最近的几种方法，例如参数有效的微调（PEFT）和模式开发训练（PET），在标签筛选设置中取得了令人印象深刻的结果。但是，它们很难使用，因为它们会受到手动制作的提示的高度可变性，并且通常需要十亿参数语言模型才能达到高精度。为了解决这些缺点，我们提出了SETFIT（句子变压器微调），这是一个有效且迅速的框架，用于对句子变形金刚（ST）进行几次微调。 SetFit首先以对比的暹罗方式对少数文本对进行微调验证的st。然后将所得模型用于生成丰富的文本嵌入，这些嵌入方式用于训练分类头。这个简单的框架不需要任何提示或口头化，并且比现有技术少的参数较少，因此可以实现高精度。我们的实验表明，SetFit通过PEFT和PET技术获得了可比的结果，同时训练的速度更快。我们还表明，SETFIT可以通过简单地切换ST主体来应用于多语言设置。我们的代码可从https://github.com/huggingface/setFit以及我们的数据集获得，网址为https://huggingface.co/setfit。

How can we extend a pre-trained model to many language understanding tasks, without labeled or additional unlabeled data? Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been effective for a wide range of NLP tasks. However, existing approaches either require fine-tuning on downstream labeled datasets or manually constructing proper prompts. In this paper, we propose nonparametric prompting PLM (NPPrompt) for fully zero-shot language understanding. Unlike previous methods, NPPrompt uses only pre-trained language models and does not require any labeled data or additional raw corpus for further fine-tuning, nor does it rely on humans to construct a comprehensive set of prompt label words. We evaluate NPPrompt against previous major few-shot and zero-shot learning methods on diverse NLP tasks: including text classification, text entailment, similar text retrieval, and paraphrasing. Experimental results demonstrate that our NPPrompt outperforms the previous best fully zero-shot method by big margins, with absolute gains of 12.8% in accuracy on text classification and 18.9% on the GLUE benchmark.

少量学习时，基于及时的方法很强劲。然而，Perez等人。 （2021年）最近对他们的表现产生了疑问，因为它们难以在“真实”的几次拍摄设置中获得良好的结果，其中提示和超级参数无法在DEV集上调整。鉴于此，我们对PET进行了广泛的研究，该方法将文本指令与基于示例的FENETUNING结合起来。我们表明，如果正确配置，宠物在真正的几次拍摄设置中强烈执行，即，没有开发装置。这对这种强大的表现至关重要是宠物智能处理多个提示的能力。然后，我们通过在RAFT上运行PET来将我们的调查结果置于真实世界的测试中，直接从现实的NLP应用程序采取的任务的基准，没有标记的开发或测试集。宠物在筏上实现了新的艺术状态，并且在11个任务中靠近非专家人类进行了近距离进行。这些结果表明，基于及时的学习者像宠物Excel这样的真正的几次拍摄学习和支持我们的信念，即从指示中学习的信念将在人类少量学习能力的路径上发挥重要作用。

The recent GPT-3 model (Brown et al., 2020) achieves remarkable few-shot performance solely by leveraging a natural-language prompt and a few task demonstrations as input context. Inspired by their findings, we study few-shot learning in a more practical scenario, where we use smaller language models for which fine-tuning is computationally efficient. We present LM-BFF-better few-shot fine-tuning of language models 1 -a suite of simple and complementary techniques for finetuning language models on a small number of annotated examples. Our approach includes (1) prompt-based fine-tuning together with a novel pipeline for automating prompt generation; and (2) a refined strategy for dynamically and selectively incorporating demonstrations into each context. Finally, we present a systematic evaluation for analyzing few-shot performance on a range of NLP tasks, including classification and regression. Our experiments demonstrate that our methods combine to dramatically outperform standard fine-tuning procedures in this low resource setting, achieving up to 30% absolute improvement, and 11% on average across all tasks. Our approach makes minimal assumptions on task resources and domain expertise, and hence constitutes a strong task-agnostic method for few-shot learning. 2 * The first two authors contributed equally. 1 Alternatively, language models' best friends forever. 2 Our implementation is publicly available at https:// github.com/princeton-nlp/LM-BFF.

