可以代表和描述环境声音的机器具有实际潜力,例如,用于音频标记和标题系统。普遍的学习范式已经依赖于并行音频文本数据,但是,Web上几乎没有可用。我们提出了vip-ant,它在不使用任何并行音频文本数据的情况下诱导\ textbf {a} udio- \ textBF {t} EXT对齐。我们的主要思想是在双模形图像文本表示和双模态图像 - 音频表示之间共享图像模型;图像模态用作枢轴,并将音频和文本连接在三模态嵌入空间中。在没有配对的音频文本数据的困难零拍设置中,我们的模型在ESC50和US8K音频分类任务上展示了最先进的零点性能,甚至超过了披肩标题的领域的监督状态检索(带音频查询)2.2 \%R @ 1。我们进一步调查了最小音频监控的情况,发现,例如,只有几百个监督的音频文本对将零拍音频分类精度提高8 \%US8K。然而,为了匹配人类奇偶校验,我们的经验缩放实验表明我们需要大约2米$ 2 ^ {21} \约2M $监督的音频标题对。我们的工作开辟了新的途径,用于学习音频文本连接,几乎没有并行音频文本数据。
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We introduce LaViLa, a new approach to learning video-language representations by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs). We repurpose pre-trained LLMs to be conditioned on visual input, and finetune them to create automatic video narrators. Our auto-generated narrations offer a number of advantages, including dense coverage of long videos, better temporal synchronization of the visual information and text, and much higher diversity of text. The video-text embedding learned contrastively with these additional auto-generated narrations outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on multiple first-person and third-person video tasks, both in zero-shot and finetuned setups. Most notably, LaViLa obtains an absolute gain of 10.1% on EGTEA classification and 5.9% Epic-Kitchens-100 multi-instance retrieval benchmarks. Furthermore, LaViLa trained with only half the narrations from the Ego4D dataset outperforms baseline models trained on the full set, and shows positive scaling behavior on increasing pre-training data and model size.
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作为人类,我们通过我们所有的感官来驾驭世界,使用每个人从每个人纠正其他人。我们介绍了Merlot Reserve,一个模型,该模型是联合随着时间的推移而表示视频的模型 - 通过从音频,字幕和视频帧学习的新培训目标。给出了一个视频,我们用掩模令牌替换文本和音频的片段;该模型通过选择正确的蒙版片段来学习。我们的目标比替代方面更快地学习,并在规模上表现良好:我们预先逼近2000万YouTube视频。经验结果表明,Merlot Reserve学会通过所有组成模式的视频的强烈陈述。在FineTuned时,它在VCR和TVQA上为VCR和TVQA进行了新的最先进,优先于前勤工作分别为5%和7%。消融表明,两个任务都受益于音频预制 - 甚至录像机,围绕图像中心的QA任务(没有声音)。此外,我们的客观使开箱即用的预测,揭示了强大的多式联合致辞理解。在一个完全零拍摄的环境中,我们的模型在四个视频理解任务中获得竞争结果,甚至优于最近提出的定位推理(星)基准的监督方法。我们分析为什么包含音频导致更好的视觉语言表示,这表明未来研究的重要机会。我们通过讨论多式联运预测的道德和社会影响来得出结论。
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We present Masked Audio-Video Learners (MAViL) to train audio-visual representations. Our approach learns with three complementary forms of self-supervision: (1) reconstruction of masked audio and video input data, (2) intra- and inter-modal contrastive learning with masking, and (3) self-training by reconstructing joint audio-video contextualized features learned from the first two objectives. Pre-training with MAViL not only enables the model to perform well in audio-visual classification and retrieval tasks but also improves representations of each modality in isolation, without using information from the other modality for fine-tuning or inference. Empirically, MAViL sets a new state-of-the-art on AudioSet (53.1 mAP) and VGGSound (67.1% accuracy). For the first time, a self-supervised audio-visual model outperforms ones that use external supervision on these benchmarks. Code will be available soon.
