基于合并和处理对称信息的神经网络架构的几何深度学习(GDL)已经成为人工智能最近的范式。GDL在分子建模应用中具有特定的承诺,其中存在具有不同对称性和抽象水平的各种分子表示。本综述提供了分子GDL的结构化和协调概述,突出了其在药物发现,化学合成预测和量子化学中的应用。重点是学习的分子特征的相关性及其对成熟的分子描述符的互补性。本综述概述了当前的挑战和机会,并提出了用于分子科学GDL的未来的预测。
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Artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of deep learning bears promise for drug discovery and chemical biology, $\textit{e.g.}$, to predict protein structure and molecular bioactivity, plan organic synthesis, and design molecules $\textit{de novo}$. While most of the deep learning efforts in drug discovery have focused on ligand-based approaches, structure-based drug discovery has the potential to tackle unsolved challenges, such as affinity prediction for unexplored protein targets, binding-mechanism elucidation, and the rationalization of related chemical kinetic properties. Advances in deep learning methodologies and the availability of accurate predictions for protein tertiary structure advocate for a $\textit{renaissance}$ in structure-based approaches for drug discovery guided by AI. This review summarizes the most prominent algorithmic concepts in structure-based deep learning for drug discovery, and forecasts opportunities, applications, and challenges ahead.
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人工智能(AI)在过去十年中一直在改变药物发现的实践。各种AI技术已在广泛的应用中使用,例如虚拟筛选和药物设计。在本调查中,我们首先概述了药物发现,并讨论了相关的应用,可以减少到两个主要任务,即分子性质预测和分子产生。然后,我们讨论常见的数据资源,分子表示和基准平台。此外,为了总结AI在药物发现中的进展情况,我们介绍了在调查的论文中包括模型架构和学习范式的相关AI技术。我们预计本调查将作为有兴趣在人工智能和药物发现界面工作的研究人员的指南。我们还提供了GitHub存储库(HTTPS:///github.com/dengjianyuan/survey_survey_au_drug_discovery),其中包含文件和代码,如适用,作为定期更新的学习资源。
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在三维分子结构上运行的计算方法有可能解决生物学和化学的重要问题。特别地,深度神经网络的重视,但它们在生物分子结构域中的广泛采用受到缺乏系统性能基准或统一工具包的限制,用于与分子数据相互作用。为了解决这个问题,我们呈现Atom3D,这是一个新颖的和现有的基准数据集的集合,跨越几个密钥的生物分子。我们为这些任务中的每一个实施多种三维分子学习方法,并表明它们始终如一地提高了基于单维和二维表示的方法的性能。结构的具体选择对于性能至关重要,具有涉及复杂几何形状的任务的三维卷积网络,在需要详细位置信息的系统中表现出良好的图形网络,以及最近开发的设备越多的网络显示出显着承诺。我们的结果表明,许多分子问题符合三维分子学习的增益,并且有可能改善许多仍然过分曝光的任务。为了降低进入并促进现场进一步发展的障碍,我们还提供了一套全面的DataSet处理,模型培训和在我们的开源ATOM3D Python包中的评估工具套件。所有数据集都可以从https://www.atom3d.ai下载。
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偶极矩是一个物理量,指示分子的极性,并通过反映成分原子的电性能和分子的几何特性来确定。大多数用于表示传统图神经网络方法中图表表示的嵌入方式将分子视为拓扑图,从而为识别几何信息的目标造成了重大障碍。与现有的嵌入涉及均值的嵌入不同,该嵌入适当地处理分子的3D结构不同,我们的拟议嵌入直接表达了偶极矩局部贡献的物理意义。我们表明,即使对于具有扩展几何形状的分子并捕获更多的原子相互作用信息,开发的模型甚至可以合理地工作,从而显着改善了预测结果,准确性与AB-Initio计算相当。
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生物医学网络是与疾病网络的蛋白质相互作用的普遍描述符,从蛋白质相互作用,一直到医疗保健系统和科学知识。随着代表学习提供强大的预测和洞察的显着成功,我们目睹了表现形式学习技术的快速扩展,进入了这些网络的建模,分析和学习。在这篇综述中,我们提出了一个观察到生物学和医学中的网络长期原则 - 而在机器学习研究中经常出口 - 可以为代表学习提供概念基础,解释其当前的成功和限制,并告知未来进步。我们综合了一系列算法方法,即在其核心利用图形拓扑到将网络嵌入到紧凑的向量空间中,并捕获表示陈述学习证明有用的方式的广度。深远的影响包括鉴定复杂性状的变异性,单细胞的异心行为及其对健康的影响,协助患者的诊断和治疗以及制定安全有效的药物。
