Most existing text-video retrieval methods focus on cross-modal matching between the visual content of offline videos and textual query sentences. However, in real scenarios, online videos are frequently accompanied by relevant text information such as titles, tags, and even subtitles, which can be utilized to match textual queries. This inspires us to generate associated captions from offline videos to help with existing text-video retrieval methods. To do so, we propose to use the zero-shot video captioner with knowledge of pre-trained web-scale models (e.g., CLIP and GPT-2) to generate captions for offline videos without any training. Given the captions, one question naturally arises: what can auxiliary captions do for text-video retrieval? In this paper, we present a novel framework Cap4Video, which makes use of captions from three aspects: i) Input data: The video and captions can form new video-caption pairs as data augmentation for training. ii) Feature interaction: We perform feature interaction between video and caption to yield enhanced video representations. iii) Output score: The Query-Caption matching branch can be complementary to the original Query-Video matching branch for text-video retrieval. We conduct thorough ablation studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Without any post-processing, our Cap4Video achieves state-of-the-art performance on MSR-VTT (51.4%), VATEX (66.6%), MSVD (51.8%), and DiDeMo (52.0%).

Vision-language models (VLMs) that are pre-trained on large-scale image-text pairs have demonstrated impressive transferability on a wide range of visual tasks. Transferring knowledge from such powerful pre-trained VLMs is emerging as a promising direction for building effective video recognition models. However, the current exploration is still limited. In our opinion, the greatest charm of pre-trained vision-language models is to build a bridge between visual and textual domains. In this paper, we present a novel framework called BIKE which utilizes the cross-modal bridge to explore bidirectional knowledge: i) We propose a Video Attribute Association mechanism which leverages the Video-to-Text knowledge to generate textual auxiliary attributes to complement video recognition. ii) We also present a Temporal Concept Spotting mechanism which uses the Text-to-Video expertise to capture temporal saliency in a parameter-free manner to yield enhanced video representation. The extensive studies on popular video datasets (ie, Kinetics-400 & 600, UCF-101, HMDB-51 and ActivityNet) show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in most recognition scenarios, eg, general, zero-shot, and few-shot video recognition. To the best of our knowledge, our best model achieves a state-of-the-art accuracy of 88.4% on challenging Kinetics-400 with the released CLIP pre-trained model.

Text-Video Retrieval plays an important role in multi-modal understanding and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Most existing methods focus on constructing contrastive pairs between whole videos and complete caption sentences, while overlooking fine-grained cross-modal relationships, e.g., clip-phrase or frame-word. In this paper, we propose a novel method, named Hierarchical Cross-Modal Interaction (HCMI), to explore multi-level cross-modal relationships among video-sentence, clip-phrase, and frame-word for text-video retrieval. Considering intrinsic semantic frame relations, HCMI performs self-attention to explore frame-level correlations and adaptively cluster correlated frames into clip-level and video-level representations. In this way, HCMI constructs multi-level video representations for frame-clip-video granularities to capture fine-grained video content, and multi-level text representations at word-phrase-sentence granularities for the text modality. With multi-level representations for video and text, hierarchical contrastive learning is designed to explore fine-grained cross-modal relationships, i.e., frame-word, clip-phrase, and video-sentence, which enables HCMI to achieve a comprehensive semantic comparison between video and text modalities. Further boosted by adaptive label denoising and marginal sample enhancement, HCMI achieves new state-of-the-art results on various benchmarks, e.g., Rank@1 of 55.0%, 58.2%, 29.7%, 52.1%, and 57.3% on MSR-VTT, MSVD, LSMDC, DiDemo, and ActivityNet, respectively.

预先训练的图像文本模型（如剪辑）已经证明了从大规模的Web收集的图像文本数据中学到的视觉表示的强大力量。鉴于学习良好的视觉特征，一些现有的作品将图像表示转移到视频域并取得良好的结果。但是，如何利用图像语言预训练的模型（例如，剪辑）进行视频培训（后培训）仍在探索。在本文中，我们研究了两个问题：1）阻碍后期剪辑的因素是什么因素，以进一步提高视频语言任务的性能？ 2）如何减轻这些因素的影响？通过一系列比较实验和分析，我们发现语言源之间的数据量表和域间隙具有很大的影响。由这些动机，我们提出了一种配备了视频代理机制的Omnisource跨模式学习方法，即剪辑，即剪辑VIP。广泛的结果表明，我们的方法可以提高视频检索的剪辑的性能。我们的模型还可以在包括MSR-VTT，DIDEMO，LSMDC和ActivityNet在内的各种数据集上实现SOTA结果。我们在https://github.com/microsoft/xpretrain/tree/main/main/main/clip-vip上发布了代码和预训练的剪辑模型。

