归一化流量是漫射的，通常是维持尺寸保存，使用模型的可能性训练的模型。我们使用Surve Framework通过新的层构建尺寸减少调节流量，称为漏斗。我们展示了对各种数据集的功效，并表明它改善或匹配现有流量的性能，同时具有降低的潜在空间尺寸。漏斗层可以由各种变换构成，包括限制卷积和馈送前部。

A normalizing flow models a complex probability density as an invertible transformation of a simple base density. Flows based on either coupling or autoregressive transforms both offer exact density evaluation and sampling, but rely on the parameterization of an easily invertible elementwise transformation, whose choice determines the flexibility of these models. Building upon recent work, we propose a fully-differentiable module based on monotonic rational-quadratic splines, which enhances the flexibility of both coupling and autoregressive transforms while retaining analytic invertibility. We demonstrate that neural spline flows improve density estimation, variational inference, and generative modeling of images.

标准化流是生成模型，其通过从简单的基本分布到复杂的目标分布的可逆性转换提供易于变换的工艺模型。然而，该技术不能直接模拟支持未知的低维歧管的数据，在诸如图像数据之类的现实世界域中的公共发生。最近的补救措施的尝试引入了击败归一化流量的中央好处的几何并发症：精确密度估计。我们通过保形嵌入流量来恢复这种福利，这是一种设计流动与贸易密度的流动的流动的框架。我们争辩说，使用培训保育嵌入的标准流量是模型支持数据的最自然的方式。为此，我们提出了一系列保形构建块，并在具有合成和实际数据的实验中应用它们，以证明流动可以在不牺牲贸易可能性的情况下模拟歧管支持的分布。

在这项工作中，我们为生成自动编码器的变异培训提供了确切的可能性替代方法。我们表明，可以使用可逆层来构建VAE风格的自动编码器，该层提供了可拖动的精确可能性，而无需任何正则化项。这是在选择编码器，解码器和先前体系结构的全部自由的同时实现的，这使我们的方法成为培训现有VAE和VAE风格模型的替换。我们将结果模型称为流中的自动编码器（AEF），因为编码器，解码器和先验被定义为整体可逆体系结构的单个层。我们表明，在对数可能，样本质量和降低性能的方面，该方法的性能比结构上等效的VAE高得多。从广义上讲，这项工作的主要野心是在共同的可逆性和确切的最大可能性的共同框架下缩小正常化流量和自动编码器文献之间的差距。

Normalizing Flows are generative models which produce tractable distributions where both sampling and density evaluation can be efficient and exact. The goal of this survey article is to give a coherent and comprehensive review of the literature around the construction and use of Normalizing Flows for distribution learning. We aim to provide context and explanation of the models, review current state-of-the-art literature, and identify open questions and promising future directions.

Flow-based generative models (Dinh et al., 2014) are conceptually attractive due to tractability of the exact log-likelihood, tractability of exact latent-variable inference, and parallelizability of both training and synthesis. In this paper we propose Glow, a simple type of generative flow using an invertible 1 × 1 convolution. Using our method we demonstrate a significant improvement in log-likelihood on standard benchmarks. Perhaps most strikingly, we demonstrate that a generative model optimized towards the plain log-likelihood objective is capable of efficient realisticlooking synthesis and manipulation of large images. The code for our model is available at https://github.com/openai/glow.

归一化的流提供了一种优雅的生成建模方法，可以有效地采样和确切的数据分布的密度评估。但是，当在低维歧管上支持数据分布或具有非平凡的拓扑结构时，当前技术的表现性有显着局限性。我们介绍了一个新的统计框架，用于学习局部正常流的混合物作为数据歧管上的“图表图”。我们的框架增强了最近方法的表现力，同时保留了标准化流的签名特性，他们承认了精确的密度评估。我们通过量化自动编码器（VQ-AE）学习了数据歧管图表的合适地图集，并使用条件流量学习了它们的分布。我们通过实验验证我们的概率框架可以使现有方法更好地模拟数据分布，而不是复杂的歧管。

The framework of normalizing flows provides a general strategy for flexible variational inference of posteriors over latent variables. We propose a new type of normalizing flow, inverse autoregressive flow (IAF), that, in contrast to earlier published flows, scales well to high-dimensional latent spaces. The proposed flow consists of a chain of invertible transformations, where each transformation is based on an autoregressive neural network. In experiments, we show that IAF significantly improves upon diagonal Gaussian approximate posteriors. In addition, we demonstrate that a novel type of variational autoencoder, coupled with IAF, is competitive with neural autoregressive models in terms of attained log-likelihood on natural images, while allowing significantly faster synthesis.

