In this work, we present an evaluation of smaller BLOOM model variants (350m/560m and 1b3/1b7) on various natural language processing tasks. This includes GLUE - language understanding, prompt-based zero-shot and few-shot text classification and extraction, question answering, prompt-based text generation, and multi-lingual text classification to understand model strengths/weaknesses and behavior. Empirical results show that BLOOM variants under-perform on all GLUE tasks (except WNLI), question-answering, and text generation. The variants bloom for WNLI, with an accuracy of 56.3%, and for prompt-based few-shot text extraction on MIT Movies and ATIS datasets. The BLOOM variants on average have 7% greater accuracy over GPT-2 and GPT-Neo models on Director and Airline Name extraction from MIT Movies and ATIS datasets, respectively.
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GPT-3等大型自回归语言模型是几秒钟的学习者,可以在没有微调的情况下执行各种语言任务。虽然已知这些模型能够共同代表许多不同的语言,但他们的培训数据由英语主导,可能限制了它们的交叉概括。在这项工作中,我们在覆盖多种语言的平衡语料库上培训多语言自回归语言模型,并在广泛的任务中研究他们几乎没有零点的学习能力。我们最大的模型,具有75亿参数,在20多种代表语言中,在几种代表语言中,在几种代表性语言中,在几种代表性语言中,在多语言型号推理中表现出可比大小的GPT-3(在0次设置和0次拍摄设置中的绝对精度改善+ 7.4% 4-拍摄设置中的9.4%)和自然语言推理(每次拍摄和4次设置中的每一个+ 5.4%)。在Flores-101机器翻译基准测试中,我们的模型优于GPT-3在182个翻译方向上有32个培训例子,同时超过45个方向的官方监督基线。我们介绍了模型成功和失败的位置的详细分析,特别是它尤其显示在某些任务中实现交叉语境的内容学习,而仍然存在改善表面的鲁棒性和适应没有a的任务的余地自然冻结形式。最后,我们评估我们在仇恨语音检测中以五种语言的仇恨语音检测的模型,并发现它具有与可比大小的GPT-3模型类似的限制。
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最近已被证明大型语言模型在各种任务集中获得合理的零射普通化(Brown等,2020)。它已经假设这是语言模型的隐式多任务学习的结果,在语言模型中的预押(Radford等,2019)。可以通过明确的多任务学习直接引起零拍常规化?为了以缩放测试这个问题,我们开发一个系统,以便轻松地将任何自然语言任务映射到人类可读的提示表单中。我们转换一组大量的监督数据集,每个数据集都有多个提示,具有不同的措辞。这些提示的数据集允许基准测试模型执行完全看不见的任务的能力。我们介绍了一个普拉克尔编码器 - 解码器模型(Raffel等,2020; Lester等,2021),覆盖各种任务。该模型在多个标准数据集中达到强大的零点性能,通常优于其尺寸的型号超过16倍。此外,我们的方法对来自Big-替补基准测试的任务子集具有强烈性能,优于其尺寸的6倍。所有提示和培训的型号都可以在https://github.com/ bigscience-workshop / protectsource / httpsource / https://huggingface.co/bigscience/t0pp。
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本文探讨了提高语言模型的零次学习能力的简单方法。我们表明,指令调整 - 通过对说明书中所述的任务集合微调语言模型 - 大幅提升零射门上看不见任务中的表现。我们采取预训练的语言模型和指令调整它通过自然语言指令模板语言表达了60NLP任务137B参数。我们评估这种指令调整模型,我们称之为FLAN,在看不见的任务类型。FLAN显着改善其未修饰的对应的性能和超过25的20个任务,我们评估零射门175BGPT-3。FLAN甚至GPT-3通过在安利,RTE,BoolQ,AI2-ARC,OpenbookQA和StoryCloze大比分胜过几拍。消融研究显示任务和模型的规模,这个数字是指令调整取得成功的关键组成部分。
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In the last year, new models and methods for pretraining and transfer learning have driven striking performance improvements across a range of language understanding tasks. The GLUE benchmark, introduced a little over one year ago, offers a single-number metric that summarizes progress on a diverse set of such tasks, but performance on the benchmark has recently surpassed the level of non-expert humans, suggesting limited headroom for further research. In this paper we present SuperGLUE, a new benchmark styled after GLUE with a new set of more difficult language understanding tasks, a software toolkit, and a public leaderboard. SuperGLUE is available at super.gluebenchmark.com.