现代视频文本检索框架基本上由三个部分组成：视频编码器，文本编码器和相似性。随着Visual和Textual表示学习的成功，在视频文本检索领域也采用了基于变压器的编码器和融合方法。在本报告中，我们呈现Clip2TV，旨在探索关键元素在基于变压器的方法中。为实现这一目标，我们首先重新审视一些对多模态学习的工作，然后将一些技术介绍到视频文本检索中，最后通过不同配置的大量实验进行评估。值得注意的是，Clip2TV在MSR-VTT数据集上实现了52.9 @ R1，优先表现出先前的SOTA结果为4.1％。

视频文本检索一直是多模式研究中的至关重要和基本任务。大型多模式对比预训练的发展，视频文本检索的开发已大大促进，这主要侧重于粗粒或细粒对比。然而，在先前的研究中很少探索过跨粒度的对比，这是粗粒表示和细粒度表示之间的对比。与细粒度或粗粒的对比相比，交叉粒度对比度计算了粗粒粒度特征与每个细粒特征之间的相关性，并且能够过滤出不必要的细颗粒特征，这些特征由粗粒度的特征引导相似性计算，从而提高了检索的准确性。为此，本文提出了一种新型的多透明对比模型，即X-CLIP，用于视频文本检索。但是，另一个挑战在于相似性聚集问题，该问题旨在将细粒度和跨粒度相似性矩阵与实例级别的相似性汇总。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了对相似性矩阵（AOSM）模块的关注，以使模型重点放在基本帧和单词之间的对比度上，从而降低了不必要的帧和单词对检索结果的影响。 X-CLIP具有多透明的对比度和提议的AOSM模块，在五个广泛使用的视频文本检索数据集上取得了出色的性能，包括MSR-VTT（49.3 R@1），MSVD（50.4 R@1），LSMDC（26.11）（26.1 r@1），didemo（47.8 r@1）和ActivityNet（46.2 r@1）。它的表现优于先前的最先前， +6.3％， +6.6％， +11.1％， +6.7％， +3.8％的相对改善对这些基准测试，这表明了多透明的对比度和AOSM的优势。

最近，通过引入大规模的数据集和强大的变压器网络，视频预培训表明尤其是检索的巨大成功。然而，现有的视频语言变压器模型没有明确细粒度的语义对齐。在这项工作中，我们呈现了对象感知的变换器，以对象为中心的方法，该对象方法扩展了视频语言变压器来合并对象表示。关键的想法是利用边界框和对象标签来指导培训过程。我们在四个广泛使用的基准测试中评估了我们的三个标准子任务的模型。我们还提供了深入的分析和详细消融关于所提出的方法。我们在考虑的所有任务和数据集中表现出清晰的性能，展示将对象表示的模型中的型号集成到视频架构中。代码将以\ URL {https://github.com/fingerrec/oa -transformer}释放。

文本视频检索是一项具有巨大实际价值的任务，并受到了越来越多的关注，其中学习时空视频表示是研究热点之一。最先进的视频检索模型中的视频编码通常会直接采用预训练的视觉主链，其网络结构固定，因此无法进一步改进它们以产生细粒度的空间时间表视频表示。在本文中，我们提出了令牌移位和选择网络（TS2-NET），这是一种新型的令牌移动和选择变压器体系结构，该架构会动态调整令牌序列，并从输入视频样本中选择时间和空间维度中的信息令牌。令牌移位模块在时间上暂时移动整个代币特征，来回跨相邻帧，以保留完整的令牌表示并捕获微妙的动作。然后，令牌选择模块选择对局部空间语义贡献最大的令牌。基于彻底的实验，拟议的TS2-NET在主要文本视频检索基准上实现了最先进的性能，包括有关MSRVTT，VATEX，LSMDC，LSMDC，ActivityNetnet和DideMo的新记录。

视觉检索中的大多数现有方法是通过比较其全局特征向量的两种方式，该矢量错过了足够的信息并缺乏可解释性，检测图像或视频中的对象，并将文本与依赖复杂的模型设计或建模的精细元素对齐通过较低效率遭受视觉和文本令牌的交叉注意相互作用。为了解决这些局限性，最近的一些作品简单地汇总了代币的相似性以实现细粒度的对齐方式，但它们缺乏直观的解释，并且忽略了令牌级特征和具有高级语义的全球表示之间的关系。在这项工作中，我们重新考虑细粒度的跨模式对准，并为其设计一种新的模型不合命固式配方。我们还揭开了最近的流行作品的神秘面纱，并将其纳入我们的计划。此外，受最佳运输理论的启发，我们引入了\ emph {tokenflow}，这是对拟议方案的实例化。通过仅修改相似性函数，我们方法的性能与主要视频文本检索基准上具有重型模型设计的SOTA算法相当。可视化进一步表明\ emph {tokenflow}成功利用细粒度的信息并获得了更好的解释性。