几乎没有射击的内在学习（ICL）使预训练的语言模型能够通过为输入的一部分提供少量的培训示例来执行以前的任务，而无需任何基于梯度的培训。 ICL会产生大量的计算，内存和存储成本，因为它每次进行预测时都涉及处理所有培训示例。参数有效的微调（PEFT）（例如，适配器模块，提示调谐，稀疏更新方法等）提供了替代范式，其中训练了一组少量参数以启用模型来执行新任务。在本文中，我们严格地比较了几个ICL和PEFT，并证明后者提供了更好的准确性，并大大降低了计算成本。在此过程中，我们引入了一种称为（IA）$^3 $的新PEFT方法，该方法通过学习的向量来扩展激活，从而获得更强的性能，同时仅引入相对少量的新参数。我们还提出了一个基于称为T-FEW的T0模型的简单食谱，可以将其应用于新任务，而无需特定于任务的调整或修改。我们通过将T-FEW应用于木筏基准，首次实现超人性能，并以6％的绝对性能优于最先进的方法来验证T-FEW对完全看不见的任务的有效性。我们实验中使用的所有代码均可公开使用。

预先训练的蒙版语言模型通过将下游任务作为文本填充来成功执行几次学习。但是，作为全镜头环境中的强大替代方案，诸如Electra之类的判别预训练模型不适合范式。在这项工作中，我们调整了基于及时的几次学习来进行电信，并表明它在广泛的任务中优于蒙面的语言模型。Electra是预先训练的，以区分令牌是产生还是原始。我们自然地将其扩展到基于迅速的几次学习，通过培训来评分目标选项的原创性，而无需引入新参数。我们的方法很容易适应涉及多token预测的任务，而无需额外的计算开销。分析表明，Electra学习分布与下游任务更好。

Multilingual Pretrained Language Models (MPLMs) have shown their strong multilinguality in recent empirical cross-lingual transfer studies. In this paper, we propose the Prompts Augmented by Retrieval Crosslingually (PARC) pipeline to improve the zero-shot performance on low-resource languages (LRLs) by augmenting the context with semantically similar sentences retrieved from a high-resource language (HRL) as prompts. PARC improves the zero-shot performance on three downstream tasks (binary sentiment classification, topic categorization and natural language inference) with multilingual parallel test sets across 10 LRLs covering 6 language families in both unlabeled settings (+5.1%) and labeled settings (+16.3%). PARC-labeled also outperforms the finetuning baseline by 3.7%. We find a significant positive correlation between cross-lingual transfer performance on one side, and the similarity between the high- and low-resource languages as well as the amount of low-resource pretraining data on the other side. A robustness analysis suggests that PARC has the potential to achieve even stronger performance with more powerful MPLMs.

姿态检测的目标是确定以目标朝向目标的文本中表达的视点。这些观点或上下文通常以许多不同的语言表达，这取决于用户和平台，这可以是本地新闻插座，社交媒体平台，新闻论坛等。然而，姿态检测的大多数研究已经限于使用单一语言和几个有限的目标，在交叉舌姿态检测很少有效。此外，标记数据的非英语来源通常稀缺，并具有额外的挑战。最近，大型多语言语言模型在许多非英语任务上大大提高了性能，尤其是具有有限数量的示例。这突出了模型预培训的重要性及其从少数例子中学习的能力。在本文中，我们展示了对日期交叉姿态检测的最全面的研究：我们在6名语言系列中使用12种语言的12种不同的数据集进行实验，每个都有6个低资源评估设置。对于我们的实验，我们构建了模式开发培训，提出了添加一种新颖的标签编码器来简化言语程序。我们进一步提出了基于情绪的姿态数据进行预培训，这在与几个强的基线相比，在低拍摄环境中显示了大量的6％F1绝对的增长。