基于流量的生成模型最近已成为模拟数据生成的最有效方法之一。实际上，它们是由一系列可逆和可触觉转换构建的。Glow首先使用可逆$ 1 \ times 1 $卷积引入了一种简单的生成流。但是，与标准卷积相比，$ 1 \ times 1 $卷积的灵活性有限。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的可逆$ n \ times n $卷积方法，该方法克服了可逆$ 1 \ times 1 $卷积的局限性。此外，我们所提出的网络不仅可以处理和可逆，而且比标准卷积使用的参数少。CIFAR-10，ImageNet和Celeb-HQ数据集的实验表明，我们可逆的$ N \ times n $卷积有助于显着提高生成模型的性能。

主体组件分析（PCA）在给定固定组件维度的一类线性模型的情况下，将重建误差最小化。概率PCA通过学习PCA潜在空间权重的概率分布，从而创建生成模型，从而添加了概率结构。自动编码器（AE）最小化固定潜在空间维度的一类非线性模型中的重建误差，在固定维度处胜过PCA。在这里，我们介绍了概率自动编码器（PAE），该自动编码器（PAE）使用归一化流量（NF）了解了AE潜在空间权重的概率分布。 PAE快速且易于训练，并在下游任务中遇到小的重建错误，样本质量高以及良好的性能。我们将PAE与差异AE（VAE）进行比较，表明PAE训练更快，达到较低的重建误差，并产生良好的样品质量，而无需特殊的调整参数或培训程序。我们进一步证明，PAE是在贝叶斯推理的背景下，用于涂抹和降解应用程序的贝叶斯推断，可以执行概率图像重建的下游任务的强大模型。最后，我们将NF的潜在空间密度确定为有希望的离群检测度量。

我们考虑来自高维数据的信息压缩问题。在许多研究考虑到不可逆转的转变的压缩问题，我们强调了可逆压缩的重要性。我们介绍了具有伪基本架构的新阶段基于似的的AutoEncoders，我们调用伪可逆的编码器。我们提供了对原则的理论解释。我们在MNIST上评估高斯伪可逆编码器，其中我们的模型优于生成图像的锐度的WAE和VAE。

A neural network deployed in the wild may be asked to make predictions for inputs that were drawn from a different distribution than that of the training data. A plethora of work has demonstrated that it is easy to find or synthesize inputs for which a neural network is highly confident yet wrong. Generative models are widely viewed to be robust to such mistaken confidence as modeling the density of the input features can be used to detect novel, out-of-distribution inputs. In this paper we challenge this assumption. We find that the density learned by flow-based models, VAEs, and PixelCNNs cannot distinguish images of common objects such as dogs, trucks, and horses (i.e. CIFAR-10) from those of house numbers (i.e. SVHN), assigning a higher likelihood to the latter when the model is trained on the former. Moreover, we find evidence of this phenomenon when pairing several popular image data sets: FashionMNIST vs MNIST, CelebA vs SVHN, ImageNet vs CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 / SVHN. To investigate this curious behavior, we focus analysis on flow-based generative models in particular since they are trained and evaluated via the exact marginal likelihood. We find such behavior persists even when we restrict the flows to constant-volume transformations. These transformations admit some theoretical analysis, and we show that the difference in likelihoods can be explained by the location and variances of the data and the model curvature. Our results caution against using the density estimates from deep generative models to identify inputs similar to the training distribution until their behavior for out-of-distribution inputs is better understood.

Autoregressive models are among the best performing neural density estimators. We describe an approach for increasing the flexibility of an autoregressive model, based on modelling the random numbers that the model uses internally when generating data. By constructing a stack of autoregressive models, each modelling the random numbers of the next model in the stack, we obtain a type of normalizing flow suitable for density estimation, which we call Masked Autoregressive Flow. This type of flow is closely related to Inverse Autoregressive Flow and is a generalization of Real NVP. Masked Autoregressive Flow achieves state-of-the-art performance in a range of general-purpose density estimation tasks.

我描述了使用规定规则作为替代物的训练流模型的技巧，以最大程度地发出可能性。此技巧的实用性限制在非条件模型中，但是该方法的扩展应用于数据和条件信息的最大可能性分布的最大可能性，可用于训练复杂的\ textit \ textit {条件{条件}流模型。与以前的方法不同，此方法非常简单：它不需要明确了解条件分布，辅助网络或其他特定体系结构，或者不需要超出最大可能性的其他损失项，并且可以保留潜在空间和数据空间之间的对应关系。所得模型具有非条件流模型的所有属性，对意外输入具有鲁棒性，并且可以预测在给定输入上的解决方案的分布。它们具有预测代表性的保证，并且是解决高度不确定问题的自然和强大方法。我在易于可视化的玩具问题上演示了这些属性，然后使用该方法成功生成类条件图像并通过超分辨率重建高度退化的图像。

