我们定义\ emph {laziness}来描述对经典或量子的神经网络变异参数更新的大量抑制。在量子情况下，在随机变分量子电路的量子数中，抑制是指数的。我们讨论了量子机器在梯度下降期间，量子物理学家在\ cite {mcclean2018barren}中创建的量子机学习中的懒惰和\ emph {贫瘠的高原}之间的差异。根据神经切线核的理论，我们解决了对这两种现象的新理论理解。对于无噪声量子电路，如果没有测量噪声，则在过份术的状态下，损耗函数景观是复杂的，具有大量可训练的变异角度。取而代之的是，在优化的随机起点周围，有大量的局部最小值足够好，并且可以最大程度地减少我们仍然具有量子懒惰的均方根损耗函数，但是我们没有贫瘠的高原。但是，在有限的迭代次数中看不到复杂的景观，量子控制和量子传感的精度较低。此外，我们通过假设直观的噪声模型来查看在优化过程中噪声的效果，并表明变异量子算法在过覆盖化方案中是噪声弹性的。我们的工作精确地重新制定了量子贫瘠的高原声明，以对精确声明进行了合理的合理性，并在某些噪声模型中为陈述提供了正当的辩护，将新希望注入了近期变异量子算法，并为经典的机器学习提供了理论上的联系。我们的论文提供了有关量子贫瘠的高原的概念观点，以及关于\ cite {gater}中梯度下降动力学的讨论。

变形量子电路用于量子机器学习和变分量子仿真任务。设计良好的变形电路或预测对给定学习或优化任务的表现如何尚不清楚。在这里，我们讨论了这些问题，使用神经切线内核理论分析变分量子电路。我们定义了量子神经切线内核，并在优化和学习任务中获得了相关损失函数的动态方程。我们分析了冻结极限或懒惰训练制度的动态，其中变分角缓慢变化，线性扰动足够好。我们将分析扩展到动态设置，包括变分角的二次校正。然后，我们考虑混合量子古典架构并定义混合核的大宽度限制，表明混合量子 - 经典神经网络可以大致高斯。这里提出的结果显示了用于量子机器学习和优化问题的变分量子电路的训练动态的分析谅解的限制。这些分析结果得到了量子机器学习实验的数值模拟支持。

Quantum machine learning is a rapidly evolving field of research that could facilitate important applications for quantum computing and also significantly impact data-driven sciences. In our work, based on various arguments from complexity theory and physics, we demonstrate that a single Kerr mode can provide some "quantum enhancements" when dealing with kernel-based methods. Using kernel properties, neural tangent kernel theory, first-order perturbation theory of the Kerr non-linearity, and non-perturbative numerical simulations, we show that quantum enhancements could happen in terms of convergence time and generalization error. Furthermore, we make explicit indications on how higher-dimensional input data could be considered. Finally, we propose an experimental protocol, that we call \emph{quantum Kerr learning}, based on circuit QED.

量子信息技术的快速发展显示了在近期量子设备中模拟量子场理论的有希望的机会。在这项工作中，我们制定了1+1尺寸$ \ lambda \ phi \ phi^4 $量子场理论的（时间依赖性）变异量子模拟理论，包括编码，状态准备和时间演化，并具有多个数值模拟结果。这些算法可以理解为Jordan-Lee-Preskill算法的近期变异类似物，这是使用通用量子设备模拟量子场理论的基本算法。此外，我们强调了基于LSZ降低公式和几种计算效率的谐波振荡器基础编码的优势，例如在实施单一耦合群集ANSATZ的肺泡版本时，以准备初始状态。我们还讨论了如何在量子场理论仿真中规避“光谱拥挤”问题，并根据州和子空间保真度评估我们的算法。

FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.