We introduce TeSS (Text Similarity Comparison using Sentence Encoder), a framework for zero-shot classification where the assigned label is determined by the embedding similarity between the input text and each candidate label prompt. We leverage representations from sentence encoders optimized to locate semantically similar samples closer to each other in embedding space during pre-training. The label prompt embeddings serve as prototypes of their corresponding class clusters. Furthermore, to compensate for the potentially poorly descriptive labels in their original format, we retrieve semantically similar sentences from external corpora and additionally use them with the original label prompt (TeSS-R). TeSS outperforms strong baselines on various closed-set and open-set classification datasets under zero-shot setting, with further gains when combined with label prompt diversification through retrieval. These results are robustly attained to verbalizer variations, an ancillary benefit of using a bi-encoder. Altogether, our method serves as a reliable baseline for zero-shot classification and a simple interface to assess the quality of sentence encoders.

及时调整是将预训练模型调整到下游任务的极其有效的工具。但是，基于标准及时的方法主要考虑下游任务的足够数据的情况。目前尚不清楚是否可以将优势传输到几杆式制度，在每个下游任务中只有有限的数据。尽管有些作品证明了在几次弹奏设置下及时调整的潜力，但通过搜索离散提示或使用有限数据调整软提示的主流方法仍然非常具有挑战性。通过广泛的实证研究，我们发现迅速调整和完全微调之间的学习差距仍然存在差距。为了弥合差距，我们提出了一个新的及时调整框架，称为软模板调整（STT）。 STT结合了手册和自动提示，并将下游分类任务视为掩盖语言建模任务。对不同设置的全面评估表明，STT可以在不引入其他参数的情况下缩小微调和基于及时的方法之间的差距。值得注意的是，它甚至可以胜过情感分类任务的时间和资源消耗的微调方法。

立场检测旨在确定文本的作者是否赞成，反对或中立。这项任务的主要挑战是两个方面的：由于不同目标以及缺乏目标的上下文信息而产生的几乎没有学习。现有作品主要通过设计基于注意力的模型或引入嘈杂的外部知识来解决第二期，而第一个问题仍未探索。在本文中，受到预训练的语言模型（PLM）的潜在能力（PLM）的启发，我们建议介绍基于立场检测的及时基于迅速的微调。 PLM可以为目标提供基本的上下文信息，并通过提示启用几次学习。考虑到目标在立场检测任务中的关键作用，我们设计了目标感知的提示并提出了一种新颖的语言。我们的语言器不会将每个标签映射到具体单词，而是将每个标签映射到矢量，并选择最能捕获姿势与目标之间相关性的标签。此外，为了减轻通过单人工提示来处理不同目标的可能缺陷，我们建议将信息从多个提示中学到的信息提炼。实验结果表明，我们提出的模型在全数据和少数场景中的表现出色。

最近，与“预训练，及时和预测”的新范式相比，与“预训练，微调”范式相比，新的范式“预训练，及时和预测”取得了显着的成就。在基于及时的GPT-3成功之后，一系列基于蒙版的语言模型（MLM）（例如Bert，Roberta）及时学习方法变得流行并广泛使用。但是，另一个有效的预训练的判别模型Electra可能被忽略了。在本文中，我们尝试使用拟议的替换代替令牌检测（RTD）基于基于的及时学习方法来完成零摄像的几个NLP任务。实验结果表明，基于RTD-Prompt学习的Electra模型可达到令人惊讶的最先进的零拍性能。在数字上，与MLM-Roberta-Large和MLM-Bert-Large相比，我们的RTD-Electra-Large在所有15个任务上平均提高了约8.4％和13.7％。特别是在SST-2任务上，我们的RTD-Electra-Large在没有任何培训数据的情况下达到了令人惊讶的90.1％精度。总体而言，与预先训练的蒙版语言模型相比，预先训练的代替令牌检测模型在零拍学习中的性能更好。因此，Electra是一位出色的零球学习者。源代码可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/nishiwen1214/rtd-electra。

