随着高级数字技术的蓬勃发展,用户以及能源分销商有可能获得有关家庭用电的详细信息。这些技术也可以用来预测家庭用电量(又称负载)。在本文中,我们研究了变分模式分解和深度学习技术的使用,以提高负载预测问题的准确性。尽管在文献中已经研究了这个问题,但选择适当的分解水平和提供更好预测性能的深度学习技术的关注较少。这项研究通过研究六个分解水平和五个不同的深度学习网络的影响来弥合这一差距。首先,使用变分模式分解将原始负载轮廓分解为固有模式函数,以减轻其非平稳方面。然后,白天,小时和过去的电力消耗数据作为三维输入序列馈送到四级小波分解网络模型。最后,将与不同固有模式函数相关的预测序列组合在一起以形成聚合预测序列。使用摩洛哥建筑物的电力消耗数据集(MORED)的五个摩洛哥家庭的负载曲线评估了该方法,并根据最新的时间序列模型和基线持久性模型进行了基准测试。
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可持续性需要提高能源效率,而最小的废物则需要提高能源效率。因此,未来的电力系统应提供高水平的灵活性IIN控制能源消耗。对于能源行业的决策者和专业人员而言,对未来能源需求/负载的精确预测非常重要。预测能源负载对能源提供者和客户变得更有优势,使他们能够建立有效的生产策略以满足需求。这项研究介绍了两个混合级联模型,以预测不同分辨率中的多步户家庭功耗。第一个模型将固定小波变换(SWT)集成为有效的信号预处理技术,卷积神经网络和长期短期记忆(LSTM)。第二种混合模型将SWT与名为Transformer的基于自我注意的神经网络结构相结合。使用时频分析方法(例如多步预测问题中的SWT)的主要限制是,它们需要顺序信号,在多步骤预测应用程序中有问题的信号重建问题。级联模型可以通过使用回收输出有效地解决此问题。实验结果表明,与现有的多步电消耗预测方法相比,提出的混合模型实现了出色的预测性能。结果将为更准确和可靠的家庭用电量预测铺平道路。
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电力公用事业公司依靠短期需求预测,以期待重大变化的预期调整生产和分配。该系统审查分析了2000年至2019年之间的学术期刊上发布的240份作品,专注于将人工智能(AI),统计和混合模型应用于短期负荷预测(STLF)。这项工作代表了迄今为止对该主题的最全面的审查。进行了对文献的完整分析,以确定最流行和最准确的技术以及现有的空隙。研究结果表明,尽管人工神经网络(ANN)继续成为最常用的独立技术,但研究人员已经超出了不同技术的混合组合,以利用各种方法的组合优势。审查表明,这些混合组合通常可以实现超过99%的预测精度。短期预测最成功的持续时间已被识别为每小时间隔的一天的预测。审查已确定访问培训模型所需的数据集的不足。在亚洲,欧洲,北美和澳大利亚以外的研究区域中已经确定了一个显着差距。
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Wind power forecasting helps with the planning for the power systems by contributing to having a higher level of certainty in decision-making. Due to the randomness inherent to meteorological events (e.g., wind speeds), making highly accurate long-term predictions for wind power can be extremely difficult. One approach to remedy this challenge is to utilize weather information from multiple points across a geographical grid to obtain a holistic view of the wind patterns, along with temporal information from the previous power outputs of the wind farms. Our proposed CNN-RNN architecture combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to extract spatial and temporal information from multi-dimensional input data to make day-ahead predictions. In this regard, our method incorporates an ultra-wide learning view, combining data from multiple numerical weather prediction models, wind farms, and geographical locations. Additionally, we experiment with global forecasting approaches to understand the impact of training the same model over the datasets obtained from multiple different wind farms, and we employ a method where spatial information extracted from convolutional layers is passed to a tree ensemble (e.g., Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM)) instead of fully connected layers. The results show that our proposed CNN-RNN architecture outperforms other models such as LGBM, Extra Tree regressor and linear regression when trained globally, but fails to replicate such performance when trained individually on each farm. We also observe that passing the spatial information from CNN to LGBM improves its performance, providing further evidence of CNN's spatial feature extraction capabilities.
