Pre-trained representations are becoming crucial for many NLP and perception tasks. While representation learning in NLP has transitioned to training on raw text without human annotations, visual and vision-language representations still rely heavily on curated training datasets that are expensive or require expert knowledge. For vision applications, representations are mostly learned using datasets with explicit class labels such as Ima-geNet or OpenImages. For vision-language, popular datasets like Conceptual Captions, MSCOCO, or CLIP all involve a non-trivial data collection (and cleaning) process. This costly curation process limits the size of datasets and hence hinders the scaling of trained models. In this paper, we leverage a noisy dataset of over one billion image alt-text pairs, obtained without expensive filtering or post-processing steps in the Conceptual Captions dataset. A simple dual-encoder architecture learns to align visual and language representations of the image and text pairs using a contrastive loss. We show that the scale of our corpus can make up for its noise and leads to state-of-the-art representations even with such a simple learning scheme. Our visual representation achieves strong performance when transferred to classification tasks such as ImageNet and VTAB. The aligned visual and language representations enables zero-shot image classification and also set new state-of-the-art results on Flickr30K and MSCOCO image-text retrieval benchmarks, even when compared with more sophisticated crossattention models. The representations also enable cross-modality search with complex text and text + image queries.

自动视觉解对我们多样化和开放的世界需要计算机视觉模型，以概括为特定任务的最小定制，类似于人类视力。计算机视觉基础型号培训，培训多样化，大型数据集，可以适应各种下游任务，对该任务来解决现实世界计算机视觉应用而言至关重要。虽然现有的视觉基础模型如剪辑，对齐和吴道2.0主要集中在映射图像和文本表示到跨模型共享表示，我们介绍了一台新的计算机视觉基础模型，佛罗伦萨，扩大粗糙的表示（现场）到精细（对象），从静态（图像）到动态（视频），以及从RGB到多个模态（标题，深度）。通过从Web级图像文本数据中纳入通用视觉语言表示，我们的佛罗伦萨模型可以很容易地适应各种计算机视觉任务，例如分类，检索，对象检测，VQA，图像标题，视频检索和动作识别。此外，佛罗伦萨在许多类型的转移学习中表现出出色的表现：全面采样的微调，线性探测，几次射击传输和用于新颖图像和物体的零拍摄传输。所有这些属性对于我们的视觉基础模型至关重要，以提供通用视觉任务。佛罗伦萨实现了新的最先进的导致44个代表性基准，例如Imagenet-1K零射击分类，最高1精度为83.74，最高5个精度为97.18，62.4地图上的Coco微调， 80.36在VQA上，动力学-600上的87.8。

视觉语言预训练（VLP）模型在各种下游任务上表现出色。他们的成功在很大程度上取决于预训练的跨模式数据集的规模。但是，中文中缺乏大规模数据集和基准阻碍了中国VLP模型和更广泛的多语言应用程序的发展。在这项工作中，我们发布了一个名为Wukong的大型中国跨模式数据集，其中包含从网络收集的1亿个中文图像文本对。 Wukong旨在基准基准不同的多模式预训练方法，以促进VLP研究和社区发展。此外，我们发布了一组模型，预先训练了各种图像编码器（vit-b/vit-l/swint），还将高级预训练技术应用于VLP，例如锁定图像文本调整，相对于代币的相似性学习和减少互动。还提供了广泛的实验和不同下游任务的基准测试，包括新的最大人验证的图像文本测试数据集。实验表明，Wukong可以作为不同的跨模式学习方法的有前途的中国预培训数据集和基准。对于10个数据集上的零摄像图像分类任务，$ Wukong_ {vit-l} $达到的平均准确度为73.03％。对于图像文本检索任务，它在AIC-ICC上的平均召回率为71.6％，比Wenlan 2.0高12.9％。此外，我们的Wukong模型在下游任务上进行了基准测试，例如多个数据集上的其他变体，例如Flickr8k-CN，Flickr-30K-CN，Coco-CN，Coco-CN等。更多信息可以参考：https：//wukong-dataset.github.io/wukong-dataset/。

传统的计算机视觉模型受过培训，以预测固定的预定义类别。最近，自然语言已被证明是一个更广泛而更丰富的监督来源，为视觉概念提供更精细的描述，而不是监督“黄金”标签。以前的作品，例如剪辑，使用InfoNce丢失来训练模型以预测图像和文本标题之间的配对。然而，剪辑是饥饿的数据，需要超过400米的图像文本对进行培训。效率低下可以归因于图像文本对嘈杂的事实。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了水獭（有效的零射击识别的最佳运输蒸馏），它使用在线熵最佳运输，找到一个软图像文本与标签进行对比学习。基于预磨料的图像和文本编码器，用电站培训的型号实现了强大的性能，只有3M图像文本对。与InfoNce损失相比，标记平滑和知识蒸馏，OTTER始终如一地优于零拍摄图像（19,958类）和来自腾讯ML图像的多标记Imagenet 10k（10032类）的零拍摄评估中的这些基线。在4个不同的数据集/架构设置x 6度量上，OTTER优于（32）或绑定（2）34中的所有基准。

