现在，存储快速增长的大数据是不可取的，这需要高性能的无损压缩技术。基于可能性的生成模型在无损压缩中获得了成功，其中基于流基的模型在允许与映射映射进行精确的数据似然优化时是可取的。然而，常见的连续流是矛盾的，并且编码方案的离散性，这需要1）对流量模型的严格约束来降低性能或2）编码许多减少效率的诸多的映射误差。在本文中，我们调查了对无损压缩的音量保持流动，并显示了一个没有错误的自由度映射。我们提出了来自总体积保护流的数值可释放的流量（IVPF）。通过在流模型上引入新颖的计算算法，在没有任何数值误差的情况下实现精确的映射映射。我们还提出了一种基于IVPF的无损压缩算法。各种数据集的实验表明，基于IVPF的算法通过轻量级压缩算法实现了最先进的压缩比。

据估计，2020年世界生产了59美元（5.9美元×13} GB $），导致数据存储和传输的巨大成本。幸运的是，深度生成模型的最近进步已经刺激了一类新的所谓的“神经压缩”算法，这在压缩比方面显着优于传统的编解码器。不幸的是，由于其带宽有限，神经压缩加法器的应用很少的商业利益;因此，开发高效框架具有重要的重要性。在本文中，我们讨论了使用正常化流动的无损压缩，这已经表现出了实现高压缩比的很大容量。因此，我们介绍了iflow，一种实现有效的无损压缩的新方法。我们首先提出模块化尺度变换（MST）和基于MST的数值可逆的流动变换的新颖家族。然后我们介绍统一的基础转换系统（UBC），将快速均匀分布编解码器结合到IFLow中，从而实现有效的压缩。 IFLow实现最先进的压缩比率，比其他高性能方案更快5倍。此外，本文提出的技术可用于加速广泛的基于流的算法的编码时间。

通过将熵编解码器应用于学习的数据分布，神经压缩机在压缩比方面显着优于传统编解码器。但是，神经网络的高推断潜伏期阻碍了实际应用中神经压缩机的部署。在这项工作中，我们提出了仅整数离散流（IODF），这是一种具有仅整数算术的有效神经压缩机。我们的工作建立在整数离散流的基础上，该流程包括离散随机变量之间的可逆转换。我们提出了基于8位量化的纯整数算术的有效可逆转换。我们的可逆转换配备了可学习的二进制门，以在推理过程中去除冗余过滤器。我们在GPU上使用Tensorrt部署IODF，与现有最快的神经压缩机相比，达到10倍推理的速度，同时保留了Imagenet32和Imagenet64上的高压缩率。

基于生成模型的图像无损压缩算法在改善压缩比方面取得了巨大的成功。但是，即使使用最先进的AI加速芯片，它们中大多数的吞吐量也小于1 Mb/s，从而阻止了它们的大多数现实应用应用，通常需要100 MB/s。在本文中，我们提出了PILC，这是一种端到端图像无损压缩框架，使用单个NVIDIA TESLA V100 GPU实现200 Mb/s的压缩和减压，比以前最有效的速度快10倍。为了获得此结果，我们首先开发了一个AI编解码器，该AI编解码器结合了自动回归模型和VQ-VAE，在轻质设置中性能很好，然后我们设计了一个低复杂性熵编码器，可与我们的编解码器配合使用。实验表明，在多个数据集中，我们的框架压缩比PNG高30％。我们认为，这是将AI压缩推向商业用途的重要步骤。

最近的工作表明，变异自动编码器（VAE）与速率失真理论之间有着密切的理论联系。由此激发，我们从生成建模的角度考虑了有损图像压缩的问题。从最初是为数据（图像）分布建模设计的Resnet VAE开始，我们使用量化意识的后验和先验重新设计其潜在变量模型，从而实现易于量化和熵编码的图像压缩。除了改进的神经网络块外，我们还提出了一类强大而有效的有损图像编码器类别，超过了自然图像（有损）压缩的先前方法。我们的模型以粗略的方式压缩图像，并支持并行编码和解码，从而在GPU上快速执行。

Normalizing Flows are generative models which produce tractable distributions where both sampling and density evaluation can be efficient and exact. The goal of this survey article is to give a coherent and comprehensive review of the literature around the construction and use of Normalizing Flows for distribution learning. We aim to provide context and explanation of the models, review current state-of-the-art literature, and identify open questions and promising future directions.

