本文比较分析随机森林的性能和基于历史数据预测能源消耗的领域的梯度增强算法的性能。应用两种算法以单独预测能源消耗,然后使用加权平均合奏方法合并在一起。所达到的实验结果之间的比较证明,加权平均合奏方法比单独应用的两种算法中的每种都提供了更准确的结果。
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在本文中,我们提出了一种基于短期内存网络的长期方法,以根据过去的测量值预测公共建筑物的能源消耗。我们的方法包括三个主要步骤:数据处理步骤,培训和验证步骤,最后是预测步骤。我们在一个数据集上测试了我们的方法,该数据集由英国国家档案馆的主要建筑物的主要建筑物,在KEW中,作为评估指标,我们使用了平均绝对错误(MAE)和平均绝对百分比错误(Mape)。
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电力是一种波动的电源,需要短期和长期的精力计划和资源管理。更具体地说,在短期,准确的即时能源消耗中,预测极大地提高了建筑物的效率,为采用可再生能源提供了新的途径。在这方面,数据驱动的方法,即基于机器学习的方法,开始优先于更传统的方法,因为它们不仅提供了更简化的部署方式,而且还提供了最新的结果。从这个意义上讲,这项工作应用和比较了几种深度学习算法,LSTM,CNN,CNN-LSTM和TCN的性能,在制造业内的一个真实测试中。实验结果表明,TCN是预测短期即时能源消耗的最可靠方法。
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随着高级数字技术的蓬勃发展,用户以及能源分销商有可能获得有关家庭用电的详细信息。这些技术也可以用来预测家庭用电量(又称负载)。在本文中,我们研究了变分模式分解和深度学习技术的使用,以提高负载预测问题的准确性。尽管在文献中已经研究了这个问题,但选择适当的分解水平和提供更好预测性能的深度学习技术的关注较少。这项研究通过研究六个分解水平和五个不同的深度学习网络的影响来弥合这一差距。首先,使用变分模式分解将原始负载轮廓分解为固有模式函数,以减轻其非平稳方面。然后,白天,小时和过去的电力消耗数据作为三维输入序列馈送到四级小波分解网络模型。最后,将与不同固有模式函数相关的预测序列组合在一起以形成聚合预测序列。使用摩洛哥建筑物的电力消耗数据集(MORED)的五个摩洛哥家庭的负载曲线评估了该方法,并根据最新的时间序列模型和基线持久性模型进行了基准测试。
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建筑物的电力消耗构成了该市能源消耗的主要部分。电力消耗预测可以开发房屋能源管理系统,从而导致未来的可持续性房屋设计和总能源消耗的减少。建筑物中的能源性能受环境温度,湿度和各种电气设备等许多因素的影响。因此,多元预测方法是首选而不是单变量。选择了本田智能家庭数据集,以比较三种方法,以最大程度地减少预测错误,MAE和RMSE:人工神经网络,支持向量回归以及基于模糊规则的基于模糊规则的系统,以通过在多变量数据集上为每种方法构造许多模型在不同的时间范围内。比较表明,SVR比替代方案是一种优越的方法。
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Wind power forecasting helps with the planning for the power systems by contributing to having a higher level of certainty in decision-making. Due to the randomness inherent to meteorological events (e.g., wind speeds), making highly accurate long-term predictions for wind power can be extremely difficult. One approach to remedy this challenge is to utilize weather information from multiple points across a geographical grid to obtain a holistic view of the wind patterns, along with temporal information from the previous power outputs of the wind farms. Our proposed CNN-RNN architecture combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to extract spatial and temporal information from multi-dimensional input data to make day-ahead predictions. In this regard, our method incorporates an ultra-wide learning view, combining data from multiple numerical weather prediction models, wind farms, and geographical locations. Additionally, we experiment with global forecasting approaches to understand the impact of training the same model over the datasets obtained from multiple different wind farms, and we employ a method where spatial information extracted from convolutional layers is passed to a tree ensemble (e.g., Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM)) instead of fully connected layers. The results show that our proposed CNN-RNN architecture outperforms other models such as LGBM, Extra Tree regressor and linear regression when trained globally, but fails to replicate such performance when trained individually on each farm. We also observe that passing the spatial information from CNN to LGBM improves its performance, providing further evidence of CNN's spatial feature extraction capabilities.
