提出了一种使用天气数据实时太阳生成预测的新方法，同时提出了既有空间结构依赖性的依赖。随着时间的推移，观察到的网络被预测到较低维度的表示，在该表示的情况下，在推理阶段使用天气预报时，使用各种天气测量来训练结构化回归模型。从国家太阳辐射数据库获得的德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥地区的288个地点进行了实验。该模型预测具有良好精度的太阳辐照度（夏季R2 0.91，冬季为0.85，全球模型为0.89）。随机森林回归者获得了最佳准确性。进行了多个实验来表征缺失数据的影响和不同的时间范围的影响，这些范围提供了证据表明，新算法不仅在随机的情况下，而且在机制是空间和时间上都丢失的数据是可靠的。

太阳能现在是历史上最便宜的电力形式。不幸的是，由于其变异性，显着提高栅格的太阳能的一部分仍然具有挑战性，这使得电力的供需平衡更加困难。虽然热发电机坡度 - 它们可以改变输出的最高速率 - 是有限的，太阳能的坡度基本上是无限的。因此，准确的近期太阳能预测或垂圈，对于提供预警来调整热发电机输出，以响应于太阳能变化来调整热发电机，以确保平衡供需。为了解决问题，本文开发了使用自我监督学习的丰富和易于使用的多光谱卫星数据的太阳能垂圈的一般模型。具体而言，我们使用卷积神经网络（CNN）和长短期内存网络（LSTM）开发深度自动回归模型，这些模型在多个位置训练全球培训，以预测最近推出的最近收集的时空数据的未来观察-R系列卫星。我们的模型估计了基于卫星观测的未来的太阳辐照度，我们向较小的场地特定的太阳能数据培训的回归模型提供，以提供近期太阳能光伏（PV）预测，其考虑了现场特征的特征。我们评估了我们在25个太阳能场所的不同覆盖区域和预测视野的方法，并表明我们的方法利用地面真理观察结果产生靠近模型的错误。

我们基于技能评分，对确定性太阳预测进行了首次全面的荟萃分析，筛选了Google Scholar的1,447篇论文，并审查了320篇论文的全文以进行数据提取。用多元自适应回归样条模型，部分依赖图和线性回归构建和分析了4,758点的数据库。值得注意的是，分析说明了数据中最重要的非线性关系和交互项。我们量化了对重要变量的预测准确性的影响，例如预测范围，分辨率，气候条件，区域的年度太阳辐照度水平，电力系统大小和容量，预测模型，火车和测试集以及使用不同的技术和投入。通过控制预测之间的关键差异，包括位置变量，可以在全球应用分析的发现。还提供了该领域科学进步的概述。

分布式的小型太阳能光伏（PV）系统正在以快速增加的速度安装。这可能会对分销网络和能源市场产生重大影响。结果，在不同时间分辨率和视野中，非常需要改善对这些系统发电的预测。但是，预测模型的性能取决于分辨率和地平线。在这种情况下，将多个模型的预测结合到单个预测中的预测组合（合奏）可能是鲁棒的。因此，在本文中，我们提供了对五个最先进的预测模型的性能以及在多个分辨率和视野下的现有预测组合的比较和见解。我们提出了一种基于粒子群优化（PSO）的预测组合方法，该方法将通过加权单个模型产生的预测来使预报掌握能够为手头的任务产生准确的预测。此外，我们将提出的组合方法的性能与现有的预测组合方法进行了比较。使用现实世界中的PV电源数据集进行了全面的评估，该数据集在美国三个位置的25个房屋中测得。在四种不同的分辨率和四个不同视野之间的结果表明，基于PSO的预测组合方法的表现优于使用任何单独的预测模型和其他预测组合的使用，而平均平均绝对规模误差降低了3.81％，而最佳性能则最佳性能单个个人模型。我们的方法使太阳预报员能够为其应用产生准确的预测，而不管预测分辨率或视野如何。