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Large-scale cross-modal pre-training paradigms have recently shown ubiquitous success on a wide range of downstream tasks, e.g., zero-shot classification, retrieval and image captioning. However, their successes highly rely on the scale and quality of web-crawled data that naturally contain incomplete and noisy information (e.g., wrong or irrelevant content). Existing works either design manual rules to clean data or generate pseudo-targets as auxiliary signals for reducing noise impact, which do not explicitly tackle both the incorrect and incomplete challenges simultaneously. In this paper, to automatically mitigate the impact of noise by solely mining over existing data, we propose a principled Noise-robust Language-Image Pre-training framework (NLIP) to stabilize pre-training via two schemes: noise-harmonization and noise-completion. First, in noise-harmonization scheme, NLIP estimates the noise probability of each pair according to the memorization effect of cross-modal transformers, then adopts noise-adaptive regularization to harmonize the cross-modal alignments with varying degrees. Second, in noise-completion scheme, to enrich the missing object information of text, NLIP injects a concept-conditioned cross-modal decoder to obtain semantic-consistent synthetic captions to complete noisy ones, which uses the retrieved visual concepts (i.e., objects' names) for the corresponding image to guide captioning generation. By collaboratively optimizing noise-harmonization and noise-completion schemes, our NLIP can alleviate the common noise effects during image-text pre-training in a more efficient way. Extensive experiments show the significant performance improvements of our NLIP using only 26M data over existing pre-trained models (e.g., CLIP, FILIP and BLIP) on 12 zero-shot classification datasets, MSCOCO image captioning and zero-shot image-text retrieval tasks.
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来自视频数据的多模态学习最近看过,因为它允许在没有人为注释的情况下培训语义有意义的嵌入,从而使得零射击检索和分类等任务。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种多模态,模态无政府主义融合变压器方法,它学会在多个模态之间交换信息,例如视频,音频和文本,并将它们集成到加入的多模态表示中,以获取聚合的嵌入多模态时间信息。我们建议培训系统的组合丢失,单个模态以及成对的方式,明确地留出任何附加组件,如位置或模态编码。在测试时间时,产生的模型可以处理和融合任意数量的输入模态。此外,变压器的隐式属性允许处理不同长度的输入。为了评估所提出的方法,我们在大规模HOWASET上培训模型,并评估四个具有挑战性的基准数据集上产生的嵌入空间获得最先进的视频检索和零射击视频动作定位。
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传统上,音乐标记和基于内容的检索系统是使用预定的本体论构建的,涵盖了一组刚性的音乐属性或文本查询。本文介绍了Mulan:首次尝试新一代的声学模型,这些模型将音乐音频直接与无约束的自然语言描述联系起来。Mulan采用了两座联合音频文本嵌入模型的形式,该模型使用4400万张音乐录音(37万小时)和弱相关的自由形式文本注释训练。通过与广泛的音乐流派和文本样式(包括传统的音乐标签)的兼容性,由此产生的音频文本表示形式涵盖了现有的本体论,同时又毕业至真正的零击功能。我们通过一系列实验演示了Mulan嵌入的多功能性,包括转移学习,零照片标记,音乐域中的语言理解以及跨模式检索应用程序。
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自动视觉解对我们多样化和开放的世界需要计算机视觉模型,以概括为特定任务的最小定制,类似于人类视力。计算机视觉基础型号培训,培训多样化,大型数据集,可以适应各种下游任务,对该任务来解决现实世界计算机视觉应用而言至关重要。虽然现有的视觉基础模型如剪辑,对齐和吴道2.0主要集中在映射图像和文本表示到跨模型共享表示,我们介绍了一台新的计算机视觉基础模型,佛罗伦萨,扩大粗糙的表示(现场)到精细(对象),从静态(图像)到动态(视频),以及从RGB到多个模态(标题,深度)。通过从Web级图像文本数据中纳入通用视觉语言表示,我们的佛罗伦萨模型可以很容易地适应各种计算机视觉任务,例如分类,检索,对象检测,VQA,图像标题,视频检索和动作识别。此外,佛罗伦萨在许多类型的转移学习中表现出出色的表现:全面采样的微调,线性探测,几次射击传输和用于新颖图像和物体的零拍摄传输。所有这些属性对于我们的视觉基础模型至关重要,以提供通用视觉任务。佛罗伦萨实现了新的最先进的导致44个代表性基准,例如Imagenet-1K零射击分类,最高1精度为83.74,最高5个精度为97.18,62.4地图上的Coco微调, 80.36在VQA上,动力学-600上的87.8。