最近已被证明大型语言模型在各种任务集中获得合理的零射普通化（Brown等，2020）。它已经假设这是语言模型的隐式多任务学习的结果，在语言模型中的预押（Radford等，2019）。可以通过明确的多任务学习直接引起零拍常规化？为了以缩放测试这个问题，我们开发一个系统，以便轻松地将任何自然语言任务映射到人类可读的提示表单中。我们转换一组大量的监督数据集，每个数据集都有多个提示，具有不同的措辞。这些提示的数据集允许基准测试模型执行完全看不见的任务的能力。我们介绍了一个普拉克尔编码器 - 解码器模型（Raffel等，2020; Lester等，2021），覆盖各种任务。该模型在多个标准数据集中达到强大的零点性能，通常优于其尺寸的型号超过16倍。此外，我们的方法对来自Big-替补基准测试的任务子集具有强烈性能，优于其尺寸的6倍。所有提示和培训的型号都可以在https://github.com/ bigscience-workshop / protectsource / httpsource / https：//huggingface.co/bigscience/t0pp。

In this work, we present an evaluation of smaller BLOOM model variants (350m/560m and 1b3/1b7) on various natural language processing tasks. This includes GLUE - language understanding, prompt-based zero-shot and few-shot text classification and extraction, question answering, prompt-based text generation, and multi-lingual text classification to understand model strengths/weaknesses and behavior. Empirical results show that BLOOM variants under-perform on all GLUE tasks (except WNLI), question-answering, and text generation. The variants bloom for WNLI, with an accuracy of 56.3%, and for prompt-based few-shot text extraction on MIT Movies and ATIS datasets. The BLOOM variants on average have 7% greater accuracy over GPT-2 and GPT-Neo models on Director and Airline Name extraction from MIT Movies and ATIS datasets, respectively.

One of the most impressive results of recent NLP history is the ability of pre-trained language models to solve new tasks in a zero-shot setting. To achieve this, NLP tasks are framed as natural language prompts, generating a response indicating the predicted output. Nonetheless, the performance in such settings often lags far behind its supervised counterpart, suggesting a large space for potential improvement. In this paper, we explore methods to utilize unlabeled data to improve zero-shot performance. Specifically, we take advantage of the fact that multiple prompts can be used to specify a single task, and propose to regularize prompt consistency, encouraging consistent predictions over this diverse set of prompts. Our method makes it possible to fine-tune the model either with extra unlabeled training data, or directly on test input at inference time in an unsupervised manner. In experiments, our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art zero-shot learner, T0 (Sanh et al., 2022), on 9 out of 11 datasets across 4 NLP tasks by up to 10.6 absolute points in terms of accuracy. The gains are often attained with a small number of unlabeled examples.

The remarkable success of pretrained language models has motivated the study of what kinds of knowledge these models learn during pretraining. Reformulating tasks as fillin-the-blanks problems (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for gauging such knowledge, however, its usage is limited by the manual effort and guesswork required to write suitable prompts. To address this, we develop AUTOPROMPT, an automated method to create prompts for a diverse set of tasks, based on a gradient-guided search. Using AUTO-PROMPT, we show that masked language models (MLMs) have an inherent capability to perform sentiment analysis and natural language inference without additional parameters or finetuning, sometimes achieving performance on par with recent state-of-the-art supervised models. We also show that our prompts elicit more accurate factual knowledge from MLMs than the manually created prompts on the LAMA benchmark, and that MLMs can be used as relation extractors more effectively than supervised relation extraction models. These results demonstrate that automatically generated prompts are a viable parameter-free alternative to existing probing methods, and as pretrained LMs become more sophisticated and capable, potentially a replacement for finetuning.