对于电网操作，具有精细时间和空间分辨率的太阳能发电准确预测对于电网的操作至关重要。然而，与数值天气预报（NWP）结合机器学习的最先进方法具有粗略分辨率。在本文中，我们采用曲线图信号处理透视和型号的多网站光伏（PV）生产时间序列作为图表上的信号，以捕获它们的时空依赖性并实现更高的空间和时间分辨率预测。我们提出了两种新颖的图形神经网络模型，用于确定性多站点PV预测，被称为图形 - 卷积的长期内存（GCLSTM）和图形 - 卷积变压器（GCTRAFO）模型。这些方法仅依赖于生产数据并利用PV系统提供密集的虚拟气象站网络的直觉。所提出的方法是在整整一年的两组数据集中评估：1）来自304个真实光伏系统的生产数据，以及2）模拟生产1000个PV系统，包括瑞士分布。该拟议的模型优于最先进的多站点预测方法，用于预测前方6小时的预测视野。此外，所提出的模型以NWP优于最先进的单站点方法，如前方的视野上的输入。

Wind power forecasting helps with the planning for the power systems by contributing to having a higher level of certainty in decision-making. Due to the randomness inherent to meteorological events (e.g., wind speeds), making highly accurate long-term predictions for wind power can be extremely difficult. One approach to remedy this challenge is to utilize weather information from multiple points across a geographical grid to obtain a holistic view of the wind patterns, along with temporal information from the previous power outputs of the wind farms. Our proposed CNN-RNN architecture combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to extract spatial and temporal information from multi-dimensional input data to make day-ahead predictions. In this regard, our method incorporates an ultra-wide learning view, combining data from multiple numerical weather prediction models, wind farms, and geographical locations. Additionally, we experiment with global forecasting approaches to understand the impact of training the same model over the datasets obtained from multiple different wind farms, and we employ a method where spatial information extracted from convolutional layers is passed to a tree ensemble (e.g., Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM)) instead of fully connected layers. The results show that our proposed CNN-RNN architecture outperforms other models such as LGBM, Extra Tree regressor and linear regression when trained globally, but fails to replicate such performance when trained individually on each farm. We also observe that passing the spatial information from CNN to LGBM improves its performance, providing further evidence of CNN's spatial feature extraction capabilities.

A well-performing prediction model is vital for a recommendation system suggesting actions for energy-efficient consumer behavior. However, reliable and accurate predictions depend on informative features and a suitable model design to perform well and robustly across different households and appliances. Moreover, customers' unjustifiably high expectations of accurate predictions may discourage them from using the system in the long term. In this paper, we design a three-step forecasting framework to assess predictability, engineering features, and deep learning architectures to forecast 24 hourly load values. First, our predictability analysis provides a tool for expectation management to cushion customers' anticipations. Second, we design several new weather-, time- and appliance-related parameters for the modeling procedure and test their contribution to the model's prediction performance. Third, we examine six deep learning techniques and compare them to tree- and support vector regression benchmarks. We develop a robust and accurate model for the appliance-level load prediction based on four datasets from four different regions (US, UK, Austria, and Canada) with an equal set of appliances. The empirical results show that cyclical encoding of time features and weather indicators alongside a long-short term memory (LSTM) model offer the optimal performance.

地下水位预测是一个应用时间序列预测任务，具有重要的社会影响，以优化水管理以及防止某些自然灾害：例如，洪水或严重的干旱。在文献中已经报告了机器学习方法以实现这项任务，但它们仅专注于单个位置的地下水水平的预测。一种全球预测方法旨在利用从各个位置的地下水级时序列序列，一次在一个地方或一次在几个地方产生预测。鉴于全球预测方法在著名的竞争中取得了成功，因此在地下水级别的预测上进行评估并查看它们与本地方法的比较是有意义的。在这项工作中，我们创建了一个1026地下水级时序列的数据集。每个时间序列都是由每日测量地下水水平和两个外源变量，降雨和蒸散量制成的。该数据集可向社区提供可重现性和进一步评估。为了确定最佳的配置，可以有效地预测完整的时间序列的地下水水平，我们比较了包括本地和全球时间序列预测方法在内的不同预测因子。我们评估了外源变量的影响。我们的结果分析表明，通过训练过去的地下水位和降雨数据的全球方法获得最佳预测。