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Pre-trained representations are becoming crucial for many NLP and perception tasks. While representation learning in NLP has transitioned to training on raw text without human annotations, visual and vision-language representations still rely heavily on curated training datasets that are expensive or require expert knowledge. For vision applications, representations are mostly learned using datasets with explicit class labels such as Ima-geNet or OpenImages. For vision-language, popular datasets like Conceptual Captions, MSCOCO, or CLIP all involve a non-trivial data collection (and cleaning) process. This costly curation process limits the size of datasets and hence hinders the scaling of trained models. In this paper, we leverage a noisy dataset of over one billion image alt-text pairs, obtained without expensive filtering or post-processing steps in the Conceptual Captions dataset. A simple dual-encoder architecture learns to align visual and language representations of the image and text pairs using a contrastive loss. We show that the scale of our corpus can make up for its noise and leads to state-of-the-art representations even with such a simple learning scheme. Our visual representation achieves strong performance when transferred to classification tasks such as ImageNet and VTAB. The aligned visual and language representations enables zero-shot image classification and also set new state-of-the-art results on Flickr30K and MSCOCO image-text retrieval benchmarks, even when compared with more sophisticated crossattention models. The representations also enable cross-modality search with complex text and text + image queries.
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本文介绍了Omnivl,这是一种新的基础模型,旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器,因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务,而不是传统的单向传输(例如,使用图像语言来帮助视频语言)。为此,我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理,以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度,并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外,我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度(UNIVLC)损失,以利用图像文本,视频文本,图像标签(例如,图像分类),视频标签(例如,视频动作识别)在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器,Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务(例如,图像分类,视频操作识别),跨模式对齐任务(例如,图像/视频 - 文本检索)和多模式理解和生成任务(例如,图像/视频问答,字幕)。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl,并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。
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我们使用无卷积的变压器架构提出了一种从未标记数据学习多式式表示的框架。具体而言,我们的视频音频文本变压器(Vatt)将原始信号作为输入提取,提取丰富的多式化表示,以使各种下游任务受益。我们使用多模式对比损失从头划线训练Vatt端到端,并通过视频动作识别,音频事件分类,图像分类和文本到视频检索的下游任务评估其性能。此外,我们通过共享三种方式之间的重量来研究模型 - 无话的单骨架变压器。我们表明,无卷积VATT优于下游任务中的最先进的Convnet架构。特别是,Vatt的视觉变压器在动力学-400上实现82.1%的高精度82.1%,在动力学-600,72.7%的动力学-700上的72.7%,以及时间的时间,新的记录,在避免受监督的预训练时,新的记录。通过从头划伤训练相同的变压器,转移到图像分类导致图像分类导致78.7%的ImageNet精度为64.7%,尽管视频和图像之间的域间差距,我们的模型概括了我们的模型。 Vatt的音雅音频变压器还通过在没有任何监督的预训练的情况下在Audioset上实现39.4%的地图来设置基于波形的音频事件识别的新记录。 Vatt的源代码是公开的。
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State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.