Recent studies have revealed the intriguing few-shot learning ability of pretrained language models (PLMs): They can quickly adapt to a new task when fine-tuned on a small amount of labeled data formulated as prompts, without requiring abundant task-specific annotations. Despite their promising performance, most existing few-shot approaches that only learn from the small training set still underperform fully supervised training by nontrivial margins. In this work, we study few-shot learning with PLMs from a different perspective: We first tune an autoregressive PLM on the few-shot samples and then use it as a generator to synthesize a large amount of novel training samples which augment the original training set. To encourage the generator to produce label-discriminative samples, we train it via weighted maximum likelihood where the weight of each token is automatically adjusted based on a discriminative meta-learning objective. A classification PLM can then be fine-tuned on both the few-shot and the synthetic samples with regularization for better generalization and stability. Our approach FewGen achieves an overall better result across seven classification tasks of the GLUE benchmark than existing few-shot learning methods, improving no-augmentation methods by 5+ average points, and outperforming augmentation methods by 3+ average points.

提示将下游应用程序作为语言建模任务施放，与使用预训练的模型进行标准微调相比，已显示出样本有效的效率。但是，提示的一个陷阱是需要手动设计的模式，其结果可能是不直觉的，需要大量的验证集来调整。为了应对挑战，我们提出了一种全自动提示方法Autoseq：（1）我们在序列到序列模型上采用自然语言提示，从而实现自由形式生成和更大的标签搜索空间； （2）我们提出了标签序列 - 无限长度的短语以口头表达标签 - 这消除了手动模板的需求，并且比单个标签单词更具有表现力； （3）我们使用Beam Search自动生成大量的标签序列候选物，并提出对比度重新排列以获得最佳组合。 Autoseq显着胜过其他无手动设计方法，例如软提示调整，适配器调整和自动搜索单个标签单词；生成的标签序列比各种任务上的精选手动序列更好。我们的方法揭示了几次学习中序列模型的潜力，并阐明了通用通用和自动提示的途径。本文的源代码可以从https://github.com/thunlp/seq2seq-prompt获得。

已显示迅速学习可以在大多数文本分类任务中实现近调调节性能，但很少有培训示例。对于样品稀缺的NLP任务是有利的。在本文中，我们试图将其应用于实际情况，即恢复信息提取，并增强现有方法，以使其更适用于简历信息提取任务。特别是，我们根据简历的文本特征创建了多组手动模板和语言器。此外，我们比较了蒙版语言模型（MLM）预培训语言模型（PLM）和SEQ2SEQ PLM在此任务上的性能。此外，我们改进了口头设计的设计方法，用于知识渊博的及时调整，以便为其他基于应用程序的NLP任务的迅速模板和语言设计的设计提供了示例。在这种情况下，我们提出了手动知识渊博的语言器（MKV）的概念。构造与应用程序方案相对应的知识渊博的口头表的规则。实验表明，基于我们的规则设计的模板和言语器比现有的手动模板更有效，更强大，并自动生成及时方法。已经确定，当前可用的自动提示方法无法与手动设计的及时模板竞争一些现实的任务方案。最终混淆矩阵的结果表明，我们提出的MKV显着解决了样本不平衡问题。

Prompt learning recently become an effective linguistic tool to motivate the PLMs' knowledge on few-shot-setting tasks. However, studies have shown the lack of robustness still exists in prompt learning, since suitable initialization of continuous prompt and expert-first manual prompt are essential in fine-tuning process. What is more, human also utilize their comparative ability to motivate their existing knowledge for distinguishing different examples. Motivated by this, we explore how to use contrastive samples to strengthen prompt learning. In detail, we first propose our model ConsPrompt combining with prompt encoding network, contrastive sampling module, and contrastive scoring module. Subsequently, two sampling strategies, similarity-based and label-based strategies, are introduced to realize differential contrastive learning. The effectiveness of proposed ConsPrompt is demonstrated in five different few-shot learning tasks and shown the similarity-based sampling strategy is more effective than label-based in combining contrastive learning. Our results also exhibits the state-of-the-art performance and robustness in different few-shot settings, which proves that the ConsPrompt could be assumed as a better knowledge probe to motivate PLMs.