本文介绍了Omnivl，这是一种新的基础模型，旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器，因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务，而不是传统的单向传输（例如，使用图像语言来帮助视频语言）。为此，我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理，以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度，并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外，我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度（UNIVLC）损失，以利用图像文本，视频文本，图像标签（例如，图像分类），视频标签（例如，视频动作识别）在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器，Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务（例如，图像分类，视频操作识别），跨模式对齐任务（例如，图像/视频 - 文本检索）和多模式理解和生成任务（例如，图像/视频问答，字幕）。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl，并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。

Video-Text检索是一类跨模式表示学习问题，其目标是选择与给定文本查询和候选视频库之间的文本查询相对应的视频。视觉训练预处理的对比范式在大规模数据集和统一的变压器体系结构中表现出了有希望的成功，并证明了联合潜在空间的力量。尽管如此，视觉域和文本域之间的固有差异仍未被消除，并且将不同的模态投射到联合潜在空间可能会导致单个模式内的信息扭曲。为了克服上述问题，我们提出了一种新的机制，可以学习从源模式空间$ \ mathcal {s} $到目标模态空间$ \ mathcal {t} $的新颖机制桥接视觉和文本域之间的差距。此外，为了保持翻译之间的循环一致性，我们采用了一个循环损失，涉及从$ \ MATHCAL {S} $到预测的目标空间$ \ Mathcal {t'} $的两个前向翻译，以及$ \ Mathcal {t't'的向后翻译} $返回$ \ Mathcal {s} $。在MSR-VTT，MSVD和DIDEMO数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了我们LAT方法的优势和有效性与香草的最新方法相比。

Video-language pre-training has advanced the performance of various downstream video-language tasks. However, most previous methods directly inherit or adapt typical image-language pre-training paradigms to video-language pre-training, thus not fully exploiting the unique characteristic of video, i.e., temporal. In this paper, we propose a Hierarchical Temporal-Aware video-language pre-training framework, HiTeA, with two novel pre-training tasks for modeling cross-modal alignment between moments and texts as well as the temporal relations of video-text pairs. Specifically, we propose a cross-modal moment exploration task to explore moments in videos, which results in detailed video moment representation. Besides, the inherent temporal relations are captured by aligning video-text pairs as a whole in different time resolutions with multi-modal temporal relation exploration task. Furthermore, we introduce the shuffling test to evaluate the temporal reliance of datasets and video-language pre-training models. We achieve state-of-the-art results on 15 well-established video-language understanding and generation tasks, especially on temporal-oriented datasets (e.g., SSv2-Template and SSv2-Label) with 8.6% and 11.1% improvement respectively. HiTeA also demonstrates strong generalization ability when directly transferred to downstream tasks in a zero-shot manner. Models and demo will be available on ModelScope.

This work explores an efficient approach to establish a foundational video-text model for tasks including open-vocabulary video classification, text-to-video retrieval, video captioning and video question-answering. We present VideoCoCa that reuses a pretrained image-text contrastive captioner (CoCa) model and adapt it to video-text tasks with minimal extra training. While previous works adapt image-text models with various cross-frame fusion modules (for example, cross-frame attention layer or perceiver resampler) and finetune the modified architecture on video-text data, we surprisingly find that the generative attentional pooling and contrastive attentional pooling layers in the image-text CoCa design are instantly adaptable to ``flattened frame embeddings'', yielding a strong zero-shot transfer baseline for many video-text tasks. Specifically, the frozen image encoder of a pretrained image-text CoCa takes each video frame as inputs and generates \(N\) token embeddings per frame for totally \(T\) video frames. We flatten \(N \times T\) token embeddings as a long sequence of frozen video representation and apply CoCa's generative attentional pooling and contrastive attentional pooling on top. All model weights including pooling layers are directly loaded from an image-text CoCa pretrained model. Without any video or video-text data, VideoCoCa's zero-shot transfer baseline already achieves state-of-the-art results on zero-shot video classification on Kinetics 400/600/700, UCF101, HMDB51, and Charades, as well as zero-shot text-to-video retrieval on MSR-VTT and ActivityNet Captions. We also explore lightweight finetuning on top of VideoCoCa, and achieve strong results on video question-answering (iVQA, MSRVTT-QA, MSVD-QA) and video captioning (MSR-VTT, ActivityNet, Youcook2). Our approach establishes a simple and effective video-text baseline for future research.