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This work explores an efficient approach to establish a foundational video-text model for tasks including open-vocabulary video classification, text-to-video retrieval, video captioning and video question-answering. We present VideoCoCa that reuses a pretrained image-text contrastive captioner (CoCa) model and adapt it to video-text tasks with minimal extra training. While previous works adapt image-text models with various cross-frame fusion modules (for example, cross-frame attention layer or perceiver resampler) and finetune the modified architecture on video-text data, we surprisingly find that the generative attentional pooling and contrastive attentional pooling layers in the image-text CoCa design are instantly adaptable to ``flattened frame embeddings'', yielding a strong zero-shot transfer baseline for many video-text tasks. Specifically, the frozen image encoder of a pretrained image-text CoCa takes each video frame as inputs and generates \(N\) token embeddings per frame for totally \(T\) video frames. We flatten \(N \times T\) token embeddings as a long sequence of frozen video representation and apply CoCa's generative attentional pooling and contrastive attentional pooling on top. All model weights including pooling layers are directly loaded from an image-text CoCa pretrained model. Without any video or video-text data, VideoCoCa's zero-shot transfer baseline already achieves state-of-the-art results on zero-shot video classification on Kinetics 400/600/700, UCF101, HMDB51, and Charades, as well as zero-shot text-to-video retrieval on MSR-VTT and ActivityNet Captions. We also explore lightweight finetuning on top of VideoCoCa, and achieve strong results on video question-answering (iVQA, MSRVTT-QA, MSVD-QA) and video captioning (MSR-VTT, ActivityNet, Youcook2). Our approach establishes a simple and effective video-text baseline for future research.
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使用自然语言作为培训视觉识别模型的监督持有巨大的承诺。最近的作品表明,如果在大型训练数据集中的图像和标题之间的对齐形式使用此类监督,则结果对齐模型在零拍摄分类中表现出色,如下游任务2。在本文中,我们专注于挑逗语言监督的哪些部分对于训练零拍摄图像分类模型至关重要。通过广泛和仔细的实验​​,我们表明:1)可以将简单的单词(弓)标题用作数据集中大多数图像标题的替代品。令人惊讶的是,我们观察到这种方法在与单词平衡结合时提高了零拍分类性能。 2)使用船首净化模型,我们可以通过在没有标题的图像上生成伪弓标题来获得更多培训数据。使用真实和伪弓形标题培训的模型达到了更强的零射性能。在ImageNet-1K零拍评估中,我们只使用3M图像标题对的最佳模型,使用15M图像标题对培训的剪辑模型(31.5%VS 31.3%)进行剪辑。
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探索大规模预处理的基础模型对计算机视觉具有重大兴趣,因为这些模型可以快速转移到许多下游任务中。本文介绍了对比字幕(COCA),这是一种极简主义的设计,旨在为图像文本编码器编码器基础模型预算与对比度损失和字幕损失,从而从剪辑和诸如simvlm之类的生成方法之类的对比方法中包含模型能力。与所有解码器层都参与编码器输出的标准编码器 - 模块变压器相反,可口可乐省略了解码器层的上半部分的交叉注意,以编码单峰文本表示,并串联到剩余的解码器层,这些解码器与图像编码器相交的解码器层多模式图像文本表示。除了对多模态解码器输出的字幕损失外,我们还应用了单峰图像和文本嵌入之间的对比损失,该输出可以预测文本令牌自动加压。通过共享相同的计算图,可以用最小的开销有效地计算两个培训目标。可口可乐是端到端和从头开始的网络尺度alt-text数据和带注释的图像,通过将所有标签视为文本,无缝地统一自然语言监督以进行表示。从经验上讲,可口可乐通过零拍传输或在广泛的下游任务上进行零摄像转移或最少的特定任务适应,跨越视觉识别(Imagenet,Kinetics-400/600/700,瞬间, ),交叉模式检索(MSCOCO,FLICKR30K,MSR-VTT),多模式理解(VQA,SNLI-VE,NLVR2)和图像字幕(MSCOCO,NOCAPS)。值得注意的是,在Imagenet分类方面,COCA获得了86.3%的TOP-1准确性,带有冷冻编码器和学习的分类头90.6%,以及带有填充编码器的Imagenet上的新最先进的91.0%Top-1 Top-1精度。
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Most existing text-video retrieval methods focus on cross-modal matching between the visual content of offline videos and textual query sentences. However, in real scenarios, online videos are frequently accompanied by relevant text information such as titles, tags, and even subtitles, which can be utilized to match textual queries. This inspires us to generate associated captions from offline videos to help with existing text-video retrieval methods. To do so, we propose to use the zero-shot video captioner with knowledge of pre-trained web-scale models (e.g., CLIP and GPT-2) to generate captions for offline videos without any training. Given the captions, one question naturally arises: what can auxiliary captions do for text-video retrieval? In this paper, we present a novel framework Cap4Video, which makes use of captions from three aspects: i) Input data: The video and captions can form new video-caption pairs as data augmentation for training. ii) Feature interaction: We perform feature interaction between video and caption to yield enhanced video representations. iii) Output score: The Query-Caption matching branch can be complementary to the original Query-Video matching branch for text-video retrieval. We conduct thorough ablation studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Without any post-processing, our Cap4Video achieves state-of-the-art performance on MSR-VTT (51.4%), VATEX (66.6%), MSVD (51.8%), and DiDeMo (52.0%).
