数据驱动学习方法与经典仿真之间的接口造成了一个有趣的字段，提供了多种新应用。在这项工作中，我们建立了物理知识的神经网络（Pinns）的概念，并在浅水方程（SWE）模型中采用它们。这些模型在建模和模拟自由表面流程中起重要作用，例如洪波传播或海啸波。彼此比较Pinn残差的不同配方，并评估多种优化以加速收敛速率。我们用不同的1-D和2-D实验测试这些并最终证明关于具有不同沐浴浴的SWE场景，该方法能够与直接数值模拟相比，具有8.9美元的总相对$ L_2 $误差的直接数值模拟。e-3 $。

神经网络可用作PDE模型的代理。它们可以通过惩罚潜在方程或在训练期间损失函数中的物理性质保护来进行物理意识。电流方法允许另外尊重来自培训过程中的数值模拟或实验的数据。然而，该数据经常昂贵，因此只能用于复杂模型。在这项工作中，我们调查了物理感知模型如何富有计算方式，而是来自其他代理模型的数据，如减少阶模型（ROM）。为了避免相信过于低保的代理解决方案，我们开发一种对不精确数据中的错误敏感的方法。作为概念证明，我们考虑一维波浪方程，并表明，当纳入来自ROM的不精确数据时，训练精度增加了两个数量级。

两个不混溶的流体的位移是多孔介质中流体流动的常见问题。这种问题可以作为局部微分方程（PDE）构成通常被称为Buckley-Leverett（B-L）问题。 B-L问题是一种非线性双曲守护法，众所周知，使用传统的数值方法难以解决。在这里，我们使用物理信息的神经网络（Pinns）使用非凸版通量函数来解决前向双曲线B-L问题。本文的贡献是双重的。首先，我们通过将Oleinik熵条件嵌入神经网络残差来提出一种Pinn方法来解决双曲线B-L问题。我们不使用扩散术语（人工粘度）在残留损失中，但我们依靠PDE的强形式。其次，我们使用ADAM优化器与基于残留的自适应细化（RAR）算法，实现不加权的超低损耗。我们的解决方案方法可以精确地捕获冲击前并产生精确的整体解决方案。我们报告了一个2 x 10-2的L2验证误差和1x 10-6的L2损耗。所提出的方法不需要任何额外的正则化或加权损失以获得这种准确的解决方案。

物理信息的神经网络（PINN）是神经网络（NNS），它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程，例如部分微分方程（PDE）。如今，PINN是用于求解PDE，分数方程，积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架，在该框架中，NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述：虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络，这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩（Vanilla Pinn）以及许多其他变体，例如物理受限的神经网络（PCNN），各种HP-VPINN，变量HP-VPINN，VPINN，VPINN，变体。和保守的Pinn（CPINN）。该研究表明，大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能，梯度优化技术，神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛，但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法（FEM）等经典数值技术更可行的能力，但仍有可能的进步，最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。

科学机器学习（Sciml）的出现在思路科学领域开辟了一个新的领域，通过在基于物理和数据建模的界面的界面中开发方法。为此，近年来介绍了物理知识的神经网络（Pinns），通过在所谓的焊点上纳入物理知识来应对培训数据的稀缺。在这项工作中，我们研究了Pinns关于用于强制基于物理惩罚术语的配偶数量的预测性能。我们表明Pinns可能会失败，学习通过定义来满足物理惩罚术语的琐碎解决方案。我们制定了一种替代的采样方法和新的惩罚术语，使我们能够在具有竞争性结果的数据稀缺设置中纠正Pinns中的核心问题，同时减少最多80 \％的基准问题所需的搭配数量。

Machine learning-based modeling of physical systems has experienced increased interest in recent years. Despite some impressive progress, there is still a lack of benchmarks for Scientific ML that are easy to use but still challenging and representative of a wide range of problems. We introduce PDEBench, a benchmark suite of time-dependent simulation tasks based on Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). PDEBench comprises both code and data to benchmark the performance of novel machine learning models against both classical numerical simulations and machine learning baselines. Our proposed set of benchmark problems contribute the following unique features: (1) A much wider range of PDEs compared to existing benchmarks, ranging from relatively common examples to more realistic and difficult problems; (2) much larger ready-to-use datasets compared to prior work, comprising multiple simulation runs across a larger number of initial and boundary conditions and PDE parameters; (3) more extensible source codes with user-friendly APIs for data generation and baseline results with popular machine learning models (FNO, U-Net, PINN, Gradient-Based Inverse Method). PDEBench allows researchers to extend the benchmark freely for their own purposes using a standardized API and to compare the performance of new models to existing baseline methods. We also propose new evaluation metrics with the aim to provide a more holistic understanding of learning methods in the context of Scientific ML. With those metrics we identify tasks which are challenging for recent ML methods and propose these tasks as future challenges for the community. The code is available at https://github.com/pdebench/PDEBench.