Building a quantum analog of classical deep neural networks represents a fundamental challenge in quantum computing. A key issue is how to address the inherent non-linearity of classical deep learning, a problem in the quantum domain due to the fact that the composition of an arbitrary number of quantum gates, consisting of a series of sequential unitary transformations, is intrinsically linear. This problem has been variously approached in the literature, principally via the introduction of measurements between layers of unitary transformations. In this paper, we introduce the Quantum Path Kernel, a formulation of quantum machine learning capable of replicating those aspects of deep machine learning typically associated with superior generalization performance in the classical domain, specifically, hierarchical feature learning. Our approach generalizes the notion of Quantum Neural Tangent Kernel, which has been used to study the dynamics of classical and quantum machine learning models. The Quantum Path Kernel exploits the parameter trajectory, i.e. the curve delineated by model parameters as they evolve during training, enabling the representation of differential layer-wise convergence behaviors, or the formation of hierarchical parametric dependencies, in terms of their manifestation in the gradient space of the predictor function. We evaluate our approach with respect to variants of the classification of Gaussian XOR mixtures - an artificial but emblematic problem that intrinsically requires multilevel learning in order to achieve optimal class separation.

In this thesis, we consider two simple but typical control problems and apply deep reinforcement learning to them, i.e., to cool and control a particle which is subject to continuous position measurement in a one-dimensional quadratic potential or in a quartic potential. We compare the performance of reinforcement learning control and conventional control strategies on the two problems, and show that the reinforcement learning achieves a performance comparable to the optimal control for the quadratic case, and outperforms conventional control strategies for the quartic case for which the optimal control strategy is unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first time deep reinforcement learning is applied to quantum control problems in continuous real space. Our research demonstrates that deep reinforcement learning can be used to control a stochastic quantum system in real space effectively as a measurement-feedback closed-loop controller, and our research also shows the ability of AI to discover new control strategies and properties of the quantum systems that are not well understood, and we can gain insights into these problems by learning from the AI, which opens up a new regime for scientific research.

量子哈密顿学习和量子吉布斯采样的双重任务与物理和化学中的许多重要问题有关。在低温方案中，这些任务的算法通常会遭受施状能力，例如因样本或时间复杂性差而遭受。为了解决此类韧性，我们将量子自然梯度下降的概括引入了参数化的混合状态，并提供了稳健的一阶近似算法，即量子 - 固定镜下降。我们使用信息几何学和量子计量学的工具证明了双重任务的数据样本效率，因此首次将经典Fisher效率的开创性结果推广到变异量子算法。我们的方法扩展了以前样品有效的技术，以允许模型选择的灵活性，包括基于量子汉密尔顿的量子模型，包括基于量子的模型，这些模型可能会规避棘手的时间复杂性。我们的一阶算法是使用经典镜下降二元性的新型量子概括得出的。两种结果都需要特殊的度量选择，即Bogoliubov-Kubo-Mori度量。为了从数值上测试我们提出的算法，我们将它们的性能与现有基准进行了关于横向场ISING模型的量子Gibbs采样任务的现有基准。最后，我们提出了一种初始化策略，利用几何局部性来建模状态的序列（例如量子 - 故事过程）的序列。我们从经验上证明了它在实际和想象的时间演化的经验上，同时定义了更广泛的潜在应用。

量子机学习（QML）中的内核方法最近引起了人们的重大关注，作为在数据分析中获得量子优势的潜在候选者。在其他有吸引力的属性中，当训练基于内核的模型时，可以保证由于训练格局的凸度而找到最佳模型的参数。但是，这是基于以下假设：量子内核可以从量子硬件有效获得。在这项工作中，我们从准确估计内核值所需的资源的角度研究了量子内核的训练性。我们表明，在某些条件下，可以将量子内核在不同输入数据上的值呈指数浓缩（在量子数中）指向一些固定值，从而导致成功训练所需的测量数量的指数缩放。我们确定了可以导致集中度的四个来源，包括：数据嵌入，全球测量，纠缠和噪声的表达性。对于每个来源，分析得出量子内核的相关浓度结合。最后，我们表明，在处理经典数据时，训练用内核比对方法嵌入的参数化数据也容易受到指数浓度的影响。我们的结果通过数值仿真来验证几个QML任务。总体而言，我们提供指南，表明应避免某些功能，以确保量子内核方法的有效评估和训练性。