明确的深度生成模型（DGMS），例如VAES和归一化流量，已经显示出有效的数据建模替代因素，以获得无损压缩。然而，DGMS本身通常需要大的存储空间，从而污染通过精确的数据密度估计所带来的优点。为了消除对不同目标数据集的保存单独模型的要求，我们提出了一种从预磨削的深生成模型开始的新颖设置，并将数据批量压缩，同时使用动态系统仅为一个时代调整模型。我们将此设置形式形式为DGMS的单次在线适配（OSOA），无损压缩，并在此设置下提出香草算法。实验结果表明，Vanilla OsoA可以使用一个型号为所有目标节省大量时间与训练定制模型和空间与空间。具有相同的适应步骤数或适应时间，显示Vanilla OsoA可以表现出更好的空间效率，例如47美元的空间，而不是微调预先调整预制模型并保存微调模型。此外，我们展示了OSOA的潜力，并通过显示每个批次和早期停止的多个更新的进一步空间或时间效率来激励更复杂的OSOA算法。

对于许多技术领域的专业用户，例如医学，遥感，精密工程和科学研究，无损和近乎无情的图像压缩至关重要。但是，尽管在基于学习的图像压缩方面的研究兴趣迅速增长，但没有发表的方法提供无损和近乎无情的模式。在本文中，我们提出了一个统一而强大的深层损失加上残留（DLPR）编码框架，以实现无损和近乎无情的图像压缩。在无损模式下，DLPR编码系统首先执行有损压缩，然后执行残差的无损编码。我们在VAE的方法中解决了关节损失和残留压缩问题，并添加残差的自回归上下文模型以增强无损压缩性能。在近乎荒谬的模式下，我们量化了原始残差以满足给定的$ \ ell_ \ infty $错误绑定，并提出了可扩展的近乎无情的压缩方案，该方案适用于可变$ \ ell_ \ infty $ bunds而不是训练多个网络。为了加快DLPR编码，我们通过新颖的编码环境设计提高了算法并行化的程度，并以自适应残留间隔加速熵编码。实验结果表明，DLPR编码系统以竞争性的编码速度实现了最先进的无损和近乎无效的图像压缩性能。

Normalizing flows provide a general mechanism for defining expressive probability distributions, only requiring the specification of a (usually simple) base distribution and a series of bijective transformations. There has been much recent work on normalizing flows, ranging from improving their expressive power to expanding their application. We believe the field has now matured and is in need of a unified perspective. In this review, we attempt to provide such a perspective by describing flows through the lens of probabilistic modeling and inference. We place special emphasis on the fundamental principles of flow design, and discuss foundational topics such as expressive power and computational trade-offs. We also broaden the conceptual framing of flows by relating them to more general probability transformations. Lastly, we summarize the use of flows for tasks such as generative modeling, approximate inference, and supervised learning.

作为一种概率建模技术，基于流的模型在无损压缩\ cite {idf，idf ++，lbb，ivpf，iflow}的领域表现出了巨大的潜力。与其他深层生成模型（例如自动回应，VAE）\ cite {bitswap，hilloc，pixelcnn ++，pixelsnail}，这些模型明确地模拟了数据分布概率，因此基于流的模型的性能更好，因为它们的出色概率密度估计和满意度的概率和满意度的概率。在基于流量的模型中，多尺度体系结构提供了从浅层到输出层的快捷方式，从而大大降低了计算复杂性并避免添加更多层时性能降解。这对于构建基于先进的基于流动的可学习射击映射至关重要。此外，实用压缩任务中模型设计的轻量级要求表明，具有多尺度体系结构的流量在编码复杂性和压缩效率之间取得了最佳的权衡。

基于流量的生成模型最近已成为模拟数据生成的最有效方法之一。实际上，它们是由一系列可逆和可触觉转换构建的。Glow首先使用可逆$ 1 \ times 1 $卷积引入了一种简单的生成流。但是，与标准卷积相比，$ 1 \ times 1 $卷积的灵活性有限。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的可逆$ n \ times n $卷积方法，该方法克服了可逆$ 1 \ times 1 $卷积的局限性。此外，我们所提出的网络不仅可以处理和可逆，而且比标准卷积使用的参数少。CIFAR-10，ImageNet和Celeb-HQ数据集的实验表明，我们可逆的$ N \ times n $卷积有助于显着提高生成模型的性能。

It has been witnessed that learned image compression has outperformed conventional image coding techniques and tends to be practical in industrial applications. One of the most critical issues that need to be considered is the non-deterministic calculation, which makes the probability prediction cross-platform inconsistent and frustrates successful decoding. We propose to solve this problem by introducing well-developed post-training quantization and making the model inference integer-arithmetic-only, which is much simpler than presently existing training and fine-tuning based approaches yet still keeps the superior rate-distortion performance of learned image compression. Based on that, we further improve the discretization of the entropy parameters and extend the deterministic inference to fit Gaussian mixture models. With our proposed methods, the current state-of-the-art image compression models can infer in a cross-platform consistent manner, which makes the further development and practice of learned image compression more promising.

Flow-based generative models (Dinh et al., 2014) are conceptually attractive due to tractability of the exact log-likelihood, tractability of exact latent-variable inference, and parallelizability of both training and synthesis. In this paper we propose Glow, a simple type of generative flow using an invertible 1 × 1 convolution. Using our method we demonstrate a significant improvement in log-likelihood on standard benchmarks. Perhaps most strikingly, we demonstrate that a generative model optimized towards the plain log-likelihood objective is capable of efficient realisticlooking synthesis and manipulation of large images. The code for our model is available at https://github.com/openai/glow.