Normalizing flows provide a general mechanism for defining expressive probability distributions, only requiring the specification of a (usually simple) base distribution and a series of bijective transformations. There has been much recent work on normalizing flows, ranging from improving their expressive power to expanding their application. We believe the field has now matured and is in need of a unified perspective. In this review, we attempt to provide such a perspective by describing flows through the lens of probabilistic modeling and inference. We place special emphasis on the fundamental principles of flow design, and discuss foundational topics such as expressive power and computational trade-offs. We also broaden the conceptual framing of flows by relating them to more general probability transformations. Lastly, we summarize the use of flows for tasks such as generative modeling, approximate inference, and supervised learning.

We propose a deep learning framework for modeling complex high-dimensional densities called Non-linear Independent Component Estimation (NICE). It is based on the idea that a good representation is one in which the data has a distribution that is easy to model. For this purpose, a non-linear deterministic transformation of the data is learned that maps it to a latent space so as to make the transformed data conform to a factorized distribution, i.e., resulting in independent latent variables. We parametrize this transformation so that computing the determinant of the Jacobian and inverse Jacobian is trivial, yet we maintain the ability to learn complex non-linear transformations, via a composition of simple building blocks, each based on a deep neural network. The training criterion is simply the exact log-likelihood, which is tractable. Unbiased ancestral sampling is also easy. We show that this approach yields good generative models on four image datasets and can be used for inpainting.

Unsupervised learning of probabilistic models is a central yet challenging problem in machine learning. Specifically, designing models with tractable learning, sampling, inference and evaluation is crucial in solving this task. We extend the space of such models using real-valued non-volume preserving (real NVP) transformations, a set of powerful, stably invertible, and learnable transformations, resulting in an unsupervised learning algorithm with exact log-likelihood computation, exact and efficient sampling, exact and efficient inference of latent variables, and an interpretable latent space. We demonstrate its ability to model natural images on four datasets through sampling, log-likelihood evaluation, and latent variable manipulations.

使用通过组成可逆层获得的地图进行标准化模型复杂概率分布。特殊的线性层（例如蒙版和1x1卷积）在现有体系结构中起着关键作用，因为它们在具有可拖动的Jacobians和倒置的同时增加表达能力。我们提出了一个基于蝴蝶层的新的可逆线性层家族，理论上捕获复杂的线性结构，包括排列和周期性，但可以有效地倒置。这种代表力是我们方法的关键优势，因为这些结构在许多现实世界数据集中很常见。根据我们的可逆蝴蝶层，我们构建了一个新的称为蝴蝶流的归一化流量模型。从经验上讲，我们证明蝴蝶不仅可以在MNIST，CIFAR-10和Imagenet 32​​x32等自然图像上实现强密度估计结果，而且还可以在结构化数据集中获得明显更好的对数可能性，例如Galaxy图像和Mimic-III患者群体 - - 同时，在记忆和计算方面比相关基线更有效。

我们描述了作为黑暗机器倡议和LES Houches 2019年物理学研讨会进行的数据挑战的结果。挑战的目标是使用无监督机器学习算法检测LHC新物理学的信号。首先，我们提出了如何实现异常分数以在LHC搜索中定义独立于模型的信号区域。我们定义并描述了一个大型基准数据集，由> 10亿美元的Muton-Proton碰撞，其中包含> 10亿美元的模拟LHC事件组成。然后，我们在数据挑战的背景下审查了各种异常检测和密度估计算法，我们在一组现实分析环境中测量了它们的性能。我们绘制了一些有用的结论，可以帮助开发无监督的新物理搜索在LHC的第三次运行期间，并为我们的基准数据集提供用于HTTPS://www.phenomldata.org的未来研究。重现分析的代码在https://github.com/bostdiek/darkmachines-unsupervisedChallenge提供。

标准化流是构建概率和生成模型的流行方法。但是，由于需要计算雅各布人的计算昂贵决定因素，因此对流量的最大似然训练是具有挑战性的。本文通过引入一种受到两样本测试启发的流动训练的方法来解决这一挑战。我们框架的核心是能源目标，这是适当评分规则的多维扩展，该规则基于随机预测，可以接受有效的估计器，并且超过了一系列可以在我们的框架中得出的替代两样本目标。至关重要的是，能量目标及其替代方案不需要计算决定因素，因此支持不适合最大似然训练的一般流量体系结构（例如，密度连接的网络）。我们从经验上证明，能量流达到竞争性生成建模性能，同时保持快速产生和后部推断。