最近，跨模式的预训练任务一直是一个热点，因为它在各种下文研究中广泛应用，包括检索，字幕，问题答案等。然而，退出的方法采用单媒体预训练模型来探索进行跨模式检索的联合视觉表示，这很容易遭受计算爆炸的影响。此外，尽管常规的双流结构非常有效，但它们仍然缺乏重要的跨模式相互作用，导致性能低。在这些挑战的激励下，我们提出了一个对比的跨模式知识共享预训练（Cookie），以掌握联合文本图像表示。从结构上讲，Cookie由于可接受的时间消耗而采用了传统的双流结构。为了克服上述双流结构的固有缺陷，我们精心设计了两个有效的模块。具体而言，第一个模块是一个体重共享的变压器，它构建在视觉和文本编码器的头上，旨在将语义对齐文本和图像对齐。该设计使视觉和文本路径集中在相同的语义上。另一个是三个专门设计的对比学习，旨在分享不同模型之间的知识。共享的跨模式知识大大发展了单峰表示的研究，从而促进了单模式检索任务。对多模式匹配研究的广泛实验结果，包括跨模式检索，文本匹配和图像检索揭示了我们的计算效率和我们预训练模型的统计指标的上级。

视觉语言预训练（VLP）模型在各种下游任务上表现出色。他们的成功在很大程度上取决于预训练的跨模式数据集的规模。但是，中文中缺乏大规模数据集和基准阻碍了中国VLP模型和更广泛的多语言应用程序的发展。在这项工作中，我们发布了一个名为Wukong的大型中国跨模式数据集，其中包含从网络收集的1亿个中文图像文本对。 Wukong旨在基准基准不同的多模式预训练方法，以促进VLP研究和社区发展。此外，我们发布了一组模型，预先训练了各种图像编码器（vit-b/vit-l/swint），还将高级预训练技术应用于VLP，例如锁定图像文本调整，相对于代币的相似性学习和减少互动。还提供了广泛的实验和不同下游任务的基准测试，包括新的最大人验证的图像文本测试数据集。实验表明，Wukong可以作为不同的跨模式学习方法的有前途的中国预培训数据集和基准。对于10个数据集上的零摄像图像分类任务，$ Wukong_ {vit-l} $达到的平均准确度为73.03％。对于图像文本检索任务，它在AIC-ICC上的平均召回率为71.6％，比Wenlan 2.0高12.9％。此外，我们的Wukong模型在下游任务上进行了基准测试，例如多个数据集上的其他变体，例如Flickr8k-CN，Flickr-30K-CN，Coco-CN，Coco-CN等。更多信息可以参考：https：//wukong-dataset.github.io/wukong-dataset/。

视频文本预训练（VTP）旨在从大规模的网络视频中学习可转移的代表。迄今为止，几乎所有现有的VTP方法都仅限于基于检索的下游任务，例如视频检索，而它们在基于本地化的任务（例如时间基础）上的转移潜力不足。在本文中，我们实验分析并证明了当前VTP方法与本地化任务的不相容性，并提出了一种新颖的面向定位的视频文本预训练框架，称为LocvTP。具体而言，我们执行细粒对比度对准作为通过剪贴字对数发现方案对粗粒粒度的补充。为了进一步增强学习功能的时间推理能力，我们提出了一个上下文投影头和暂时意识的对比损失，以感知上下文关系。对六个数据集的四个下游任务进行的广泛实验表明，我们的LOCVTP在基于检索和基于本地化的任务上都达到了最先进的性能。此外，我们进行了全面的消融研究和彻底的分析，以探索最佳的模型设计和培训策略。

Large-scale cross-modal pre-training paradigms have recently shown ubiquitous success on a wide range of downstream tasks, e.g., zero-shot classification, retrieval and image captioning. However, their successes highly rely on the scale and quality of web-crawled data that naturally contain incomplete and noisy information (e.g., wrong or irrelevant content). Existing works either design manual rules to clean data or generate pseudo-targets as auxiliary signals for reducing noise impact, which do not explicitly tackle both the incorrect and incomplete challenges simultaneously. In this paper, to automatically mitigate the impact of noise by solely mining over existing data, we propose a principled Noise-robust Language-Image Pre-training framework (NLIP) to stabilize pre-training via two schemes: noise-harmonization and noise-completion. First, in noise-harmonization scheme, NLIP estimates the noise probability of each pair according to the memorization effect of cross-modal transformers, then adopts noise-adaptive regularization to harmonize the cross-modal alignments with varying degrees. Second, in noise-completion scheme, to enrich the missing object information of text, NLIP injects a concept-conditioned cross-modal decoder to obtain semantic-consistent synthetic captions to complete noisy ones, which uses the retrieved visual concepts (i.e., objects' names) for the corresponding image to guide captioning generation. By collaboratively optimizing noise-harmonization and noise-completion schemes, our NLIP can alleviate the common noise effects during image-text pre-training in a more efficient way. Extensive experiments show the significant performance improvements of our NLIP using only 26M data over existing pre-trained models (e.g., CLIP, FILIP and BLIP) on 12 zero-shot classification datasets, MSCOCO image captioning and zero-shot image-text retrieval tasks.