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Given the impact of language models on the field of Natural Language Processing, a number of Spanish encoder-only masked language models (aka BERTs) have been trained and released. These models were developed either within large projects using very large private corpora or by means of smaller scale academic efforts leveraging freely available data. In this paper we present a comprehensive head-to-head comparison of language models for Spanish with the following results: (i) Previously ignored multilingual models from large companies fare better than monolingual models, substantially changing the evaluation landscape of language models in Spanish; (ii) Results across the monolingual models are not conclusive, with supposedly smaller and inferior models performing competitively. Based on these empirical results, we argue for the need of more research to understand the factors underlying them. In this sense, the effect of corpus size, quality and pre-training techniques need to be further investigated to be able to obtain Spanish monolingual models significantly better than the multilingual ones released by large private companies, specially in the face of rapid ongoing progress in the field. The recent activity in the development of language technology for Spanish is to be welcomed, but our results show that building language models remains an open, resource-heavy problem which requires to marry resources (monetary and/or computational) with the best research expertise and practice.
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姿态检测的目标是确定以目标朝向目标的文本中表达的视点。这些观点或上下文通常以许多不同的语言表达,这取决于用户和平台,这可以是本地新闻插座,社交媒体平台,新闻论坛等。然而,姿态检测的大多数研究已经限于使用单一语言和几个有限的目标,在交叉舌姿态检测很少有效。此外,标记数据的非英语来源通常稀缺,并具有额外的挑战。最近,大型多语言语言模型在许多非英语任务上大大提高了性能,尤其是具有有限数量的示例。这突出了模型预培训的重要性及其从少数例子中学习的能力。在本文中,我们展示了对日期交叉姿态检测的最全面的研究:我们在6名语言系列中使用12种语言的12种不同的数据集进行实验,每个都有6个低资源评估设置。对于我们的实验,我们构建了模式开发培训,提出了添加一种新颖的标签编码器来简化言语程序。我们进一步提出了基于情绪的姿态数据进行预培训,这在与几个强的基线相比,在低拍摄环境中显示了大量的6%F1绝对的增长。
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Multilingual Pretrained Language Models (MPLMs) have shown their strong multilinguality in recent empirical cross-lingual transfer studies. In this paper, we propose the Prompts Augmented by Retrieval Crosslingually (PARC) pipeline to improve the zero-shot performance on low-resource languages (LRLs) by augmenting the context with semantically similar sentences retrieved from a high-resource language (HRL) as prompts. PARC improves the zero-shot performance on three downstream tasks (binary sentiment classification, topic categorization and natural language inference) with multilingual parallel test sets across 10 LRLs covering 6 language families in both unlabeled settings (+5.1%) and labeled settings (+16.3%). PARC-labeled also outperforms the finetuning baseline by 3.7%. We find a significant positive correlation between cross-lingual transfer performance on one side, and the similarity between the high- and low-resource languages as well as the amount of low-resource pretraining data on the other side. A robustness analysis suggests that PARC has the potential to achieve even stronger performance with more powerful MPLMs.
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通过自我监督的学习预先训练的大型语言模型在各种各样的任务上表现出令人印象深刻的零击功能。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Welm:一种针对中文的精心读取的预训练的语言模型,能够无缝执行不同类型的任务,以零或几次演示。 Welm通过“阅读”涵盖广泛主题的精选高质量语料库来接受10b参数的培训。我们表明,韦尔姆拥有有关各种领域和语言的广泛知识。在18个单语(中文)任务中,WELM可以大大优于现有的预训练模型,尺寸相似,并匹配高达25倍大的模型的性能。韦尔姆还表现出强大的多种语言和代码转换理解的能力,优于预先对30种语言进行预培训的现有多语言模型。此外,我们收集了人工编写的提示,并通过多次培训进行了大量的中文和微调韦尔姆的监督数据集。最终的模型可以实现对看不见的任务类型的强烈概括,并在零射门学习中优于无监督的韦尔姆。最后,我们证明韦尔姆具有解释和校准自己的决策的基本技能,这可能是未来研究的有希望的方向。我们的模型可以从https://welm.weixin.qq.com/docs/api/应用。
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In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.