We present an end-to-end framework to learn partial differential equations that brings together initial data production, selection of boundary conditions, and the use of physics-informed neural operators to solve partial differential equations that are ubiquitous in the study and modeling of physics phenomena. We first demonstrate that our methods reproduce the accuracy and performance of other neural operators published elsewhere in the literature to learn the 1D wave equation and the 1D Burgers equation. Thereafter, we apply our physics-informed neural operators to learn new types of equations, including the 2D Burgers equation in the scalar, inviscid and vector types. Finally, we show that our approach is also applicable to learn the physics of the 2D linear and nonlinear shallow water equations, which involve three coupled partial differential equations. We release our artificial intelligence surrogates and scientific software to produce initial data and boundary conditions to study a broad range of physically motivated scenarios. We provide the source code, an interactive website to visualize the predictions of our physics informed neural operators, and a tutorial for their use at the Data and Learning Hub for Science.

We propose characteristic-informed neural networks (CINN), a simple and efficient machine learning approach for solving forward and inverse problems involving hyperbolic PDEs. Like physics-informed neural networks (PINN), CINN is a meshless machine learning solver with universal approximation capabilities. Unlike PINN, which enforces a PDE softly via a multi-part loss function, CINN encodes the characteristics of the PDE in a general-purpose deep neural network trained with the usual MSE data-fitting regression loss and standard deep learning optimization methods. This leads to faster training and can avoid well-known pathologies of gradient descent optimization of multi-part PINN loss functions. If the characteristic ODEs can be solved exactly, which is true in important cases, the output of a CINN is an exact solution of the PDE, even at initialization, preventing the occurrence of non-physical outputs. Otherwise, the ODEs must be solved approximately, but the CINN is still trained only using a data-fitting loss function. The performance of CINN is assessed empirically in forward and inverse linear hyperbolic problems. These preliminary results indicate that CINN is able to improve on the accuracy of the baseline PINN, while being nearly twice as fast to train and avoiding non-physical solutions. Future extensions to hyperbolic PDE systems and nonlinear PDEs are also briefly discussed.

Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.

作为深度学习的典型{Application}，物理知识的神经网络（PINN）{已成功用于找到部分微分方程（PDES）的数值解决方案（PDES），但是如何提高有限准确性仍然是PINN的巨大挑战。 。在这项工作中，我们引入了一种新方法，对称性增强物理学知情的神经网络（SPINN），其中PDE的谎言对称性诱导的不变表面条件嵌入PINN的损失函数中，以提高PINN的准确性。我们分别通过两组十组独立数值实验来测试SPINN的有效性，分别用于热方程，Korteweg-De Vries（KDV）方程和潜在的汉堡{方程式}，这表明Spinn的性能比PINN更好，而PINN的训练点和更简单的结构都更好神经网络。此外，我们讨论了Spinn的计算开销，以PINN的相对计算成本，并表明Spinn的训练时间没有明显的增加，甚至在某些情况下还不是PINN。

地震波的频域模拟在地震反演中起着重要作用，但在大型模型中仍然具有挑战性。作为有效的深度学习方法，最近提出的物理知识的神经网络（PINN）在解决广泛的偏微分方程（PDES）方面取得了成功的应用，并且在这方面仍然有改进的余地。例如，当PDE系数不平滑并描述结构复合介质时，PINN可能导致溶液不准确。在本文中，我们通过使用PINN而不是波方程来求解频域中的声学和Visco声学散射的场波方程，以消除源奇异性。我们首先说明，当在损失函数中未实现边界条件时，非平滑速度模型导致波场不准确。然后，我们在PINN的损耗函数中添加了完美匹配的层（PML）条件，并设计了二次神经网络，以克服PINN中非平滑模型的有害影响。我们表明，PML和二次神经元改善了结果和衰减，并讨论了这种改进的原因。我们还说明，在波场模拟中训练的网络可用于预先训练PDE-Coeff及时改变后另一个波场模拟的神经网络，并相应地提高收敛速度。当两次连续迭代或两个连续的实验之间的模型扰动时，这种预训练策略应在迭代全波形反转（FWI）和时置目标成像中找到应用。