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A well-performing prediction model is vital for a recommendation system suggesting actions for energy-efficient consumer behavior. However, reliable and accurate predictions depend on informative features and a suitable model design to perform well and robustly across different households and appliances. Moreover, customers' unjustifiably high expectations of accurate predictions may discourage them from using the system in the long term. In this paper, we design a three-step forecasting framework to assess predictability, engineering features, and deep learning architectures to forecast 24 hourly load values. First, our predictability analysis provides a tool for expectation management to cushion customers' anticipations. Second, we design several new weather-, time- and appliance-related parameters for the modeling procedure and test their contribution to the model's prediction performance. Third, we examine six deep learning techniques and compare them to tree- and support vector regression benchmarks. We develop a robust and accurate model for the appliance-level load prediction based on four datasets from four different regions (US, UK, Austria, and Canada) with an equal set of appliances. The empirical results show that cyclical encoding of time features and weather indicators alongside a long-short term memory (LSTM) model offer the optimal performance.
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Dengue fever is a virulent disease spreading over 100 tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. This arboviral disease affects around 400 million people globally, severely distressing the healthcare systems. The unavailability of a specific drug and ready-to-use vaccine makes the situation worse. Hence, policymakers must rely on early warning systems to control intervention-related decisions. Forecasts routinely provide critical information for dangerous epidemic events. However, the available forecasting models (e.g., weather-driven mechanistic, statistical time series, and machine learning models) lack a clear understanding of different components to improve prediction accuracy and often provide unstable and unreliable forecasts. This study proposes an ensemble wavelet neural network with exogenous factor(s) (XEWNet) model that can produce reliable estimates for dengue outbreak prediction for three geographical regions, namely San Juan, Iquitos, and Ahmedabad. The proposed XEWNet model is flexible and can easily incorporate exogenous climate variable(s) confirmed by statistical causality tests in its scalable framework. The proposed model is an integrated approach that uses wavelet transformation into an ensemble neural network framework that helps in generating more reliable long-term forecasts. The proposed XEWNet allows complex non-linear relationships between the dengue incidence cases and rainfall; however, mathematically interpretable, fast in execution, and easily comprehensible. The proposal's competitiveness is measured using computational experiments based on various statistical metrics and several statistical comparison tests. In comparison with statistical, machine learning, and deep learning methods, our proposed XEWNet performs better in 75% of the cases for short-term and long-term forecasting of dengue incidence.
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电力是一种波动的电源,需要短期和长期的精力计划和资源管理。更具体地说,在短期,准确的即时能源消耗中,预测极大地提高了建筑物的效率,为采用可再生能源提供了新的途径。在这方面,数据驱动的方法,即基于机器学习的方法,开始优先于更传统的方法,因为它们不仅提供了更简化的部署方式,而且还提供了最新的结果。从这个意义上讲,这项工作应用和比较了几种深度学习算法,LSTM,CNN,CNN-LSTM和TCN的性能,在制造业内的一个真实测试中。实验结果表明,TCN是预测短期即时能源消耗的最可靠方法。
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In this paper, we propose a new short-term load forecasting (STLF) model based on contextually enhanced hybrid and hierarchical architecture combining exponential smoothing (ES) and a recurrent neural network (RNN). The model is composed of two simultaneously trained tracks: the context track and the main track. The context track introduces additional information to the main track. It is extracted from representative series and dynamically modulated to adjust to the individual series forecasted by the main track. The RNN architecture consists of multiple recurrent layers stacked with hierarchical dilations and equipped with recently proposed attentive dilated recurrent cells. These cells enable the model to capture short-term, long-term and seasonal dependencies across time series as well as to weight dynamically the input information. The model produces both point forecasts and predictive intervals. The experimental part of the work performed on 35 forecasting problems shows that the proposed model outperforms in terms of accuracy its predecessor as well as standard statistical models and state-of-the-art machine learning models.