As ride-hailing services become increasingly popular, being able to accurately predict demand for such services can help operators efficiently allocate drivers to customers, and reduce idle time, improve congestion, and enhance the passenger experience. This paper proposes UberNet, a deep learning Convolutional Neural Network for short-term prediction of demand for ride-hailing services. UberNet empploys a multivariate framework that utilises a number of temporal and spatial features that have been found in the literature to explain demand for ride-hailing services. The proposed model includes two sub-networks that aim to encode the source series of various features and decode the predicting series, respectively. To assess the performance and effectiveness of UberNet, we use 9 months of Uber pickup data in 2014 and 28 spatial and temporal features from New York City. By comparing the performance of UberNet with several other approaches, we show that the prediction quality of the model is highly competitive. Further, Ubernet's prediction performance is better when using economic, social and built environment features. This suggests that Ubernet is more naturally suited to including complex motivators in making real-time passenger demand predictions for ride-hailing services.

Solar forecasting from ground-based sky images using deep learning models has shown great promise in reducing the uncertainty in solar power generation. One of the biggest challenges for training deep learning models is the availability of labeled datasets. With more and more sky image datasets open sourced in recent years, the development of accurate and reliable solar forecasting methods has seen a huge growth in potential. In this study, we explore three different training strategies for deep-learning-based solar forecasting models by leveraging three heterogeneous datasets collected around the world with drastically different climate patterns. Specifically, we compare the performance of models trained individually based on local datasets (local models) and models trained jointly based on the fusion of multiple datasets from different locations (global models), and we further examine the knowledge transfer from pre-trained solar forecasting models to a new dataset of interest (transfer learning models). The results suggest that the local models work well when deployed locally, but significant errors are observed for the scale of the prediction when applied offsite. The global model can adapt well to individual locations, while the possible increase in training efforts need to be taken into account. Pre-training models on a large and diversified source dataset and transferring to a local target dataset generally achieves superior performance over the other two training strategies. Transfer learning brings the most benefits when there are limited local data. With 80% less training data, it can achieve 1% improvement over the local baseline model trained using the entire dataset. Therefore, we call on the efforts from the solar forecasting community to contribute to a global dataset containing a massive amount of imagery and displaying diversified samples with a range of sky conditions.

交通拥堵的预测在做出未来的决策中起着至关重要的作用。尽管已经进行了许多有关拥塞的研究，但其中大多数不能涵盖所有重要因素（例如天气条件）。我们提出了一个交通拥堵的预测模型，该模型可以根据日，时间和几个天气数据（例如温度，湿度）预测拥堵。为了评估我们的模型，已针对新德里的流量数据进行了测试。通过这种模型，可以预测一周的道路拥堵，平均RMSE为1.12。因此，该模型可用于事先采取预防措施。

Flooding is one of the most disastrous natural hazards, responsible for substantial economic losses. A predictive model for flood-induced financial damages is useful for many applications such as climate change adaptation planning and insurance underwriting. This research assesses the predictive capability of regressors constructed on the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) dataset using neural networks (Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks), decision trees (Extreme Gradient Boosting), and kernel-based regressors (Gaussian Process). The assessment highlights the most informative predictors for regression. The distribution for claims amount inference is modeled with a Burr distribution permitting the introduction of a bias correction scheme and increasing the regressor's predictive capability. Aiming to study the interaction with physical variables, we incorporate Daymet rainfall estimation to NFIP as an additional predictor. A study on the coastal counties in the eight US South-West states resulted in an $R^2=0.807$. Further analysis of 11 counties with a significant number of claims in the NFIP dataset reveals that Extreme Gradient Boosting provides the best results, that bias correction significantly improves the similarity with the reference distribution, and that the rainfall predictor strengthens the regressor performance.