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电子密度$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$是用密度泛函理论(dft)计算地面能量的基本变量。除了总能量之外,$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$分布和$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$的功能通常用于捕获电子规模以功能材料和分子中的关键物理化学现象。方法提供对$ \ rho(\ vec {r})的可紊乱系统,其具有少量计算成本的复杂无序系统可以是对材料相位空间的加快探索朝向具有更好功能的新材料的逆设计的游戏更换者。我们为预测$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$。该模型基于成本图形神经网络,并且在作为消息传递图的一部分的特殊查询点顶点上预测了电子密度,但仅接收消息。该模型在多个数据组中进行测试,分子(QM9),液体乙烯碳酸酯电解质(EC)和Lixniymnzco(1-Y-Z)O 2锂离子电池阴极(NMC)。对于QM9分子,所提出的模型的准确性超过了从DFT获得的$ \ Rho(\ vec {r})$中的典型变异性,以不同的交换相关功能,并显示超出最先进的准确性。混合氧化物(NMC)和电解质(EC)数据集更好的精度甚至更好。线性缩放模型同时探测成千上万点的能力允许计算$ \ Rho(\ vec {r})$的大型复杂系统,比DFT快于允许筛选无序的功能材料。
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Models that accurately predict properties based on chemical structure are valuable tools in drug discovery. However, for many properties, public and private training sets are typically small, and it is difficult for the models to generalize well outside of the training data. Recently, large language models have addressed this problem by using self-supervised pretraining on large unlabeled datasets, followed by fine-tuning on smaller, labeled datasets. In this paper, we report MolE, a molecular foundation model that adapts the DeBERTa architecture to be used on molecular graphs together with a two-step pretraining strategy. The first step of pretraining is a self-supervised approach focused on learning chemical structures, and the second step is a massive multi-task approach to learn biological information. We show that fine-tuning pretrained MolE achieves state-of-the-art results on 9 of the 22 ADMET tasks included in the Therapeutic Data Commons.
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The field of geometric deep learning has had a profound impact on the development of innovative and powerful graph neural network architectures. Disciplines such as computer vision and computational biology have benefited significantly from such methodological advances, which has led to breakthroughs in scientific domains such as protein structure prediction and design. In this work, we introduce GCPNet, a new geometry-complete, SE(3)-equivariant graph neural network designed for 3D graph representation learning. We demonstrate the state-of-the-art utility and expressiveness of our method on six independent datasets designed for three distinct geometric tasks: protein-ligand binding affinity prediction, protein structure ranking, and Newtonian many-body systems modeling. Our results suggest that GCPNet is a powerful, general method for capturing complex geometric and physical interactions within 3D graphs for downstream prediction tasks. The source code, data, and instructions to train new models or reproduce our results are freely available on GitHub.