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A well-performing prediction model is vital for a recommendation system suggesting actions for energy-efficient consumer behavior. However, reliable and accurate predictions depend on informative features and a suitable model design to perform well and robustly across different households and appliances. Moreover, customers' unjustifiably high expectations of accurate predictions may discourage them from using the system in the long term. In this paper, we design a three-step forecasting framework to assess predictability, engineering features, and deep learning architectures to forecast 24 hourly load values. First, our predictability analysis provides a tool for expectation management to cushion customers' anticipations. Second, we design several new weather-, time- and appliance-related parameters for the modeling procedure and test their contribution to the model's prediction performance. Third, we examine six deep learning techniques and compare them to tree- and support vector regression benchmarks. We develop a robust and accurate model for the appliance-level load prediction based on four datasets from four different regions (US, UK, Austria, and Canada) with an equal set of appliances. The empirical results show that cyclical encoding of time features and weather indicators alongside a long-short term memory (LSTM) model offer the optimal performance.
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电力公用事业公司依靠短期需求预测,以期待重大变化的预期调整生产和分配。该系统审查分析了2000年至2019年之间的学术期刊上发布的240份作品,专注于将人工智能(AI),统计和混合模型应用于短期负荷预测(STLF)。这项工作代表了迄今为止对该主题的最全面的审查。进行了对文献的完整分析,以确定最流行和最准确的技术以及现有的空隙。研究结果表明,尽管人工神经网络(ANN)继续成为最常用的独立技术,但研究人员已经超出了不同技术的混合组合,以利用各种方法的组合优势。审查表明,这些混合组合通常可以实现超过99%的预测精度。短期预测最成功的持续时间已被识别为每小时间隔的一天的预测。审查已确定访问培训模型所需的数据集的不足。在亚洲,欧洲,北美和澳大利亚以外的研究区域中已经确定了一个显着差距。
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由于人口和全球化的增加,对能源的需求大大增加。因此,准确的能源消耗预测已成为政府规划,减少能源浪费和能源管理系统稳定运行的基本先决条件。在这项工作中,我们介绍了对家庭能耗的时间序列预测的主要机器学习模型的比较分析。具体来说,我们使用WEKA(一种数据挖掘工具)首先将模型应用于Kaggle数据科学界可获得的小时和每日家庭能源消耗数据集。应用的模型是:多层感知器,K最近的邻居回归,支持向量回归,线性回归和高斯过程。其次,我们还在Python实施了时间序列预测模型Arima和Var,以预测有或没有天气数据的韩国家庭能源消耗。我们的结果表明,预测能源消耗预测的最佳方法是支持向量回归,然后是多层感知器和高斯过程回归。
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可持续性需要提高能源效率,而最小的废物则需要提高能源效率。因此,未来的电力系统应提供高水平的灵活性IIN控制能源消耗。对于能源行业的决策者和专业人员而言,对未来能源需求/负载的精确预测非常重要。预测能源负载对能源提供者和客户变得更有优势,使他们能够建立有效的生产策略以满足需求。这项研究介绍了两个混合级联模型,以预测不同分辨率中的多步户家庭功耗。第一个模型将固定小波变换(SWT)集成为有效的信号预处理技术,卷积神经网络和长期短期记忆(LSTM)。第二种混合模型将SWT与名为Transformer的基于自我注意的神经网络结构相结合。使用时频分析方法(例如多步预测问题中的SWT)的主要限制是,它们需要顺序信号,在多步骤预测应用程序中有问题的信号重建问题。级联模型可以通过使用回收输出有效地解决此问题。实验结果表明,与现有的多步电消耗预测方法相比,提出的混合模型实现了出色的预测性能。结果将为更准确和可靠的家庭用电量预测铺平道路。
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Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.