优化参数化量子电路（PQC）是使用近期量子计算机的领先方法。但是，对于PQC的成本函数景观知之甚少，这阻碍了量子意识到的优化器的进展。在这项工作中，我们研究了PQCS已观察到的三种不同景观特征之间的联系：（1）指数呈指数消失的梯度（称为贫瘠的高原），（2）关于平均值的成本成本集中，以及（3）（3）指数的狭窄小小的（称为狭窄的峡谷）。我们在分析上证明，这三个现象一起出现，即当发生一个现象时，其他两个现象也是如此。该结果的一个关键含义是，可以通过成本差而不是通过计算更昂贵的梯度来数字诊断贫瘠的高原。更广泛地说，我们的工作表明，量子力学排除了某些成本景观（否则在数学上可能是可能的），因此从量子基础的角度来看，我们的结果很有趣。

探索近期量子设备的量子应用是具有理论和实际利益的量子信息科学的快速增长领域。建立这种近期量子应用的领先范式是变异量子算法（VQAS）。这些算法使用经典优化器来训练参数化的量子电路以完成某些任务，其中电路通常是随机初始初始初始化的。在这项工作中，我们证明，对于一系列此类随机电路，成本函数的变化范围通过调整电路中的任何局部量子门在具有很高概率的Qubits数量中呈指数级消失。该结果可以自然地统一对基于梯度和无梯度的优化的限制，并揭示对VQA的训练景观的额外严格限制。因此，对VQA的训练性的基本限制是拆开的，这表明具有指数尺寸的希尔伯特空间中优化硬度的基本机制。我们通过代表性VQA的数值模拟进一步展示了结果的有效性。我们认为，这些结果将加深我们对VQA的可扩展性的理解，并阐明了搜索具有优势的近期量子应用程序。

我们研究了重整化组（RG）和深神经网络之间的类比，其中随后的神经元层类似于沿RG的连续步骤。特别地，我们通过在抽取RG下明确计算在DIMIMATION RG下的一个和二维insing模型中的相对熵或kullback-leibler发散，以及作为深度的函数的前馈神经网络中的相对熵或kullback-leibler发散。我们观察到单调增加到参数依赖性渐近值的定性相同的行为。在量子场理论方面，单调增加证实了相对熵和C定理之间的连接。对于神经网络，渐近行为可能对机器学习中的各种信息最大化方法以及解开紧凑性和概括性具有影响。此外，虽然我们考虑的二维误操作模型和随机神经网络都表现出非差异临界点，但是对任何系统的相位结构的相对熵看起来不敏感。从这个意义上讲，需要更精细的探针以充分阐明这些模型中的信息流。

These notes were compiled as lecture notes for a course developed and taught at the University of the Southern California. They should be accessible to a typical engineering graduate student with a strong background in Applied Mathematics. The main objective of these notes is to introduce a student who is familiar with concepts in linear algebra and partial differential equations to select topics in deep learning. These lecture notes exploit the strong connections between deep learning algorithms and the more conventional techniques of computational physics to achieve two goals. First, they use concepts from computational physics to develop an understanding of deep learning algorithms. Not surprisingly, many concepts in deep learning can be connected to similar concepts in computational physics, and one can utilize this connection to better understand these algorithms. Second, several novel deep learning algorithms can be used to solve challenging problems in computational physics. Thus, they offer someone who is interested in modeling a physical phenomena with a complementary set of tools.

Quantum-enhanced data science, also known as quantum machine learning (QML), is of growing interest as an application of near-term quantum computers. Variational QML algorithms have the potential to solve practical problems on real hardware, particularly when involving quantum data. However, training these algorithms can be challenging and calls for tailored optimization procedures. Specifically, QML applications can require a large shot-count overhead due to the large datasets involved. In this work, we advocate for simultaneous random sampling over both the dataset as well as the measurement operators that define the loss function. We consider a highly general loss function that encompasses many QML applications, and we show how to construct an unbiased estimator of its gradient. This allows us to propose a shot-frugal gradient descent optimizer called Refoqus (REsource Frugal Optimizer for QUantum Stochastic gradient descent). Our numerics indicate that Refoqus can save several orders of magnitude in shot cost, even relative to optimizers that sample over measurement operators alone.