Large-scale cross-modal pre-training paradigms have recently shown ubiquitous success on a wide range of downstream tasks, e.g., zero-shot classification, retrieval and image captioning. However, their successes highly rely on the scale and quality of web-crawled data that naturally contain incomplete and noisy information (e.g., wrong or irrelevant content). Existing works either design manual rules to clean data or generate pseudo-targets as auxiliary signals for reducing noise impact, which do not explicitly tackle both the incorrect and incomplete challenges simultaneously. In this paper, to automatically mitigate the impact of noise by solely mining over existing data, we propose a principled Noise-robust Language-Image Pre-training framework (NLIP) to stabilize pre-training via two schemes: noise-harmonization and noise-completion. First, in noise-harmonization scheme, NLIP estimates the noise probability of each pair according to the memorization effect of cross-modal transformers, then adopts noise-adaptive regularization to harmonize the cross-modal alignments with varying degrees. Second, in noise-completion scheme, to enrich the missing object information of text, NLIP injects a concept-conditioned cross-modal decoder to obtain semantic-consistent synthetic captions to complete noisy ones, which uses the retrieved visual concepts (i.e., objects' names) for the corresponding image to guide captioning generation. By collaboratively optimizing noise-harmonization and noise-completion schemes, our NLIP can alleviate the common noise effects during image-text pre-training in a more efficient way. Extensive experiments show the significant performance improvements of our NLIP using only 26M data over existing pre-trained models (e.g., CLIP, FILIP and BLIP) on 12 zero-shot classification datasets, MSCOCO image captioning and zero-shot image-text retrieval tasks.

使用自然语言作为培训视觉识别模型的监督持有巨大的承诺。最近的作品表明，如果在大型训练数据集中的图像和标题之间的对齐形式使用此类监督，则结果对齐模型在零拍摄分类中表现出色，如下游任务2。在本文中，我们专注于挑逗语言监督的哪些部分对于训练零拍摄图像分类模型至关重要。通过广泛和仔细的实验​​，我们表明：1）可以将简单的单词（弓）标题用作数据集中大多数图像标题的替代品。令人惊讶的是，我们观察到这种方法在与单词平衡结合时提高了零拍分类性能。 2）使用船首净化模型，我们可以通过在没有标题的图像上生成伪弓标题来获得更多培训数据。使用真实和伪弓形标题培训的模型达到了更强的零射性能。在ImageNet-1K零拍评估中，我们只使用3M图像标题对的最佳模型，使用15M图像标题对培训的剪辑模型（31.5％VS 31.3％）进行剪辑。

本文提出了一种对比调整，这是一种简单的方法，采用对比训练来对准图像和文本模型，同时仍然利用他们的预训练。在我们的实证研究中，我们发现，锁定的预训练图像模型与解锁文本模型最佳。我们调用这种对比调整“锁定图像文本调整”（LIT TOONING）的实例，该实例仅教导文本模型，从预先训练的图像模型中读出了良好的表示新任务。亮度调谐模型将零拍摄传输到新视觉任务的能力提高，例如图像分类或检索。建议的亮度调整是广泛适用的;它可以使用三种不同的图像文本数据集可靠地使用多种预训练方法（监督和无监督）和多种架构（Reset，Vision变换器和MLP-MILLER）。利用基于变压器的预训练VIT-G / 14型号，LIT调谐模型在想象网测试集中实现了84.5％的零射频传输精度，并且在充满挑战的分发ObjectNet测试集中实现了81.1％。

有效的缩放和灵活的任务接口使大型语言模型能够在许多任务中表现出色。帕利（Pali）根据视觉和文本输入生成文本，并使用该界面以许多语言执行许多视觉，语言和多模式任务。为了训练帕利，我们利用了大型的编码器语言模型和视觉变压器（VITS）。这使我们能够利用其现有能力，并利用培训它们的大量成本。我们发现，视觉和语言组成部分的联合缩放很重要。由于现有的语言变压器比其视觉对应物要大得多，因此我们训练迄今为止最大的VIT（VIT-E），以量化甚至大容量视觉模型的好处。为了训练Pali，我们基于一个新的图像文本训练集，其中包含10B图像和文本，以100多种语言来创建大型的多语言组合。帕利（Pali）在多个视觉和语言任务（例如字幕，视觉问题，索方式，场景文本理解）中实现了最新的，同时保留了简单，模块化和可扩展的设计。