在本文中，我们提出了一种深度学习技术，用于数据驱动的流体介质中波传播的预测。该技术依赖于基于注意力的卷积复发自动编码器网络（AB-CRAN）。为了构建波传播数据的低维表示，我们采用了基于转化的卷积自动编码器。具有基于注意力的长期短期记忆细胞的AB-CRAN体系结构构成了我们的深度神经网络模型，用于游行低维特征的时间。我们评估了针对标准复发性神经网络的拟议的AB-Cran框架，用于波传播的低维学习。为了证明AB-Cran模型的有效性，我们考虑了三个基准问题，即一维线性对流，非线性粘性汉堡方程和二维圣人浅水系统。我们的新型AB-CRAN结构使用基准问题的空间 - 时空数据集，可以准确捕获波幅度，并在长期范围内保留溶液的波特性。与具有长期短期记忆细胞的标准复发性神经网络相比，基于注意力的序列到序列网络增加了预测的时间莫。 Denoising自动编码器进一步减少了预测的平方平方误差，并提高了参数空间中的概括能力。

Solute transport in porous media is relevant to a wide range of applications in hydrogeology, geothermal energy, underground CO2 storage, and a variety of chemical engineering systems. Due to the complexity of solute transport in heterogeneous porous media, traditional solvers require high resolution meshing and are therefore expensive computationally. This study explores the application of a mesh-free method based on deep learning to accelerate the simulation of solute transport. We employ Physics-informed Neural Networks (PiNN) to solve solute transport problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media governed by the advection-dispersion equation. Unlike traditional neural networks that learn from large training datasets, PiNNs only leverage the strong form mathematical models to simultaneously solve for multiple dependent or independent field variables (e.g., pressure and solute concentration fields). In this study, we construct PiNN using a periodic activation function to better represent the complex physical signals (i.e., pressure) and their derivatives (i.e., velocity). Several case studies are designed with the intention of investigating the proposed PiNN's capability to handle different degrees of complexity. A manual hyperparameter tuning method is used to find the best PiNN architecture for each test case. Point-wise error and mean square error (MSE) measures are employed to assess the performance of PiNNs' predictions against the ground truth solutions obtained analytically or numerically using the finite element method. Our findings show that the predictions of PiNN are in good agreement with the ground truth solutions while reducing computational complexity and cost by, at least, three orders of magnitude.

Deep learning techniques with neural networks have been used effectively in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to obtain solutions to nonlinear differential equations. This paper presents a physics-informed neural network (PINN) approach to solve the Blasius function. This method eliminates the process of changing the non-linear differential equation to an initial value problem. Also, it tackles the convergence issue arising in the conventional series solution. It is seen that this method produces results that are at par with the numerical and conventional methods. The solution is extended to the negative axis to show that PINNs capture the singularity of the function at $\eta=-5.69$

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN) are algorithms from deep learning leveraging physical laws by including partial differential equations together with a respective set of boundary and initial conditions as penalty terms into their loss function. In this work, we observe the significant role of correctly weighting the combination of multiple competitive loss functions for training PINNs effectively. To this end, we implement and evaluate different methods aiming at balancing the contributions of multiple terms of the PINNs loss function and their gradients. After reviewing of three existing loss scaling approaches (Learning Rate Annealing, GradNorm and SoftAdapt), we propose a novel self-adaptive loss balancing scheme for PINNs named \emph{ReLoBRaLo} (Relative Loss Balancing with Random Lookback). We extensively evaluate the performance of the aforementioned balancing schemes by solving both forward as well as inverse problems on three benchmark PDEs for PINNs: Burgers' equation, Kirchhoff's plate bending equation and Helmholtz's equation. The results show that ReLoBRaLo is able to consistently outperform the baseline of existing scaling methods in terms of accuracy, while also inducing significantly less computational overhead.