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传染病仍然是全世界人类疾病和死亡的主要因素之一,其中许多疾病引起了流行的感染波。特定药物和预防疫苗防止大多数流行病的不可用,这使情况变得更糟。这些迫使公共卫生官员,卫生保健提供者和政策制定者依靠由流行病的可靠预测产生的预警系统。对流行病的准确预测可以帮助利益相关者调整对手的对策,例如疫苗接种运动,人员安排和资源分配,以减少手头的情况,这可以转化为减少疾病影响的影响。不幸的是,大多数过去的流行病(例如,登革热,疟疾,肝炎,流感和最新的Covid-19)表现出非线性和非平稳性特征,这是由于它们基于季节性依赖性变化以及这些流行病的性质的扩散波动而引起的。 。我们使用基于最大的重叠离散小波变换(MODWT)自动回归神经网络分析了各种流行时期时间序列数据集,并将其称为EWNET。 MODWT技术有效地表征了流行时间序列中的非平稳行为和季节性依赖性,并在拟议的集合小波网络框架中改善了自回旋神经网络的预测方案。从非线性时间序列的角度来看,我们探讨了所提出的EWNET模型的渐近平稳性,以显示相关的马尔可夫链的渐近行为。我们还理论上还研究了学习稳定性的效果以及在拟议的EWNET模型中选择隐藏的神经元的选择。从实际的角度来看,我们将我们提出的EWNET框架与以前用于流行病预测的几种统计,机器学习和深度学习模型进行了比较。
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With the evolution of power systems as it is becoming more intelligent and interactive system while increasing in flexibility with a larger penetration of renewable energy sources, demand prediction on a short-term resolution will inevitably become more and more crucial in designing and managing the future grid, especially when it comes to an individual household level. Projecting the demand for electricity for a single energy user, as opposed to the aggregated power consumption of residential load on a wide scale, is difficult because of a considerable number of volatile and uncertain factors. This paper proposes a customized GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture to address this challenging problem. LSTM and GRU are comparatively newer and among the most well-adopted deep learning approaches. The electricity consumption datasets were obtained from individual household smart meters. The comparison shows that the LSTM model performs better for home-level forecasting than alternative prediction techniques-GRU in this case. To compare the NN-based models with contrast to the conventional statistical technique-based model, ARIMA based model was also developed and benchmarked with LSTM and GRU model outcomes in this study to show the performance of the proposed model on the collected time series data.
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Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.