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评估能源转型和能源市场自由化对资源充足性的影响是一种越来越重要和苛刻的任务。能量系统的上升复杂性需要足够的能量系统建模方法,从而提高计算要求。此外,随着复杂性,同样调用概率评估和场景分析同样增加不确定性。为了充分和高效地解决这些各种要求,需要来自数据科学领域的新方法来加速当前方法。通过我们的系统文献综述,我们希望缩小三个学科之间的差距(1)电力供应安全性评估,(2)人工智能和(3)实验设计。为此,我们对所选应用领域进行大规模的定量审查,并制作彼此不同学科的合成。在其他发现之外,我们使用基于AI的方法和应用程序的AI方法和应用来确定电力供应模型的复杂安全性的元素,并作为未充分涵盖的应用领域的储存调度和(非)可用性。我们结束了推出了一种新的方法管道,以便在评估电力供应安全评估时充分有效地解决当前和即将到来的挑战。
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负载预测是能源行业中执行的一项重要任务,以帮助平衡供应并保持电网的稳定负载。随着供应过渡向不太可靠的可再生能源产生,智能电表将证明是促进这些预测任务的重要组成部分。但是,在隐私意识的消费者中,智能电表的采用率很低,这些消费者害怕侵犯其细粒度的消费数据。在这项工作中,我们建议并探索一种基于联合学习的方法(FL)方法,以分布式协作方式培训预测模型,同时保留基础数据的隐私。我们比较了两种方法:FL和聚集的变体FL+HC与非私有的,集中的学习方法和完全私人的本地化学习方法。在这些方法中,我们使用RMSE和计算效率测量模型性能。此外,我们建议FL策略之后是个性化步骤,并表明可以通过这样做可以提高模型性能。我们表明,FL+HC紧随其后的是个性化可以实现$ \ sim $ 5 \%的模型性能提高,而与本地化学习相比,计算$ \ sim $ 10倍。最后,我们提供有关私人汇总预测的建议,以构建私人端到端负载预测应用程序。
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电价是影响所有市场参与者决策的关键因素。准确的电价预测非常重要,并且由于各种因素,电价高度挥发性,电价也非常具有挑战性。本文提出了一项综合的长期经常性卷积网络(ILRCN)模型,以预测考虑到市场价格的大多数贡献属性的电力价格。所提出的ILRCN模型将卷积神经网络和长短期记忆(LSTM)算法的功能与所提出的新颖的条件纠错项相结合。组合的ILRCN模型可以识别输入数据内的线性和非线性行为。我们使用鄂尔顿批发市场价格数据以及负载型材,温度和其他因素来说明所提出的模型。使用平均绝对误差和准确性等性能/评估度量来验证所提出的ILRCN电价预测模型的性能。案例研究表明,与支持向量机(SVM)模型,完全连接的神经网络模型,LSTM模型和LRCN模型,所提出的ILRCN模型在电价预测中是准确和有效的电力价格预测。
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预测住宅功率使用对于辅助智能电网来管理和保护能量以确保有效使用的必不可少。客户级别的准确能量预测将直接反映电网系统的效率,但由于许多影响因素,例如气象和占用模式,预测建筑能源使用是复杂的任务。在成瘾中,鉴于多传感器环境的出现以及能量消费者和智能电网之间的两种方式通信,在能量互联网(IOE)中,高维时间序列越来越多地出现。因此,能够计算高维时间序列的方法在智能建筑和IOE应用中具有很大的价值。模糊时间序列(FTS)模型作为数据驱动的非参数模型的易于实现和高精度。不幸的是,如果所有功能用于训练模型,现有的FTS模型可能是不可行的。我们通过将原始高维数据投入低维嵌入空间并在该低维表示中使用多变量FTS方法来提出一种用于处理高维时间序列的新方法。组合这些技术使得能够更好地表示多变量时间序列的复杂内容和更准确的预测。
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提出了一种使用天气数据实时太阳生成预测的新方法,同时提出了既有空间结构依赖性的依赖。随着时间的推移,观察到的网络被预测到较低维度的表示,在该表示的情况下,在推理阶段使用天气预报时,使用各种天气测量来训练结构化回归模型。从国家太阳辐射数据库获得的德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥地区的288个地点进行了实验。该模型预测具有良好精度的太阳辐照度(夏季R2 0.91,冬季为0.85,全球模型为0.89)。随机森林回归者获得了最佳准确性。进行了多个实验来表征缺失数据的影响和不同的时间范围的影响,这些范围提供了证据表明,新算法不仅在随机的情况下,而且在机制是空间和时间上都丢失的数据是可靠的。
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旅行时间是交通的重要措施。准确的旅行时间预测也是操作和先进信息系统的基础。短期旅行时间预测等各种解决方案,例如利用实时GPS数据和优化方法来跟踪车辆的路径的解决方案。然而,可靠的长期预测仍然具有挑战性。我们在本文中展示了旅行时间的适用性和有用性即邮政服务的交货时间预测。我们调查了几种方法,如线性回归模型和基于树的集合,如随机森林,堆垛和升压,允许通过进行广泛的实验并考虑许多可用性方案来预测交货时间。结果表明,旅行时间预测可以帮助减轻邮政服务的高延误。我们表明,一些升压算法,例如轻梯度提升和CATBoost,在准确性和运行时效率方面具有比其他基线,如线性回归模型,装袋回归和随机林等其他基线具有更高的性能。
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With the evolution of power systems as it is becoming more intelligent and interactive system while increasing in flexibility with a larger penetration of renewable energy sources, demand prediction on a short-term resolution will inevitably become more and more crucial in designing and managing the future grid, especially when it comes to an individual household level. Projecting the demand for electricity for a single energy user, as opposed to the aggregated power consumption of residential load on a wide scale, is difficult because of a