将间歇性可再生能源集成到大量的电网中是具有挑战性的。旨在解决这一困难的建立良好的方法涉及即将到来的能源供应可变性以适应电网的响应。在太阳能中，可以在全天空摄像机（前方30分钟）和卫星观测（提前6小时）的不同时间尺度上预测由遮挡云引起的短期变化。在这项研究中，我们将这两种互补的观点集成到单个机器学习框架中的云覆盖物上，以改善时间内（最高60分钟）的辐照度预测。确定性和概率预测均在不同的天气条件（晴朗，多云，阴天）以及不同的输入配置（天空图像，卫星观测和/或过去的辐照度值）中进行评估。我们的结果表明，混合模型在晴朗的条件下有益于预测，并改善了长期预测。这项研究为将来的新颖方法奠定了基础，即在单个学习框架中将天空图像和卫星观测结合起来，以推动太阳现象。

A digital twin is defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision-making. Unfortunately, the term remains vague and says little about its capability. Recently, the concept of capability level has been introduced to address this issue. Based on its capability, the concept states that a digital twin can be categorized on a scale from zero to five, referred to as standalone, descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive, and autonomous, respectively. The current work introduces the concept in the context of the built environment. It demonstrates the concept by using a modern house as a use case. The house is equipped with an array of sensors that collect timeseries data regarding the internal state of the house. Together with physics-based and data-driven models, these data are used to develop digital twins at different capability levels demonstrated in virtual reality. The work, in addition to presenting a blueprint for developing digital twins, also provided future research directions to enhance the technology.

许多科学预测问题在使用稀疏和不均匀分布的观测中处理空间和时间的复杂变化方面具有时空数据和建模相关的挑战。本文提出了一种新颖的深度学习架构，对位置依赖的时间序列数据（DEEPLatte）的深度学习预测，明确地将空间统计的理论纳入神经网络以解决这些挑战。除了特征选择模块和时空学习模块之外，Deeplatte还包含一个自相关引导的半监督学习策略，以强制执行学习的时空嵌入空间中的预测的本地自相关模式和全局自相关趋势，以与观察到的数据一致，克服了稀疏和不均匀分布式观测的限制。在培训过程中，监督和半监督亏损指导整个网络的更新：1）防止过度装备，2）优化特征选择，3）学习有用的时空表示，4）改善整体预测。我们在一位良好的公共卫生主题，空气质量预测中，使用公共公共卫生主题，在学习，复杂的身体环境中进行了展示Deeblatte的演示 - 洛杉矶。该实验表明，该方法提供准确的细空间尺度空气质量预测，并揭示了影响结果的关键环境因素。

随着高级数字技术的蓬勃发展，用户以及能源分销商有可能获得有关家庭用电的详细信息。这些技术也可以用来预测家庭用电量（又称负载）。在本文中，我们研究了变分模式分解和深度学习技术的使用，以提高负载预测问题的准确性。尽管在文献中已经研究了这个问题，但选择适当的分解水平和提供更好预测性能的深度学习技术的关注较少。这项研究通过研究六个分解水平和五个不同的深度学习网络的影响来弥合这一差距。首先，使用变分模式分解将原始负载轮廓分解为固有模式函数，以减轻其非平稳方面。然后，白天，小时和过去的电力消耗数据作为三维输入序列馈送到四级小波分解网络模型。最后，将与不同固有模式函数相关的预测序列组合在一起以形成聚合预测序列。使用摩洛哥建筑物的电力消耗数据集（MORED）的五个摩洛哥家庭的负载曲线评估了该方法，并根据最新的时间序列模型和基线持久性模型进行了基准测试。