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GPT-3显示了培训的大规模语言模型(LMS)的卓越情调学习能力,培训数十亿规模数据。在这里,我们解决了GPT-3纸张报告的一些剩余问题,例如非英语LM,不同大小模型的性能,以及最近引入的迅速优化对上下文学习的效果。为实现这一目标,我们介绍了HyperClova,一个韩国VPT-3的韩国变体训练在一个以韩国为中心的560b标准的令牌。通过我们的韩国特定标记化,HyperClova与我们的培训配置增强,显示了韩国各种下游任务的最先进的上下游零射击和几秒钟学习表演。此外,我们展示了基于及时的学习的性能优势,并演示如何集成到迅速的工程管道中。然后,我们讨论了通过引入Hyperclova Studio,互动提示工程界面向ML的非专家提供AI原型设计能力来实现No Code AI范例的可能性。最后,我们展示了我们具有三个成功的内部应用程序的方法的潜力。
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We demonstrate that scaling up language models greatly improves task-agnostic, few-shot performance, sometimes even becoming competitive with prior state-ofthe-art fine-tuning approaches. Specifically, we train GPT-3, an autoregressive language model with 175 billion parameters, 10x more than any previous nonsparse language model, and test its performance in the few-shot setting. For all tasks, GPT-3 is applied without any gradient updates or fine-tuning, with tasks and few-shot demonstrations specified purely via text interaction with the model. GPT-3 achieves strong performance on many NLP datasets, including translation, question-answering, and cloze tasks. We also identify some datasets where GPT-3's few-shot learning still struggles, as well as some datasets where GPT-3 faces methodological issues related to training on large web corpora.
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这项研究提供了对僧伽罗文本分类的预训练语言模型的性能的首次全面分析。我们测试了一组不同的Sinhala文本分类任务,我们的分析表明,在包括Sinhala(XLM-R,Labse和Laser)的预训练的多语言模型中,XLM-R是迄今为止Sinhala文本的最佳模型分类。我们还预先培训了两种基于罗伯塔的单语僧伽罗模型,它们远远优于僧伽罗的现有预训练的语言模型。我们表明,在微调时,这些预训练的语言模型为僧伽罗文本分类树立了非常强大的基线,并且在标记数据不足以进行微调的情况下非常强大。我们进一步提供了一组建议,用于使用预训练的模型进行Sinhala文本分类。我们还介绍了新的注释数据集,可用于僧伽罗文本分类的未来研究,并公开发布我们的预培训模型。
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大型语言模型(例如GPT-3(Brown等,2020)可以执行任意任务,而无需在仅使用少数标签示例的提示之后进行微调。可以将任意任务重新构成自然语言提示,并且可以要求语言模型生成完成,并以称为基于及时的学习的范式间接执行该任务。迄今为止,主要针对单向语言模型证明了新兴迅速的学习能力。但是,预先培训的双向语言模型(例如蒙版语言建模)为转移学习提供了更强大的学习表示。这激发了促使双向模型的可能性,但是它们的预训练目标使它们与现有的提示范式不相容。我们提出SAP(顺序自动回旋提示),该技术可以使双向模型提示。利用机器翻译任务作为案例研究,我们提示了带有SAP的双向MT5模型(Xue等,2021),并演示其少量拍摄和零照片的翻译优于GPT-3等单向模型的几个单拍翻译和XGLM(Lin等,2021),尽管MT5的参数减少了约50%。我们进一步表明SAP对问题的回答和摘要有效。我们的结果首次表明基于及时的学习是更广泛的语言模型的新兴属性,而不仅仅是单向模型。
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在这项工作中,我们证明了多种语的大规模序列到序列(SEQ2SEQ)模型,该模型是通过Denoising和因果语言建模(CLM)任务的混合物进行训练的,比仅解码器模型更有效地进行了效率的学习者在各种任务上。特别是,我们培训了一个名为Alexa教师模型(Alexatm 20b)的200亿个参数多语言SEQ2SEQ模型,并表明它在1-Shot摘要任务上实现了最先进的(SOTA)性能,超过了更大的540B PALM DOPODER模型。 Alexatm 20b还可以在1-Shot Machine翻译中实现SOTA,尤其是对于低资源语言,几乎所有语言对(阿拉伯语,英语,法语,德语,德语,印地语,意大利语,日语,以及flores-101数据集上的泰卢固语)。我们还显示了零拍设置,AlexATM 20B在SuperGlue和SqueadV2数据集上的表现优于GPT3(175B),并在XNLI,XCOPA,PAWS-X和XWINOGRAD等多语言任务上提供SOTA性能。总体而言,我们的结果为SEQ2SEQ模型提供了一个令人信服的案例,作为大型语言模型(LLM)培训的仅解码器模型的强大替代方法。
