在本文中，我们介绍了潜在的探索（LGE），这是一种基于探索加固学习（RL）的探索范式的简单而通用的方法。最初引入了Go-explore，并具有强大的域知识约束，以将状态空间划分为单元。但是，在大多数实际情况下，从原始观察中汲取域知识是复杂而乏味的。如果细胞分配不足以提供信息，则可以完全无法探索环境。我们认为，可以通过利用学习的潜在表示，可以将Go-explore方法推广到任何环境，而无需细胞。因此，我们表明LGE可以灵活地与学习潜在表示的任何策略相结合。我们表明，LGE虽然比Go-explore更简单，但在多个硬探索环境上纯粹的探索方面，更强大，并且优于所有最先进的算法。 LGE实现可在https://github.com/qgallouedec/lge上作为开源。

增强学习（RL）研究领域非常活跃，并具有重要的新贡献；特别是考虑到深RL（DRL）的新兴领域。但是，仍然需要解决许多科学和技术挑战，其中我们可以提及抽象行动的能力或在稀疏回报环境中探索环境的难以通过内在动机（IM）来解决的。我们建议通过基于信息理论的新分类法调查这些研究工作：我们在计算上重新审视了惊喜，新颖性和技能学习的概念。这使我们能够确定方法的优势和缺点，并展示当前的研究前景。我们的分析表明，新颖性和惊喜可以帮助建立可转移技能的层次结构，从而进一步抽象环境并使勘探过程更加健壮。

我们提出了一种层次结构的增强学习方法Hidio，可以以自我监督的方式学习任务不合时宜的选项，同时共同学习利用它们来解决稀疏的奖励任务。与当前倾向于制定目标的低水平任务或预定临时的低级政策不同的层次RL方法不同，Hidio鼓励下级选项学习与手头任务无关，几乎不需要假设或很少的知识任务结构。这些选项是通过基于选项子对象的固有熵最小化目标来学习的。博学的选择是多种多样的，任务不可能的。在稀疏的机器人操作和导航任务的实验中，Hidio比常规RL基准和两种最先进的层次RL方法，其样品效率更高。

For an autonomous agent to fulfill a wide range of user-specified goals at test time, it must be able to learn broadly applicable and general-purpose skill repertoires. Furthermore, to provide the requisite level of generality, these skills must handle raw sensory input such as images. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that acquires such general-purpose skills by combining unsupervised representation learning and reinforcement learning of goal-conditioned policies. Since the particular goals that might be required at test-time are not known in advance, the agent performs a self-supervised "practice" phase where it imagines goals and attempts to achieve them. We learn a visual representation with three distinct purposes: sampling goals for self-supervised practice, providing a structured transformation of raw sensory inputs, and computing a reward signal for goal reaching. We also propose a retroactive goal relabeling scheme to further improve the sample-efficiency of our method. Our off-policy algorithm is efficient enough to learn policies that operate on raw image observations and goals for a real-world robotic system, and substantially outperforms prior techniques. * Equal contribution. Order was determined by coin flip.

Go-Explore achieved breakthrough performance on challenging reinforcement learning (RL) tasks with sparse rewards. The key insight of Go-Explore was that successful exploration requires an agent to first return to an interesting state ('Go'), and only then explore into unknown terrain ('Explore'). We refer to such exploration after a goal is reached as 'post-exploration'. In this paper, we present a clear ablation study of post-exploration in a general intrinsically motivated goal exploration process (IMGEP) framework, that the Go-Explore paper did not show. We study the isolated potential of post-exploration, by turning it on and off within the same algorithm under both tabular and deep RL settings on both discrete navigation and continuous control tasks. Experiments on a range of MiniGrid and Mujoco environments show that post-exploration indeed helps IMGEP agents reach more diverse states and boosts their performance. In short, our work suggests that RL researchers should consider to use post-exploration in IMGEP when possible since it is effective, method-agnostic and easy to implement.

与一组复杂的RL问题有关的目标条件加固学习（GCRL）训练代理在特定情况下实现不同的目标。与仅根据州或观察结果了解政策的标准RL解决方案相比，GCRL还要求代理商根据不同的目标做出决策。在这项调查中，我们对GCRL的挑战和算法进行了全面的概述。首先，我们回答该领域研究的基本问题。然后，我们解释了如何代表目标并介绍如何从不同角度设计现有解决方案。最后，我们得出结论，并讨论最近研究重点的潜在未来前景。

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) algorithms have been demonstrated to perform well on high-dimensional decision making and robotic control tasks. However, because they solely optimize for rewards, the agent tends to search the same space redundantly. This problem reduces the speed of learning and achieved reward. In this work, we present an Off-Policy HRL algorithm that maximizes entropy for efficient exploration. The algorithm learns a temporally abstracted low-level policy and is able to explore broadly through the addition of entropy to the high-level. The novelty of this work is the theoretical motivation of adding entropy to the RL objective in the HRL setting. We empirically show that the entropy can be added to both levels if the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between consecutive updates of the low-level policy is sufficiently small. We performed an ablative study to analyze the effects of entropy on hierarchy, in which adding entropy to high-level emerged as the most desirable configuration. Furthermore, a higher temperature in the low-level leads to Q-value overestimation and increases the stochasticity of the environment that the high-level operates on, making learning more challenging. Our method, SHIRO, surpasses state-of-the-art performance on a range of simulated robotic control benchmark tasks and requires minimal tuning.