Learning fine-grained interplay between vision and language allows to a more accurate understanding for VisionLanguage tasks. However, it remains challenging to extract key image regions according to the texts for semantic alignments. Most existing works are either limited by textagnostic and redundant regions obtained with the frozen detectors, or failing to scale further due to its heavy reliance on scarce grounding (gold) data to pre-train detectors. To solve these problems, we propose Self-Locator Aided Network (SLAN) for cross-modal understanding tasks without any extra gold data. SLAN consists of a region filter and a region adaptor to localize regions of interest conditioned on different texts. By aggregating cross-modal information, the region filter selects key regions and the region adaptor updates their coordinates with text guidance. With detailed region-word alignments, SLAN can be easily generalized to many downstream tasks. It achieves fairly competitive results on five cross-modal understanding tasks (e.g., 85.7% and 69.2% on COCO image-to-text and text-to-image retrieval, surpassing previous SOTA methods). SLAN also demonstrates strong zero-shot and fine-tuned transferability to two localization tasks.

探索大规模预处理的基础模型对计算机视觉具有重大兴趣，因为这些模型可以快速转移到许多下游任务中。本文介绍了对比字幕（COCA），这是一种极简主义的设计，旨在为图像文本编码器编码器基础模型预算与对比度损失和字幕损失，从而从剪辑和诸如simvlm之类的生成方法之类的对比方法中包含模型能力。与所有解码器层都参与编码器输出的标准编码器 - 模块变压器相反，可口可乐省略了解码器层的上半部分的交叉注意，以编码单峰文本表示，并串联到剩余的解码器层，这些解码器与图像编码器相交的解码器层多模式图像文本表示。除了对多模态解码器输出的字幕损失外，我们还应用了单峰图像和文本嵌入之间的对比损失，该输出可以预测文本令牌自动加压。通过共享相同的计算图，可以用最小的开销有效地计算两个培训目标。可口可乐是端到端和从头开始的网络尺度alt-text数据和带注释的图像，通过将所有标签视为文本，无缝地统一自然语言监督以进行表示。从经验上讲，可口可乐通过零拍传输或在广泛的下游任务上进行零摄像转移或最少的特定任务适应，跨越视觉识别（Imagenet，Kinetics-400/600/700，瞬间， ），交叉模式检索（MSCOCO，FLICKR30K，MSR-VTT），多模式理解（VQA，SNLI-VE，NLVR2）和图像字幕（MSCOCO，NOCAPS）。值得注意的是，在Imagenet分类方面，COCA获得了86.3％的TOP-1准确性，带有冷冻编码器和学习的分类头90.6％，以及带有填充编码器的Imagenet上的新最先进的91.0％Top-1 Top-1精度。

Pre-trained representations are becoming crucial for many NLP and perception tasks. While representation learning in NLP has transitioned to training on raw text without human annotations, visual and vision-language representations still rely heavily on curated training datasets that are expensive or require expert knowledge. For vision applications, representations are mostly learned using datasets with explicit class labels such as Ima-geNet or OpenImages. For vision-language, popular datasets like Conceptual Captions, MSCOCO, or CLIP all involve a non-trivial data collection (and cleaning) process. This costly curation process limits the size of datasets and hence hinders the scaling of trained models. In this paper, we leverage a noisy dataset of over one billion image alt-text pairs, obtained without expensive filtering or post-processing steps in the Conceptual Captions dataset. A simple dual-encoder architecture learns to align visual and language representations of the image and text pairs using a contrastive loss. We show that the scale of our corpus can make up for its noise and leads to state-of-the-art representations even with such a simple learning scheme. Our visual representation achieves strong performance when transferred to classification tasks such as ImageNet and VTAB. The aligned visual and language representations enables zero-shot image classification and also set new state-of-the-art results on Flickr30K and MSCOCO image-text retrieval benchmarks, even when compared with more sophisticated crossattention models. The representations also enable cross-modality search with complex text and text + image queries.