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蛋白质RNA相互作用对各种细胞活性至关重要。已经开发出实验和计算技术来研究相互作用。由于先前数据库的限制,尤其是缺乏蛋白质结构数据,大多数现有的计算方法严重依赖于序列数据,只有一小部分使用结构信息。最近,alphafold彻底改变了整个蛋白质和生物领域。可预应学,在即将到来的年份,也将显着促进蛋白质-RNA相互作用预测。在这项工作中,我们对该字段进行了彻底的审查,调查绑定站点和绑定偏好预测问题,并覆盖常用的数据集,功能和模型。我们还指出了这一领域的潜在挑战和机遇。本调查总结了过去的RBP-RNA互动领域的发展,并预见到了alphafold时代未来的发展。
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3D空间中的空间结构对于确定分子特性是重要的。最近的论文使用几何深度学习来代表分子和预测性质。然而,这些论文在捕获输入原子的远程依赖性时在计算上昂贵;并且尚未考虑外部距离的不均匀性,因此未能学习不同尺度的上下文依赖表示。为了处理这些问题,我们引入了3D变压器,变压器的变型,用于结合3D空间信息的分子表示。 3D变压器在完全连接的图形上运行,在原子之间的直接连接。为了应对外部距离的不均匀性,我们开发了一种多尺度的自我关注模块,利用局部细粒度模式随着越来越多的上下文尺度来利用局部细粒度模式。由于不同尺寸的分子依赖于不同种类的空间特征,我们设计了一种自适应位置编码模块,用于针对小型和大分子采用不同的位置编码方法。最后,为了获得原子嵌入的分子表示,我们提出了一种殷勤最远的点采样算法,该算法在注意分数的帮助下选择一部分原子,克服虚拟节点的障碍和先前的距离 - 优势下采样方法。我们通过三个重要的科学域验证3D变压器:量子化学,物质科学和蛋白质组学。我们的实验表现出对晶体性能预测任务和蛋白质 - 配体结合亲和预测任务的最先进模型的显着改善,并且在量子化学分子数据集中显示了更好或更有竞争的性能。这项工作提供了明确的证据表明,生物化学任务可以从3D分子表示中获得一致的益处,不同的任务需要不同的位置编码方法。
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Graph neural networks have recently achieved great successes in predicting quantum mechanical properties of molecules. These models represent a molecule as a graph using only the distance between atoms (nodes). They do not, however, consider the spatial direction from one atom to another, despite directional information playing a central role in empirical potentials for molecules, e.g. in angular potentials. To alleviate this limitation we propose directional message passing, in which we embed the messages passed between atoms instead of the atoms themselves. Each message is associated with a direction in coordinate space. These directional message embeddings are rotationally equivariant since the associated directions rotate with the molecule. We propose a message passing scheme analogous to belief propagation, which uses the directional information by transforming messages based on the angle between them. Additionally, we use spherical Bessel functions and spherical harmonics to construct theoretically well-founded, orthogonal representations that achieve better performance than the currently prevalent Gaussian radial basis representations while using fewer than 1 /4 of the parameters. We leverage these innovations to construct the directional message passing neural network (DimeNet). DimeNet outperforms previous GNNs on average by 76 % on MD17 and by 31 % on QM9. Our implementation is available online. 1
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Generating molecules that bind to specific proteins is an important but challenging task in drug discovery. Previous works usually generate atoms in an auto-regressive way, where element types and 3D coordinates of atoms are generated one by one. However, in real-world molecular systems, the interactions among atoms in an entire molecule are global, leading to the energy function pair-coupled among atoms. With such energy-based consideration, the modeling of probability should be based on joint distributions, rather than sequentially conditional ones. Thus, the unnatural sequentially auto-regressive modeling of molecule generation is likely to violate the physical rules, thus resulting in poor properties of the generated molecules. In this work, a generative diffusion model for molecular 3D structures based on target proteins as contextual constraints is established, at a full-atom level in a non-autoregressive way. Given a designated 3D protein binding site, our model learns the generative process that denoises both element types and 3D coordinates of an entire molecule, with an equivariant network. Experimentally, the proposed method shows competitive performance compared with prevailing works in terms of high affinity with proteins and appropriate molecule sizes as well as other drug properties such as drug-likeness of the generated molecules.
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Geometric deep learning has recently achieved great success in non-Euclidean domains, and learning on 3D structures of large biomolecules is emerging as a distinct research area. However, its efficacy is largely constrained due to the limited quantity of structural data. Meanwhile, protein language models trained on substantial 1D sequences have shown burgeoning capabilities with scale in a broad range of applications. Nevertheless, no preceding studies consider combining these different protein modalities to promote the representation power of geometric neural networks. To address this gap, we make the foremost step to integrate the knowledge learned by well-trained protein language models into several state-of-the-art geometric networks. Experiments are evaluated on a variety of protein representation learning benchmarks, including protein-protein interface prediction, model quality assessment, protein-protein rigid-body docking, and binding affinity prediction, leading to an overall improvement of 20% over baselines and the new state-of-the-art performance. Strong evidence indicates that the incorporation of protein language models' knowledge enhances geometric networks' capacity by a significant margin and can be generalized to complex tasks.
