类常见的多种子体系统,例如植绒鸟类和交通流量。在SDP系统中,每个代理商都追求自己的目标,并不断改变其与附近代理商的合作或竞争行为。手动设计用于此类SDP系统的控制器是耗时的,而产生的紧急行为往往是不可逼真的,也不是更广泛的。因此,SDP系统的现实模拟仍然具有挑战性。强化学习提供了一种吸引人的替代方案,用于自动化SDP控制器的开发。然而,以前的多档强化学习(Marl)方法将代理人定义为手头之前的队友或敌人,这未能捕获每个代理的作用的SDP的本质,即使在一个集中也变化或竞争。为了用Marl模拟SDP,一个关键挑战是协调代理的行为,同时仍然最大化个人目标。将交通仿真作为测试床,在这项工作中,我们开发了一种称为协调政策优化(Copo)的新型MARL方法,该方法包括社会心理学原理来学习SDP的神经控制器。实验表明,与各种度量标准的Marl基线相比,该方法可以实现优越的性能。明显的车辆明显地表现出复杂和多样化的社会行为,以提高整个人口的性能和安全性。演示视频和源代码可用于:https://decisionforce.github.io/copo/
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Traditional planning and control methods could fail to find a feasible trajectory for an autonomous vehicle to execute amongst dense traffic on roads. This is because the obstacle-free volume in spacetime is very small in these scenarios for the vehicle to drive through. However, that does not mean the task is infeasible since human drivers are known to be able to drive amongst dense traffic by leveraging the cooperativeness of other drivers to open a gap. The traditional methods fail to take into account the fact that the actions taken by an agent affect the behaviour of other vehicles on the road. In this work, we rely on the ability of deep reinforcement learning to implicitly model such interactions and learn a continuous control policy over the action space of an autonomous vehicle. The application we consider requires our agent to negotiate and open a gap in the road in order to successfully merge or change lanes. Our policy learns to repeatedly probe into the target road lane while trying to find a safe spot to move in to. We compare against two model-predictive control-based algorithms and show that our policy outperforms them in simulation.
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在多机构动态交通情况下的自主驾驶具有挑战性:道路使用者的行为不确定,很难明确建模,并且自我车辆应与他们应用复杂的谈判技巧,例如屈服,合并和交付,以实现,以实现在各种环境中都有安全有效的驾驶。在这些复杂的动态场景中,传统的计划方法主要基于规则,并且通常会导致反应性甚至过于保守的行为。因此,他们需要乏味的人类努力来维持可行性。最近,基于深度学习的方法显示出令人鼓舞的结果,具有更好的概括能力,但手工工程的工作较少。但是,它们要么是通过有监督的模仿学习(IL)来实施的,该学习遭受了数据集偏见和分配不匹配问题,要么接受了深入强化学习(DRL)的培训,但专注于一种特定的交通情况。在这项工作中,我们建议DQ-GAT实现可扩展和主动的自主驾驶,在这些驾驶中,基于图形注意力的网络用于隐式建模相互作用,并采用了深层Q学习来以无聊的方式训练网络端到端的网络。 。在高保真驾驶模拟器中进行的广泛实验表明,我们的方法比以前的基于学习的方法和传统的基于规则的方法获得了更高的成功率,并且在可见和看不见的情况下都可以更好地摆脱安全性和效率。此外,轨迹数据集的定性结果表明,我们所学的政策可以通过实时速度转移到现实世界中。演示视频可在https://caipeide.github.io/dq-gat/上找到。
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在典型的自主驾驶堆栈中,计划和控制系统代表了两个最关键的组件,其中传感器检索并通过感知算法处理的数据用于实施安全舒适的自动驾驶行为。特别是,计划模块可以预测自动驾驶汽车应遵循正确的高级操作的路径,而控制系统则执行一系列低级动作,控制转向角度,油门和制动器。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个无模型的深钢筋学习计划者培训一个可以预测加速度和转向角度的神经网络,从而获得了一个单个模块,可以使用自我自我的本地化和感知算法处理的数据来驱动车辆-驾车。特别是,在模拟中进行了全面训练的系统能够在模拟和帕尔马市现实世界中的无障碍环境中平稳驱动,证明该系统具有良好的概括能力,也可以驱动驱动在培训方案之外的那些部分。此外,为了将系统部署在真正的自动驾驶汽车上,并减少模拟和现实世界中的差距,我们还开发了一个由微小的神经网络表示的模块,能够在期间重现真正的车辆动态行为模拟的培训。
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对自动驾驶车辆性能的定量评估,交通模拟引起了很多兴趣。为了使模拟器成为有价值的测试工作台,要求对现场每个交通代理的驾驶策略动画,就像人类在保持最小安全保证的同时一样。从记录的人类驾驶数据或通过强化学习中学习交通代理的驾驶政策似乎是在不受控制的交叉路口或回旋处中产生现实且高度互动的交通状况的有吸引力的解决方案。在这项工作中,我们表明,在学习驾驶政策时模仿人类驾驶与保持安全性之间存在权衡。我们通过比较应用于驾驶任务时的各种模仿学习和强化学习算法的性能来做到这一点。我们还提出了一种多物镜学习算法(MOPPO),可以共同提高两个目标。我们在从交互数据集中提取的高度互动驾驶方案上测试驾驶政策,以评估它们的表现如何。
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Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising solution for autonomous vehicles to deal with complex and uncertain traffic environments. The RL training process is however expensive, unsafe, and time consuming. Algorithms are often developed first in simulation and then transferred to the real world, leading to a common sim2real challenge that performance decreases when the domain changes. In this paper, we propose a transfer learning process to minimize the gap by exploiting digital twin technology, relying on a systematic and simultaneous combination of virtual and real world data coming from vehicle dynamics and traffic scenarios. The model and testing environment are evolved from model, hardware to vehicle in the loop and proving ground testing stages, similar to standard development cycle in automotive industry. In particular, we also integrate other transfer learning techniques such as domain randomization and adaptation in each stage. The simulation and real data are gradually incorporated to accelerate and make the transfer learning process more robust. The proposed RL methodology is applied to develop a path following steering controller for an autonomous electric vehicle. After learning and deploying the real-time RL control policy on the vehicle, we obtained satisfactory and safe control performance already from the first deployment, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed digital twin based learning process.
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