评估能源转型和能源市场自由化对资源充足性的影响是一种越来越重要和苛刻的任务。能量系统的上升复杂性需要足够的能量系统建模方法，从而提高计算要求。此外，随着复杂性，同样调用概率评估和场景分析同样增加不确定性。为了充分和高效地解决这些各种要求，需要来自数据科学领域的新方法来加速当前方法。通过我们的系统文献综述，我们希望缩小三个学科之间的差距（1）电力供应安全性评估，（2）人工智能和（3）实验设计。为此，我们对所选应用领域进行大规模的定量审查，并制作彼此不同学科的合成。在其他发现之外，我们使用基于AI的方法和应用程序的AI方法和应用来确定电力供应模型的复杂安全性的元素，并作为未充分涵盖的应用领域的储存调度和（非）可用性。我们结束了推出了一种新的方法管道，以便在评估电力供应安全评估时充分有效地解决当前和即将到来的挑战。

PV power forecasting models are predominantly based on machine learning algorithms which do not provide any insight into or explanation about their predictions (black boxes). Therefore, their direct implementation in environments where transparency is required, and the trust associated with their predictions may be questioned. To this end, we propose a two stage probabilistic forecasting framework able to generate highly accurate, reliable, and sharp forecasts yet offering full transparency on both the point forecasts and the prediction intervals (PIs). In the first stage, we exploit natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) for yielding probabilistic forecasts, while in the second stage, we calculate the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values in order to fully comprehend why a prediction was made. To highlight the performance and the applicability of the proposed framework, real data from two PV parks located in Southern Germany are employed. Comparative results with two state-of-the-art algorithms, namely Gaussian process and lower upper bound estimation, manifest a significant increase in the point forecast accuracy and in the overall probabilistic performance. Most importantly, a detailed analysis of the model's complex nonlinear relationships and interaction effects between the various features is presented. This allows interpreting the model, identifying some learned physical properties, explaining individual predictions, reducing the computational requirements for the training without jeopardizing the model accuracy, detecting possible bugs, and gaining trust in the model. Finally, we conclude that the model was able to develop complex nonlinear relationships which follow known physical properties as well as human logic and intuition.

In this paper, we present Pangu-Weather, a deep learning based system for fast and accurate global weather forecast. For this purpose, we establish a data-driven environment by downloading $43$ years of hourly global weather data from the 5th generation of ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data and train a few deep neural networks with about $256$ million parameters in total. The spatial resolution of forecast is $0.25^\circ\times0.25^\circ$, comparable to the ECMWF Integrated Forecast Systems (IFS). More importantly, for the first time, an AI-based method outperforms state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction (NWP) methods in terms of accuracy (latitude-weighted RMSE and ACC) of all factors (e.g., geopotential, specific humidity, wind speed, temperature, etc.) and in all time ranges (from one hour to one week). There are two key strategies to improve the prediction accuracy: (i) designing a 3D Earth Specific Transformer (3DEST) architecture that formulates the height (pressure level) information into cubic data, and (ii) applying a hierarchical temporal aggregation algorithm to alleviate cumulative forecast errors. In deterministic forecast, Pangu-Weather shows great advantages for short to medium-range forecast (i.e., forecast time ranges from one hour to one week). Pangu-Weather supports a wide range of downstream forecast scenarios, including extreme weather forecast (e.g., tropical cyclone tracking) and large-member ensemble forecast in real-time. Pangu-Weather not only ends the debate on whether AI-based methods can surpass conventional NWP methods, but also reveals novel directions for improving deep learning weather forecast systems.

太阳能的高效整合到电力组合中取决于其间歇性的可靠预期。预测由云覆盖动态产生的太阳辐照度的时间变异的有希望的方法是基于地面天空图像或卫星图像序列的分析。尽管结果令人鼓舞，但现有深度学习方法的经常性限制在于对过去观察的反应而不是积极预期未来事件的无处不在的趋势。这导致频繁的时间滞后和有限的预测突发事件的能力。为了解决这一挑战，我们介绍了Eclipse，一种时空神经网络架构，即模型从天空图像模拟云运动，不仅预测未来的辐照水平，而且还可以在本地辐照度图上提供更丰富的信息。我们表明Eclipse预期关键事件，并在产生视觉上现实期货的同时降低时间延误。