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Molecular machine learning has been maturing rapidly over the last few years.Improved methods and the presence of larger datasets have enabled machine learning algorithms to make increasingly accurate predictions about molecular properties. However, algorithmic progress has been limited due to the lack of a standard benchmark to compare the efficacy of proposed methods; most new algorithms are benchmarked on different datasets making it challenging to gauge the quality of proposed methods. This work introduces MoleculeNet, a large scale benchmark for molecular machine learning. MoleculeNet curates multiple public datasets, establishes metrics for evaluation, and offers high quality open-source implementations of multiple previously proposed molecular featurization and learning algorithms (released as part of the DeepChem
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以图形为中心的人工智能(Graph AI)在建模自然界中普遍存在的相互作用系统(从生物学的动态系统到粒子物理学)方面取得了显着成功。数据的异质性的增加,需要对可以结合多种电感偏见的图形神经体系结构。但是,将来自各种来源的数据组合起来是具有挑战性的,因为适当的归纳偏差可能会因数据模式而异。多模式学习方法融合了多个数据模式,同时利用跨模式依赖性来应对这一挑战。在这里,我们调查了以图形为中心的AI的140项研究,并意识到,使用图越来越多地将各种数据类型汇集在一起​​,并将其馈入复杂的多模型模型。这些模型分为图像,语言和知识接地的多模式学习。我们提出了基于此分类的多模式图学习的算法蓝图。该蓝图是通过选择适当的四个不同组件来处理多模式数据的最先进架构的方法。这项工作可以为标准化精致的多模式体系结构的设计铺平道路,以解决高度复杂的现实世界问题。
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近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题,它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用,专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习,讨论最近的扩展,并概述算法的连接(置换 - )方面的神经结构。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激进一步的研究。
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分子表示学习(MRL)是建立机器学习与化学科学之间联系的关键步骤。特别是,它将分子编码为保留分子结构和特征的数值向量,在其上可以执行下游任务(例如,属性预测)。最近,MRL取得了相当大的进步,尤其是在基于深的分子图学习方法中。在这项调查中,我们系统地回顾了这些基于图的分子表示技术。具体而言,我们首先介绍2D和3D图分子数据集的数据和功能。然后,我们总结了专门为MRL设计的方法,并将其分为四种策略。此外,我们讨论了MRL支持的一些典型化学应用。为了促进该快速发展领域的研究,我们还列出了论文中的基准和常用数据集。最后,我们分享我们对未来研究方向的想法。
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模棱两可的神经网络,其隐藏的特征根据G组作用于数据的表示,表现出训练效率和提高的概括性能。在这项工作中,我们将群体不变和模棱两可的表示学习扩展到无监督的深度学习领域。我们根据编码器框架提出了一种通用学习策略,其中潜在表示以不变的术语和模棱两可的组动作组件分开。关键的想法是,网络学会通过学习预测适当的小组操作来对齐输入和输出姿势以解决重建任务的适当组动作来编码和从组不变表示形式进行编码和解码数据。我们在Equivariant编码器上得出必要的条件,并提出了对任何G(离散且连续的)有效的构造。我们明确描述了我们的旋转,翻译和排列的构造。我们在采用不同网络体系结构的各种数据类型的各种实验中测试了方法的有效性和鲁棒性。
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这项工作介绍了神经性等因素的外部潜力(NEQUIP),E(3) - 用于学习分子动力学模拟的AB-INITIO计算的用于学习网状体电位的e(3)的神经网络方法。虽然大多数当代对称的模型使用不变的卷曲,但仅在标量上采取行动,Nequip采用E(3) - 几何张量的相互作用,举起Quivariant卷曲,导致了更多的信息丰富和忠实的原子环境代表。该方法在挑战和多样化的分子和材料集中实现了最先进的准确性,同时表现出显着的数据效率。 Nequip优先于现有型号,最多三个数量级的培训数据,挑战深度神经网络需要大量培训套装。该方法的高数据效率允许使用高阶量子化学水平的理论作为参考的精确潜力构建,并且在长时间尺度上实现高保真分子动力学模拟。
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