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预测住宅功率使用对于辅助智能电网来管理和保护能量以确保有效使用的必不可少。客户级别的准确能量预测将直接反映电网系统的效率,但由于许多影响因素,例如气象和占用模式,预测建筑能源使用是复杂的任务。在成瘾中,鉴于多传感器环境的出现以及能量消费者和智能电网之间的两种方式通信,在能量互联网(IOE)中,高维时间序列越来越多地出现。因此,能够计算高维时间序列的方法在智能建筑和IOE应用中具有很大的价值。模糊时间序列(FTS)模型作为数据驱动的非参数模型的易于实现和高精度。不幸的是,如果所有功能用于训练模型,现有的FTS模型可能是不可行的。我们通过将原始高维数据投入低维嵌入空间并在该低维表示中使用多变量FTS方法来提出一种用于处理高维时间序列的新方法。组合这些技术使得能够更好地表示多变量时间序列的复杂内容和更准确的预测。
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短期负荷预测(STLF)由于复杂的时间序列(TS)是一种表达三个季节性模式和非线性趋势的挑战。本文提出了一种新的混合分层深度学习模型,涉及多个季节性,并产生两点预测和预测间隔(PIS)。它结合了指数平滑(ES)和经常性神经网络(RNN)。 ES动态提取每个单独的TS的主要组件,并启用在飞行的临时化,这在相对较小的数据集上操作时特别有用。多层RNN配备了一种新型扩张的经常性电池,旨在有效地模拟TS中的短期和长期依赖性。为了改善内部TS表示,因此模型的性能,RNN同时学习ES参数和主要映射函数将输入转换为预测。我们比较我们对几种基线方法的方法,包括古典统计方法和机器学习(ML)方法,在35个欧洲国家的STLF问题。实证研究清楚地表明,该模型具有高表现力,以解决非线性随机预测问题,包括多个季节性和显着的随机波动。实际上,它在准确性方面优于统计和最先进的ML模型。
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评估能源转型和能源市场自由化对资源充足性的影响是一种越来越重要和苛刻的任务。能量系统的上升复杂性需要足够的能量系统建模方法,从而提高计算要求。此外,随着复杂性,同样调用概率评估和场景分析同样增加不确定性。为了充分和高效地解决这些各种要求,需要来自数据科学领域的新方法来加速当前方法。通过我们的系统文献综述,我们希望缩小三个学科之间的差距(1)电力供应安全性评估,(2)人工智能和(3)实验设计。为此,我们对所选应用领域进行大规模的定量审查,并制作彼此不同学科的合成。在其他发现之外,我们使用基于AI的方法和应用程序的AI方法和应用来确定电力供应模型的复杂安全性的元素,并作为未充分涵盖的应用领域的储存调度和(非)可用性。我们结束了推出了一种新的方法管道,以便在评估电力供应安全评估时充分有效地解决当前和即将到来的挑战。
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为了提高风能生产的安全性和可靠性,短期预测已成为最重要的。这项研究的重点是挪威大陆架的多步时时空风速预测。图形神经网络(GNN)体系结构用于提取空间依赖性,具有不同的更新功能以学习时间相关性。这些更新功能是使用不同的神经网络体系结构实现的。近年来,一种这样的架构,即变压器,在序列建模中变得越来越流行。已经提出了对原始体系结构的各种改动,以更好地促进时间序列预测,本研究的重点是告密者Logsparse Transformer和AutoFormer。这是第一次将logsparse变压器和自动形态应用于风预测,并且第一次以任何一种或告密者的形式在时空设置以进行风向预测。通过比较时空长的短期记忆(LSTM)和多层感知器(MLP)模型,该研究表明,使用改变的变压器体系结构作为GNN中更新功能的模型能够超越这些功能。此外,我们提出了快速的傅立叶变压器(FFTRANSFORMER),该变压器是基于信号分解的新型变压器体系结构,由两个单独的流组成,分别分析趋势和周期性成分。发现FFTRANSFORMER和自动成型器可在10分钟和1小时的预测中取得优异的结果,而FFTRANSFORMER显着优于所有其他模型的4小时预测。最后,通过改变图表表示的连通性程度,该研究明确说明了所有模型如何利用空间依赖性来改善局部短期风速预测。