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在本文中,我们探索从教学视频中学习的自我监督的视听模型。事先工作表明,这些模型可以在视频的大规模数据集训练后与视觉内容相关联,但它们仅在英语中进行培训和评估。为了学习多语言视听表示,我们提出了一种级联方法,它利用了在英语视频上培训的模型,并将其应用于其他语言的视听数据,例如日本视频。通过我们的级联方法,与日语视频培训相比,我们展示了近10倍的检索性能提高。我们还将培训的模型应用于英语视频培训到日语和印地文口语字幕的图像,实现最先进的性能。
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作为人类已知的最直观的界面之一,自然语言有可能调解许多涉及人类计算机互动的任务,尤其是在音乐信息检索等以应用程序为中心的领域。在这项工作中,我们探索了跨模式学习,以试图在音乐领域弥合音频和语言。为此,我们提出了Muscall,这是音乐对比的音频学习框架。我们的方法由双重编码架构组成,该体系结构了解音乐音频和描述性句子对之间的对齐方式,生成可用于文本到原告和音频到文本检索的多模式嵌入。多亏了这个属性,肌肉几乎可以转移到任何可以作为基于文本检索的任务转移到任何任务。我们的实验表明,我们的方法在检索音频时的性能要比基线要好得多,该音频与文本描述匹配,相反,与音频查询匹配的文本。我们还证明,我们的模型的多模式对齐能力可以成功扩展到零摄像转移方案,用于流派分类和在两个公共数据集上自动标记。
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最近,通过引入大规模的数据集和强大的变压器网络,视频预培训表明尤其是检索的巨大成功。然而,现有的视频语言变压器模型没有明确细粒度的语义对齐。在这项工作中,我们呈现了对象感知的变换器,以对象为中心的方法,该对象方法扩展了视频语言变压器来合并对象表示。关键的想法是利用边界框和对象标签来指导培训过程。我们在四个广泛使用的基准测试中评估了我们的三个标准子任务的模型。我们还提供了深入的分析和详细消融关于所提出的方法。我们在考虑的所有任务和数据集中表现出清晰的性能,展示将对象表示的模型中的型号集成到视频架构中。代码将以\ URL {https://github.com/fingerrec/oa -transformer}释放。
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视频语言(VIDL)建模的巨大挑战在于从图像/视频理解模型和下游Vidl数据中提取的固定视频表示之间的断开。最近的研究试图通过端到端培训来减轻这种断开连接。为了使其进行计算可行,先前的作品倾向于“想象”视频输入,即,将一些稀疏的采样帧馈送到2D CNN中,然后是简单的均值汇集或连接以获得整体视频表示。虽然实现了有希望的结果,但这种简单的方法可能会失去对于执行下游VIDL任务至关重要的时间信息。在这项工作中,我们呈现紫罗兰色,全新的视频语言变压器,采用视频变压器,明确地模拟视频输入的时间动态。此外,与以前的研究不同,发现视频输入上的预训练任务(例如,屏蔽帧建模)不是非常有效的,我们设计了一个新的预训练任务,屏蔽了视觉令牌建模(MVM),以获得更好的视频建模。具体地,原始视频帧修补程序将“令牌化”转换为离散的视觉令牌,目标是基于蒙面的贴片恢复原始的视觉令牌。综合分析展示了通过视频变压器和MVM显式时间建模的有效性。因此,紫罗兰在5个视频问题的回答任务和4个文本到视频检索任务中实现了新的最先进的性能。
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