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可靠的评估基准是为了可复制性和全面性而设计的,在机器学习方面取得了进步。但是,由于缺乏多语言基准,视觉和语言研究主要集中在英语任务上。为了填补这一空白,我们介绍了图像的语言理解评估基准。 Iglue通过汇总已有的数据集并创建新的数据来汇集 - 视觉问题回答,跨模式检索,扎根的推理以及跨20种不同语言的扎根成本。我们的基准测试能够评估多语言多模型用于转移学习的模型,不仅在零弹位设置中,而且还以新定义的少数图学习设置。根据对可用最新模型的评估,我们发现翻译测试转移优于零弹性转移,并且对于许多任务而言,很难利用射击的学习。此外,下游性能部分用可用的未标记文本数据进行预处理来解释,并且仅通过目标源语言的类型学距离而微弱。我们希望通过向社区释放基准来鼓励该领域的未来研究工作。
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We present NusaCrowd, a collaborative initiative to collect and unite existing resources for Indonesian languages, including opening access to previously non-public resources. Through this initiative, we have has brought together 137 datasets and 117 standardized data loaders. The quality of the datasets has been assessed manually and automatically, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated in multiple experiments. NusaCrowd's data collection enables the creation of the first zero-shot benchmarks for natural language understanding and generation in Indonesian and its local languages. Furthermore, NusaCrowd brings the creation of the first multilingual automatic speech recognition benchmark in Indonesian and its local languages. Our work is intended to help advance natural language processing research in under-represented languages.
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最近的自然语言理解进展(NLU)已经被驱动,部分是由胶水,超级格,小队等的基准。事实上,许多NLU模型现在在许多任务中匹配或超过“人类水平”性能这些基准。然而,大多数这些基准测试都提供模型访问相对大量的标记数据进行培训。因此,该模型提供了比人类所需的更多数据,以实现强大的性能。这有动机侧重于侧重于改善NLU模型的少量学习性能。然而,缺乏少量射门的标准化评估基准,导致不同纸张中的不同实验设置。为了帮助加速这一工作的工作,我们介绍了线索(受限制的语言理解评估标准),这是评估NLU模型的几次拍摄学习功能的基准。我们证明,虽然最近的模型在获得大量标记数据时达到人类性能,但对于大多数任务,少量拍摄设置中的性能存在巨大差距。我们还展示了几个拍摄设置中替代模型家族和适应技术之间的差异。最后,我们讨论了在设计实验设置时讨论了评估真实少量学习绩效的实验设置,并提出了统一的标准化方法,以获得少量学习评估。我们的目标是鼓励对NLU模型的研究,可以概括为具有少数示例的新任务。线索的代码和数据可以在https://github.com/microsoft/clues提供。
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Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly elaborate as these collections grow in size. Natural language understanding (NLU) technologies can be a valuable tool to support legal practitioners in these endeavors. Their usefulness, however, largely depends on whether current state-of-the-art models can generalize across various tasks in the legal domain. To answer this currently open question, we introduce the Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark, a collection of datasets for evaluating model performance across a diverse set of legal NLU tasks in a standardized way. We also provide an evaluation and analysis of several generic and legal-oriented models demonstrating that the latter consistently offer performance improvements across multiple tasks.
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大型语言模型经常经过数十万个计算天的训练,已经显示出零和少数学习的显着功能。鉴于它们的计算成本,如果没有大量资本,这些模型很难复制。对于通过API可用的少数产品,没有访问完整的模型权重,因此很难学习。我们提供开放训练的预训练变压器(OPT),这是一套仅解码器预训练的变压器,范围从12500万到175b参数,我们旨在与感兴趣的研究人员完全和负责任地分享。我们表明,OPT-175B与GPT-3相当,而仅需要1/7碳足迹才能开发。我们还释放了日志,详细介绍了我们面临的基础架构挑战,以及用于尝试所有发布模型的代码。
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