In my previous article I mentioned for the first time that a classical neural network may have quantum properties as its own structure may be entangled. The question one may ask now is whether such a quantum property can be used to entangle other systems? The answer should be yes, as shown in what follows.

我们分析了通过梯度流通过自洽动力场理论训练的无限宽度神经网络中的特征学习。我们构建了确定性动力学阶参数的集合，该参数是内部产物内核，用于在成对的时间点中，每一层中隐藏的单位激活和梯度，从而减少了通过训练对网络活动的描述。这些内核顺序参数共同定义了隐藏层激活分布，神经切线核的演变以及因此输出预测。我们表明，现场理论推导恢复了从Yang和Hu（2021）获得张量程序的无限宽度特征学习网络的递归随机过程。对于深线性网络，这些内核满足一组代数矩阵方程。对于非线性网络，我们提供了一个交替的采样过程，以求助于内核顺序参数。我们提供了与各种近似方案的自洽解决方案的比较描述。最后，我们提供了更现实的设置中的实验，这些实验表明，在CIFAR分类任务上，在不同宽度上保留了CNN的CNN的损耗和内核动力学。

With the development of experimental quantum technology, quantum control has attracted increasing attention due to the realization of controllable artificial quantum systems. However, because quantum-mechanical systems are often too difficult to analytically deal with, heuristic strategies and numerical algorithms which search for proper control protocols are adopted, and, deep learning, especially deep reinforcement learning (RL), is a promising generic candidate solution for the control problems. Although there have been a few successful applications of deep RL to quantum control problems, most of the existing RL algorithms suffer from instabilities and unsatisfactory reproducibility, and require a large amount of fine-tuning and a large computational budget, both of which limit their applicability. To resolve the issue of instabilities, in this dissertation, we investigate the non-convergence issue of Q-learning. Then, we investigate the weakness of existing convergent approaches that have been proposed, and we develop a new convergent Q-learning algorithm, which we call the convergent deep Q network (C-DQN) algorithm, as an alternative to the conventional deep Q network (DQN) algorithm. We prove the convergence of C-DQN and apply it to the Atari 2600 benchmark. We show that when DQN fail, C-DQN still learns successfully. Then, we apply the algorithm to the measurement-feedback cooling problems of a quantum quartic oscillator and a trapped quantum rigid body. We establish the physical models and analyse their properties, and we show that although both C-DQN and DQN can learn to cool the systems, C-DQN tends to behave more stably, and when DQN suffers from instabilities, C-DQN can achieve a better performance. As the performance of DQN can have a large variance and lack consistency, C-DQN can be a better choice for researches on complicated control problems.

变形量子算法（VQAS）可以是噪声中间级量子（NISQ）计算机上的量子优势的路径。自然问题是NISQ设备的噪声是否对VQA性能的基本限制。我们严格证明对嘈杂的VQAS进行严重限制，因为噪音导致训练景观具有贫瘠高原（即消失梯度）。具体而言，对于考虑的本地Pauli噪声，我们证明梯度在Qubits $ N $的数量中呈指数呈指数增长，如果Ansatz的深度以$ N $线性增长。这些噪声诱导的贫瘠强韧（NIBPS）在概念上不同于无辐射贫瘠强度，其与随机参数初始化相关联。我们的结果是为通用Ansatz制定的，该通用ansatz包括量子交替运算符ANSATZ和酉耦合簇Ansatz等特殊情况。对于前者来说，我们的数值启发式展示了用于现实硬件噪声模型的NIBP现象。

经典算法通常对于解决非障碍最小值的非凸优化问题通常无效。在本文中，我们通过利用量子隧道的全局效应来探讨非凸优化的量子加速。具体而言，我们引入了一种称为量子隧道步行（QTW）的量子算法，并将其应用于局部最小值大约全局最小值的非凸问题。我们表明，当不同局部最小值较高但薄且最小值平坦时，QTW在经典随机梯度下降（SGD）上实现了量子加速。基于此观察结果，我们构建了一个特定的双孔景观，其中经典算法无法有效地击中一个目标，但是QTW可以在已知井附近提供适当的初始状态时可以很好地击中一个目标。最后，我们通过数值实验证实了我们的发现。