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负载预测在电力系统的分析和网格计划中至关重要。因此,我们首先提出一种基于联邦深度学习和非侵入性负载监测(NILM)的家庭负载预测方法。就我们所知,这是基于尼尔姆的家庭负载预测中有关联合学习(FL)的首次研究。在这种方法中,通过非侵入性负载监控将集成功率分解为单个设备功率,并且使用联合深度学习模型分别预测单个设备的功率。最后,将单个设备的预测功率值聚合以形成总功率预测。具体而言,通过单独预测电气设备以获得预测的功率,它可以避免由于单个设备的功率信号的强烈依赖性而造成的误差。在联邦深度学习预测模型中,具有权力数据的家主共享本地模型的参数,而不是本地电源数据,从而保证了家庭用户数据的隐私。案例结果表明,所提出的方法比直接预测整个汇总信号的传统方法提供了更好的预测效果。此外,设计和实施了各种联合学习环境中的实验,以验证该方法的有效性。
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非侵入性负载监控(NILM)是将总功率消耗分为单个子组件的任务。多年来,已经合并了信号处理和机器学习算法以实现这一目标。关于最先进的方法,进行了许多出版物和广泛的研究工作,以涉及最先进的方法。科学界最初使用机器学习工具的尼尔姆问题制定和描述的最初兴趣已经转变为更实用的尼尔姆。如今,我们正处于成熟的尼尔姆时期,在现实生活中的应用程序方案中尝试使用尼尔姆。因此,算法的复杂性,可转移性,可靠性,实用性和普遍的信任度是主要的关注问题。这篇评论缩小了早期未成熟的尼尔姆时代与成熟的差距。特别是,本文仅对住宅电器的尼尔姆方法提供了全面的文献综述。本文分析,总结并介绍了大量最近发表的学术文章的结果。此外,本文讨论了这些方法的亮点,并介绍了研究人员应考虑的研究困境,以应用尼尔姆方法。最后,我们表明需要将传统分类模型转移到一个实用且值得信赖的框架中。
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分布式的小型太阳能光伏(PV)系统正在以快速增加的速度安装。这可能会对分销网络和能源市场产生重大影响。结果,在不同时间分辨率和视野中,非常需要改善对这些系统发电的预测。但是,预测模型的性能取决于分辨率和地平线。在这种情况下,将多个模型的预测结合到单个预测中的预测组合(合奏)可能是鲁棒的。因此,在本文中,我们提供了对五个最先进的预测模型的性能以及在多个分辨率和视野下的现有预测组合的比较和见解。我们提出了一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)的预测组合方法,该方法将通过加权单个模型产生的预测来使预报掌握能够为手头的任务产生准确的预测。此外,我们将提出的组合方法的性能与现有的预测组合方法进行了比较。使用现实世界中的PV电源数据集进行了全面的评估,该数据集在美国三个位置的25个房屋中测得。在四种不同的分辨率和四个不同视野之间的结果表明,基于PSO的预测组合方法的表现优于使用任何单独的预测模型和其他预测组合的使用,而平均平均绝对规模误差降低了3.81%,而最佳性能则最佳性能单个个人模型。我们的方法使太阳预报员能够为其应用产生准确的预测,而不管预测分辨率或视野如何。
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在智能电网和负载平衡的背景下,每日峰值负荷预测已成为能源行业利益相关者的关键活动。对峰值幅度和时序的理解对于实现峰值剃须等智能电网策略至关重要。本文提出的建模方法利用了高分辨率和低分辨率信息来预测每日峰值需求规模和时序。由此产生的多分辨率建模框架可以适应不同的模型类。本文的主要贡献是一般性和正式介绍多分辨率建模方法,b)关于通过广义添加剂模型和神经网络和C)实验结果的不同决议的建模方法的讨论英国电力市场。结果证实,建议的建模方法的预测性能与低分辨率和高分辨率替代品具有竞争力。
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使用变压器的深度学习最近在许多重要领域取得了很大的成功,例如自然语言处理,计算机视觉,异常检测和推荐系统等。在变压器的几种优点中,对于时间序列预测,捕获远程时间依赖性和相互作用的能力是可取的,从而导致其在各种时间序列应用中的进步。在本文中,我们为非平稳时间序列构建了变压器模型。这个问题具有挑战性,但至关重要。我们为基于小波的变压器编码器体系结构提供了一个新颖的单变量时间序列表示学习框架,并将其称为W-Transformer。所提出的W-Transformer使用最大重叠离散小波转换(MODWT)到时间序列数据,并在分解数据集上构建本地变压器,以生动地捕获时间序列中的非机构性和远程非线性依赖性。在来自各个领域的几个公共基准时间序列数据集和具有不同特征的几个公开基准时间序列数据集上评估我们的框架,我们证明它的平均表现明显优于短期和长期预测的基线预报器,即使是由包含的数据集组成的数据集只有几百个培训样本。
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