considerable number of volatile and uncertain factors. This paper proposes a customized GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture to address this challenging problem. LSTM and GRU are comparatively newer and among the most well-adopted deep learning approaches. The electricity consumption datasets were obtained from individual household smart meters. The comparison shows that the LSTM model performs better for home-level forecasting than alternative prediction techniques-GRU in this case. To compare the NN-based models with contrast to the conventional statistical technique-based model, ARIMA based model was also developed and benchmarked with LSTM and GRU model outcomes in this study to show the performance of the proposed model on the collected time series data.
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近期不同尺度电力消耗的丰富数据开辟了新的挑战,并强调了新技术的需求,以利用更精细的尺度提供的信息,以便改善更广泛的尺度预测。在这项工作中,我们利用该分层预测问题与多尺度传输学习之间的相似性。我们分别开发了两种分层转移学习方法,分别基于广义添加剂模型和随机林的堆叠,以及专家聚合的使用。我们将这些方法应用于在第一种情况下使用智能仪表数据,以及第二种情况下的区域数据的智能仪表数据将这些方法应用于两种电力负荷预测。对于这两个useCases,我们将我们的方法的表现与基准算法的表演进行比较,我们使用可变重要性分析调查其行为。我们的结果表明了两种方法的兴趣,这导致预测的重大改善。
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PV power forecasting models are predominantly based on machine learning algorithms which do not provide any insight into or explanation about their predictions (black boxes). Therefore, their direct implementation in environments where transparency is required, and the trust associated with their predictions may be questioned. To this end, we propose a two stage probabilistic forecasting framework able to generate highly accurate, reliable, and sharp forecasts yet offering full transparency on both the point forecasts and the prediction intervals (PIs). In the first stage, we exploit natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) for yielding probabilistic forecasts, while in the second stage, we calculate the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values in order to fully comprehend why a prediction was made. To highlight the performance and the applicability of the proposed framework, real data from two PV parks located in Southern Germany are employed. Comparative results with two state-of-the-art algorithms, namely Gaussian process and lower upper bound estimation, manifest a significant increase in the point forecast accuracy and in the overall probabilistic performance. Most importantly, a detailed analysis of the model's complex nonlinear relationships and interaction effects between the various features is presented. This allows interpreting the model, identifying some learned physical properties, explaining individual predictions, reducing the computational requirements for the training without jeopardizing the model accuracy, detecting possible bugs, and gaining trust in the model. Finally, we conclude that the model was able to develop complex nonlinear relationships which follow known physical properties as well as human logic and intuition.
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