In many real-world scenarios, rewards extrinsic to the agent are extremely sparse, or absent altogether. In such cases, curiosity can serve as an intrinsic reward signal to enable the agent to explore its environment and learn skills that might be useful later in its life. We formulate curiosity as the error in an agent's ability to predict the consequence of its own actions in a visual feature space learned by a self-supervised inverse dynamics model. Our formulation scales to high-dimensional continuous state spaces like images, bypasses the difficulties of directly predicting pixels, and, critically, ignores the aspects of the environment that cannot affect the agent. The proposed approach is evaluated in two environments: VizDoom and Super Mario Bros. Three broad settings are investigated: 1) sparse extrinsic reward, where curiosity allows for far fewer interactions with the environment to reach the goal; 2) exploration with no extrinsic reward, where curiosity pushes the agent to explore more efficiently; and 3) generalization to unseen scenarios (e.g. new levels of the same game) where the knowledge gained from earlier experience helps the agent explore new places much faster than starting from scratch.

代理商学习广泛适用和通用策略具有重要意义，可以实现包括图像和文本描述在内的各种目标。考虑到这类感知的目标，深度加强学习研究的前沿是学习一个没有手工制作奖励的目标条件政策。要了解这种政策，最近的作品通常会像奖励到明确的嵌入空间中的给定目标的非参数距离。从不同的观点来看，我们提出了一种新的无监督学习方法，名为目标条件政策，具有内在动机（GPIM），共同学习抽象级别政策和目标条件的政策。摘要级别策略在潜在变量上被调节，以优化鉴别器，并发现进一步的不同状态，进一步呈现为目标条件策略的感知特定目标。学习鉴别者作为目标条件策略的内在奖励功能，以模仿抽象级别政策引起的轨迹。各种机器人任务的实验证明了我们所提出的GPIM方法的有效性和效率，其基本上优于现有技术。

有效的探索是深度强化学习的关键挑战。几种方法，例如行为先验，能够利用离线数据，以便在复杂任务上有效加速加强学习。但是，如果手动的任务与所证明的任务过度偏离，则此类方法的有效性是有限的。在我们的工作中，我们建议从离线数据中学习功能，这些功能由更加多样化的任务共享，例如动作与定向之间的相关性。因此，我们介绍了无国有先验，该先验直接在显示的轨迹中直接建模时间一致性，并且即使在对简单任务收集的数据进行培训时，也能够在复杂的任务中推动探索。此外，我们通过从政策和行动之前的概率混合物中动态采样动作，引入了一种新颖的集成方案，用于非政策强化学习中的动作研究。我们将我们的方法与强大的基线相提并论，并提供了经验证据，表明它可以在稀疏奖励环境下的长途持续控制任务中加速加强学习。

Meta-Renifiltive学习（Meta-RL）已被证明是利用事先任务的经验，以便快速学习新的相关任务的成功框架，但是，当前的Meta-RL接近在稀疏奖励环境中学习的斗争。尽管现有的Meta-RL算法可以学习适应新的稀疏奖励任务的策略，但是使用手形奖励功能来学习实际适应策略，或者需要简单的环境，其中随机探索足以遇到稀疏奖励。在本文中，我们提出了对Meta-RL的后视抢购的制定，该rl抢购了在Meta培训期间的经验，以便能够使用稀疏奖励完全学习。我们展示了我们的方法在套件挑战稀疏奖励目标达到的环境中，以前需要密集的奖励，以便在Meta训练中解决。我们的方法使用真正的稀疏奖励功能来解决这些环境，性能与具有代理密集奖励功能的培训相当。

强化学习（RL）在机器人中的应用通常受高数据需求的限制。另一方面，许多机器人场景中容易获得近似模型，使基于模型的方法，如规划数据有效的替代方案。尽管如此，这些方法的性能遭受了模型不精确或错误。从这个意义上讲，RL和基于模型的规划者的各个优势和弱点是。在目前的工作中，我们调查如何将两种方法集成到结合其优势的一个框架中。我们介绍了学习执行（L2E），从而利用近似计划中包含的信息学习有关计划的普遍政策。在我们的机器人操纵实验中，与纯RL，纯规划或基线方法相比，L2E在结合学习和规划的基线方法时表现出增加的性能。