深度学习方法的应用加快了挑战性电流问题的分辨率，最近显示出令人鼓舞的结果。但是，电力系统动力学不是快照，稳态操作。必须考虑这些动力学，以确保这些模型提供的最佳解决方案遵守实用的动力约束，避免频率波动和网格不稳定性。不幸的是，由于其高计算成本，基于普通或部分微分方程的动态系统模型通常不适合在控制或状态估计中直接应用。为了应对这些挑战，本文介绍了一种机器学习方法，以近乎实时近似电力系统动态的行为。该拟议的框架基于梯度增强的物理知识的神经网络（GPINNS），并编码有关电源系统的基本物理定律。拟议的GPINN的关键特征是它的训练能力而无需生成昂贵的培训数据。该论文说明了在单机无限总线系统中提出的方法在预测转子角度和频率的前进和反向问题中的潜力，以及不确定的参数，例如惯性和阻尼，以展示其在一系列电力系统应用中的潜力。

科学和工程学中的一个基本问题是设计最佳的控制政策，这些政策将给定的系统转向预期的结果。这项工作提出了同时求解给定系统状态和最佳控制信号的控制物理信息的神经网络（控制PINNS），在符合基础物理定律的一个阶段框架中。先前的方法使用两个阶段的框架，该框架首先建模然后按顺序控制系统。相比之下，控制PINN将所需的最佳条件纳入其体系结构和损耗函数中。通过解决以下开环的最佳控制问题来证明控制PINN的成功：（i）一个分析问题，（ii）一维热方程，以及（iii）二维捕食者捕食者问题。

在本文中，我们开发了一种物理知识的神经网络（PINN）模型，用于具有急剧干扰初始条件的抛物线问题。作为抛物线问题的一个示例，我们考虑具有点（高斯）源初始条件的对流 - 分散方程（ADE）。在$ d $维的ADE中，在初始条件衰减中的扰动随时间$ t $ as $ t^{ - d/2} $，这可能会在Pinn解决方案中造成较大的近似错误。 ADE溶液中的局部大梯度使该方程的残余效率低下的（PINN）拉丁高立方体采样（常见）。最后，抛物线方程的PINN解对损耗函数中的权重选择敏感。我们提出了一种归一化的ADE形式，其中溶液的初始扰动不会降低幅度，并证明该归一化显着降低了PINN近似误差。我们提出了与通过其他方法选择的权重相比，损耗函数中的权重标准更准确。最后，我们提出了一种自适应采样方案，该方案可显着减少相同数量的采样（残差）点的PINN溶液误差。我们证明了提出的PINN模型的前进，反向和向后ADE的准确性。

物理信息神经网络（PINN）能够找到给定边界值问题的解决方案。我们使用有限元方法（FEM）的几个想法来增强工程问题中现有的PINN的性能。当前工作的主要贡献是促进使用主要变量的空间梯度作为分离神经网络的输出。后来，具有较高衍生物的强形式应用于主要变量的空间梯度作为物理约束。此外，该问题的所谓能量形式被应用于主要变量，作为训练的附加约束。所提出的方法仅需要一阶导数来构建物理损失函数。我们讨论了为什么通过不同模型之间的各种比较，这一点是有益的。基于配方混合的PINN和FE方法具有一些相似之处。前者利用神经网络的复杂非线性插值将PDE及其能量形式最小化及其能量形式，而后者则在元素节点借助Shape函数在元素节点上使用相同。我们专注于异质固体，以显示深学习在不同边界条件下在复杂环境中预测解决方案的能力。针对FEM的解决方案对两个原型问题的解决方案进行了检查：弹性和泊松方程（稳态扩散问题）。我们得出的结论是，通过正确设计PINN中的网络体系结构，深度学习模型有可能在没有其他来源的任何可用初始数据中解决异质域中的未知数。最后，关于Pinn和FEM的组合进行了讨论，以在未来的开发中快速准确地设计复合材料。

在本文中，我们提出了用于求解非线性微分方程（NDE）的神经网络的物理知情训练（PIAT）。众所周知，神经网络的标准培训会导致非平滑函数。对抗训练（AT）是针对对抗攻击的既定防御机制，这也可能有助于使解决方案平滑。 AT包括通过扰动增强训练迷你批量，使网络输出不匹配所需的输出对手。与正式AT仅依靠培训数据不同，在这里，我们使用对抗网络体系结构中的自动差异来以非线性微分方程的形式编码管理物理定律。我们将PIAT与PIAT进行了比较，以指示我们方法在求解多达10个维度方面的有效性。此外，我们提出了重量衰减和高斯平滑，以证明PIAT的优势。代码存储库可从https://github.com/rohban-lab/piat获得。