A normalizing flow models a complex probability density as an invertible transformation of a simple base density. Flows based on either coupling or autoregressive transforms both offer exact density evaluation and sampling, but rely on the parameterization of an easily invertible elementwise transformation, whose choice determines the flexibility of these models. Building upon recent work, we propose a fully-differentiable module based on monotonic rational-quadratic splines, which enhances the flexibility of both coupling and autoregressive transforms while retaining analytic invertibility. We demonstrate that neural spline flows improve density estimation, variational inference, and generative modeling of images.

使用通过组成可逆层获得的地图进行标准化模型复杂概率分布。特殊的线性层（例如蒙版和1x1卷积）在现有体系结构中起着关键作用，因为它们在具有可拖动的Jacobians和倒置的同时增加表达能力。我们提出了一个基于蝴蝶层的新的可逆线性层家族，理论上捕获复杂的线性结构，包括排列和周期性，但可以有效地倒置。这种代表力是我们方法的关键优势，因为这些结构在许多现实世界数据集中很常见。根据我们的可逆蝴蝶层，我们构建了一个新的称为蝴蝶流的归一化流量模型。从经验上讲，我们证明蝴蝶不仅可以在MNIST，CIFAR-10和Imagenet 32​​x32等自然图像上实现强密度估计结果，而且还可以在结构化数据集中获得明显更好的对数可能性，例如Galaxy图像和Mimic-III患者群体 - - 同时，在记忆和计算方面比相关基线更有效。

The framework of normalizing flows provides a general strategy for flexible variational inference of posteriors over latent variables. We propose a new type of normalizing flow, inverse autoregressive flow (IAF), that, in contrast to earlier published flows, scales well to high-dimensional latent spaces. The proposed flow consists of a chain of invertible transformations, where each transformation is based on an autoregressive neural network. In experiments, we show that IAF significantly improves upon diagonal Gaussian approximate posteriors. In addition, we demonstrate that a novel type of variational autoencoder, coupled with IAF, is competitive with neural autoregressive models in terms of attained log-likelihood on natural images, while allowing significantly faster synthesis.

预计机器学习算法的大多数实际问题都可以通过1）未知数据分配来解决这种情况； 2）小领域特定知识； 3）注释有限的数据集。我们通过使用潜在变量（NPC-LV）的压缩提出非参数学习，这是任何数据集的学习框架，这些数据集具有丰富的未标记数据，但很少有标签的数据。通过仅以无监督的方式训练生成模型，该框架利用数据分配来构建压缩机。使用源自Kolmogorov复杂性的基于压缩机的距离度量，加上很少的标记数据，NPC-LV无需进一步的训练而进行分类。我们表明，在低数据制度中，NPC-LV在图像分类的所有三个数据集上都优于监督方法，甚至超过了CIFAR-10上的半监督学习方法。我们证明了如何以及何时使用负面证据下降（Nelbo）作为分类的近似压缩长度。通过揭示压缩率和分类精度之间的相关性，我们说明在NPC-LV下，生成模型的改进可以增强下游分类精度。

A neural network deployed in the wild may be asked to make predictions for inputs that were drawn from a different distribution than that of the training data. A plethora of work has demonstrated that it is easy to find or synthesize inputs for which a neural network is highly confident yet wrong. Generative models are widely viewed to be robust to such mistaken confidence as modeling the density of the input features can be used to detect novel, out-of-distribution inputs. In this paper we challenge this assumption. We find that the density learned by flow-based models, VAEs, and PixelCNNs cannot distinguish images of common objects such as dogs, trucks, and horses (i.e. CIFAR-10) from those of house numbers (i.e. SVHN), assigning a higher likelihood to the latter when the model is trained on the former. Moreover, we find evidence of this phenomenon when pairing several popular image data sets: FashionMNIST vs MNIST, CelebA vs SVHN, ImageNet vs CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 / SVHN. To investigate this curious behavior, we focus analysis on flow-based generative models in particular since they are trained and evaluated via the exact marginal likelihood. We find such behavior persists even when we restrict the flows to constant-volume transformations. These transformations admit some theoretical analysis, and we show that the difference in likelihoods can be explained by the location and variances of the data and the model curvature. Our results caution against using the density estimates from deep generative models to identify inputs similar to the training distribution until their behavior for out-of-distribution inputs is better understood.

归一化流量是漫射的，通常是维持尺寸保存，使用模型的可能性训练的模型。我们使用Surve Framework通过新的层构建尺寸减少调节流量，称为漏斗。我们展示了对各种数据集的功效，并表明它改善或匹配现有流量的性能，同时具有降低的潜在空间尺寸。漏斗层可以由各种变换构成，包括限制卷积和馈送前部。

We describe an end-to-end trainable model for image compression based on variational autoencoders. The model incorporates a hyperprior to effectively capture spatial dependencies in the latent representation. This hyperprior relates to side information, a concept universal to virtually all modern image codecs, but largely unexplored in image compression using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Unlike existing autoencoder compression methods, our model trains a complex prior jointly with the underlying autoencoder. We demonstrate that this model leads to state-of-the-art image compression when measuring visual quality using the popular MS-SSIM index, and yields rate-distortion performance surpassing published ANN-based methods when evaluated using a more traditional metric based on squared error (PSNR). Furthermore, we provide a qualitative comparison of models trained for different distortion metrics.