探索大规模预处理的基础模型对计算机视觉具有重大兴趣，因为这些模型可以快速转移到许多下游任务中。本文介绍了对比字幕（COCA），这是一种极简主义的设计，旨在为图像文本编码器编码器基础模型预算与对比度损失和字幕损失，从而从剪辑和诸如simvlm之类的生成方法之类的对比方法中包含模型能力。与所有解码器层都参与编码器输出的标准编码器 - 模块变压器相反，可口可乐省略了解码器层的上半部分的交叉注意，以编码单峰文本表示，并串联到剩余的解码器层，这些解码器与图像编码器相交的解码器层多模式图像文本表示。除了对多模态解码器输出的字幕损失外，我们还应用了单峰图像和文本嵌入之间的对比损失，该输出可以预测文本令牌自动加压。通过共享相同的计算图，可以用最小的开销有效地计算两个培训目标。可口可乐是端到端和从头开始的网络尺度alt-text数据和带注释的图像，通过将所有标签视为文本，无缝地统一自然语言监督以进行表示。从经验上讲，可口可乐通过零拍传输或在广泛的下游任务上进行零摄像转移或最少的特定任务适应，跨越视觉识别（Imagenet，Kinetics-400/600/700，瞬间， ），交叉模式检索（MSCOCO，FLICKR30K，MSR-VTT），多模式理解（VQA，SNLI-VE，NLVR2）和图像字幕（MSCOCO，NOCAPS）。值得注意的是，在Imagenet分类方面，COCA获得了86.3％的TOP-1准确性，带有冷冻编码器和学习的分类头90.6％，以及带有填充编码器的Imagenet上的新最先进的91.0％Top-1 Top-1精度。

State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.

Multimodal models are becoming increasingly effective, in part due to unified components, such as the Transformer architecture. However, multimodal models still often consist of many task- and modality-specific pieces and training procedures. For example, CLIP (Radford et al., 2021) trains independent text and image towers via a contrastive loss. We explore an additional unification: the use of a pure pixel-based model to perform image, text, and multimodal tasks. Our model is trained with contrastive loss alone, so we call it CLIP-Pixels Only (CLIPPO). CLIPPO uses a single encoder that processes both regular images and text rendered as images. CLIPPO performs image-based tasks such as retrieval and zero-shot image classification almost as well as CLIP, with half the number of parameters and no text-specific tower or embedding. When trained jointly via image-text contrastive learning and next-sentence contrastive learning, CLIPPO can perform well on natural language understanding tasks, without any word-level loss (language modelling or masked language modelling), outperforming pixel-based prior work. Surprisingly, CLIPPO can obtain good accuracy in visual question answering, simply by rendering the question and image together. Finally, we exploit the fact that CLIPPO does not require a tokenizer to show that it can achieve strong performance on multilingual multimodal retrieval without

Learning fine-grained interplay between vision and language allows to a more accurate understanding for VisionLanguage tasks. However, it remains challenging to extract key image regions according to the texts for semantic alignments. Most existing works are either limited by textagnostic and redundant regions obtained with the frozen detectors, or failing to scale further due to its heavy reliance on scarce grounding (gold) data to pre-train detectors. To solve these problems, we propose Self-Locator Aided Network (SLAN) for cross-modal understanding tasks without any extra gold data. SLAN consists of a region filter and a region adaptor to localize regions of interest conditioned on different texts. By aggregating cross-modal information, the region filter selects key regions and the region adaptor updates their coordinates with text guidance. With detailed region-word alignments, SLAN can be easily generalized to many downstream tasks. It achieves fairly competitive results on five cross-modal understanding tasks (e.g., 85.7% and 69.2% on COCO image-to-text and text-to-image retrieval, surpassing previous SOTA methods). SLAN also demonstrates strong zero-shot and fine-tuned transferability to two localization tasks.

In the field of cross-modal retrieval, single encoder models tend to perform better than dual encoder models, but they suffer from high latency and low throughput. In this paper, we present a dual encoder model called BagFormer that utilizes a cross modal interaction mechanism to improve recall performance without sacrificing latency and throughput. BagFormer achieves this through the use of bag-wise interactions, which allow for the transformation of text to a more appropriate granularity and the incorporation of entity knowledge into the model. Our experiments demonstrate that BagFormer is able to achieve results comparable to state-of-the-art single encoder models in cross-modal retrieval tasks, while also offering efficient training and inference with 20.72 times lower latency and 25.74 times higher throughput.

Vision语言中最现有的方法依赖于通过对象检测提取的对象中心特征，并在提取的功能和文本之间进行细粒度对齐。我们认为物体检测的使用可能不适合视觉语言预培训。相反，我们指出应该执行任务，以便文本中提到的“视觉概念”的区域位于图像中，并且在文本和视觉概念之间的平时对齐中，识别在其中的校准处于多个 - 粒度。本文提出了一种称为X-VLM的新方法，以执行“多粒度的视觉语言预训练”。实验结果表明，X-VLM在许多下游视觉语言任务中始终如一地优于最先进的方法。

本文介绍了Omnivl，这是一种新的基础模型，旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器，因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务，而不是传统的单向传输（例如，使用图像语言来帮助视频语言）。为此，我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理，以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度，并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外，我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度（UNIVLC）损失，以利用图像文本，视频文本，图像标签（例如，图像分类），视频标签（例如，视频动作识别）在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器，Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务（例如，图像分类，视频操作识别），跨模式对齐任务（例如，图像/视频 - 文本检索）和多模式理解和生成任务（例如，图像/视频问答，字幕）。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl，并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。

Recent cross-lingual cross-modal works attempt to extend Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) models to non-English inputs and achieve impressive performance. However, these models focus only on understanding tasks utilizing encoder-only architecture. In this paper, we propose ERNIE-UniX2, a unified cross-lingual cross-modal pre-training framework for both generation and understanding tasks. ERNIE-UniX2 integrates multiple pre-training paradigms (e.g., contrastive learning and language modeling) based on encoder-decoder architecture and attempts to learn a better joint representation across languages and modalities. Furthermore, ERNIE-UniX2 can be seamlessly fine-tuned for varieties of generation and understanding downstream tasks. Pre-trained on both multilingual text-only and image-text datasets, ERNIE-UniX2 achieves SOTA results on various cross-lingual cross-modal generation and understanding tasks such as multimodal machine translation and multilingual visual question answering.

最先进的愿景和愿景和语言模型依靠大规模的Visio-linguisting预借鉴，以获得各种下游任务的良好性能。通常，这种模型通常是跨模态（对比）或多模态（具有早期融合）但不是两者;它们通常只针对特定的方式或任务。有希望的方向将是使用单一整体普遍模型，作为“基础”，目标是一次性的所有方式 - 真正的视觉和语言基础模型应该擅长视力任务，语言任务和交叉和多数模态视觉和语言任务。我们将Flava介绍在这样的模型中，并在跨越这些目标模式的广泛的35个任务上展示令人印象深刻的性能。

Large-scale pre-training methods of learning cross-modal representations on image-text pairs are becoming popular for vision-language tasks. While existing methods simply concatenate image region features and text features as input to the model to be pre-trained and use selfattention to learn image-text semantic alignments in a brute force manner, in this paper, we propose a new learning method Oscar 1 , which uses object tags detected in images as anchor points to significantly ease the learning of alignments. Our method is motivated by the observation that the salient objects in an image can be accurately detected, and are often mentioned in the paired text. We pre-train an Oscar model on the public corpus of 6.5 million text-image pairs, and fine-tune it on downstream tasks, creating new state-of-the-arts on six well-established vision-language understanding and generation tasks. 2

远见和语言预测已成为解决多模式下游任务的普遍方法。当前的趋势是朝着更大的模型和预处理数据集迈进。从长远来看，这一计算头急促似乎是不合理的，而是朝着可持续的解决方案迈进，事实上，排除了资源有限的学术实验室。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个称为VICHA的新框架，该框架有效利用输入数据以通过以下方式提高学习，以： ，（c）利用图像级注释，称为视觉概念，使用现有基础模型（例如剪辑）获得，以提高图像编码器的性能。尽管对数据的预估计少了四倍，但我们的VICHA策略在下游任务（例如图像文本检索，VQA，视觉推理，视觉上和视觉接地）上的其他方法优于其他方法。该代码将在此处公开提供：https：//github.com/mshukor/vicha

大规模的视觉预训练在各种下游任务中都表现出了令人印象深刻的进步。现有方法主要是通过图像和文本的全局表示形式的相似性或对图像和文本特征上的高级交叉模式关注来对跨模式对齐进行建模。但是，由于只有全局图像文本对齐信息，因此他们无法明确学习视觉区域和文本短语之间的细粒语义对齐。在本文中，我们介绍了Loupe，这是一种精细的语义一致性视觉语言预训练框架，该框架从新颖的游戏理论互动的角度学习了细粒度的语义对齐。为了有效地计算游戏理论相互作用，我们进一步提出了一种不确定性感知的神经Shapley交互学习模块。实验表明，Loupe在图像文本检索基准测试中实现了最新的。如果没有任何对象级的人类注释和微调，Loupe就可以在对象检测和视觉接地方面实现竞争性能。更重要的是，Loupe从大规模的原始图像文本对学习细粒语义的新方向。