基于模型的增强学习（RL）是一种通过利用学习的单步动力学模型来计划想象中的动作来学习复杂行为的样本效率方法。但是，计划为长马操作计划的每项行动都是不切实际的，类似于每个肌肉运动的人类计划。相反，人类有效地计划具有高级技能来解决复杂的任务。从这种直觉中，我们提出了一个基于技能的RL框架（SKIMO），该框架能够使用技能动力学模型在技能空间中进行计划，该模型直接预测技能成果，而不是预测中级状态中的所有小细节，逐步。为了准确有效的长期计划，我们共同学习了先前经验的技能动力学模型和技能曲目。然后，我们利用学到的技能动力学模型准确模拟和计划技能空间中的长范围，这可以有效地学习长摩盛，稀疏的奖励任务。导航和操纵域中的实验结果表明，Skimo扩展了基于模型的方法的时间范围，并提高了基于模型的RL和基于技能的RL的样品效率。代码和视频可在\ url {https://clvrai.com/skimo}上找到

大自然的一个迷人方面在于它能够产生大型和多样化的生物体，这些生物都在他们的利基中都很高兴。相比之下，大多数AI算法专注于向给定问题找到一个有效的解决方案。除了表现外，旨在实现多样性是处理勘探开发权衡的便捷方式，在学习中发挥着核心作用。当返回的集合包含对所考虑的问题的几个工作解决方案时，它还允许增加鲁棒性，使其适用于机器人等真实应用。质量 - 多样性（QD）方法是为此目的设计的进化算法。本文提出了一种新颖的QD - PG，它结合了政策梯度算法的强度和质量多样性方法，在连续控制环境中产生了各种和高性能的神经政策的集合。这项工作的主要贡献是引入多样性政策梯度（DPG），该梯度（DPG）利用时刻级别的信息以采样有效的方式培养更多样化的策略。具体而言，QD-PG从地图 - E LITES网格中选择神经控制器，并使用两个基于梯度的突变运算符来提高质量和多样性，从而产生稳定的人口更新。我们的结果表明，QD - PG产生了各种解决方案的集合，解决了具有挑战性的勘探和控制问题，同时是比其进化竞争对手更高的样本效率的两个数量级。

当加强学习以稀疏的奖励应用时，代理必须花费很长时间探索未知环境而没有任何学习信号。抽象是一种为代理提供在潜在空间中过渡的内在奖励的方法。先前的工作着重于密集的连续潜在空间，或要求用户手动提供表示形式。我们的方法是第一个自动学习基础环境的离散抽象的方法。此外，我们的方法使用端到端可训练的正规后继代表模型在任意输入空间上起作用。对于抽象状态之间的过渡，我们以选项的形式训练一组时间扩展的动作，即动作抽象。我们提出的算法，离散的国家行动抽象（DSAA），在训练这些选项之间进行迭代交换，并使用它们有效地探索更多环境以改善状态抽象。结果，我们的模型不仅对转移学习，而且在在线学习环境中有用。我们从经验上表明，与基线加强学习算法相比，我们的代理能够探索环境并更有效地解决任务。我们的代码可在\ url {https://github.com/amnonattali/dsaa}上公开获得。

Given a particular embodiment, we propose a novel method (C3PO) that learns policies able to achieve any arbitrary position and pose. Such a policy would allow for easier control, and would be re-useable as a key building block for downstream tasks. The method is two-fold: First, we introduce a novel exploration algorithm that optimizes for uniform coverage, is able to discover a set of achievable states, and investigates its abilities in attaining both high coverage, and hard-to-discover states; Second, we leverage this set of achievable states as training data for a universal goal-achievement policy, a goal-based SAC variant. We demonstrate the trained policy's performance in achieving a large number of novel states. Finally, we showcase the influence of massive unsupervised training of a goal-achievement policy with state-of-the-art pose-based control of the Hopper, Walker, Halfcheetah, Humanoid and Ant embodiments.

Dealing with sparse rewards is one of the biggest challenges in Reinforcement Learning (RL). We present a novel technique called Hindsight Experience Replay which allows sample-efficient learning from rewards which are sparse and binary and therefore avoid the need for complicated reward engineering. It can be combined with an arbitrary off-policy RL algorithm and may be seen as a form of implicit curriculum. We demonstrate our approach on the task of manipulating objects with a robotic arm. In particular, we run experiments on three different tasks: pushing, sliding, and pick-and-place, in each case using only binary rewards indicating whether or not the task is completed. Our ablation studies show that Hindsight Experience Replay is a crucial ingredient which makes training possible in these challenging environments. We show that our policies trained on a physics simulation can be deployed on a physical robot and successfully complete the task. The video presenting our experiments is available at https://goo.gl/SMrQnI.

Adequately assigning credit to actions for future outcomes based on their contributions is a long-standing open challenge in Reinforcement Learning. The assumptions of the most commonly used credit assignment method are disadvantageous in tasks where the effects of decisions are not immediately evident. Furthermore, this method can only evaluate actions that have been selected by the agent, making it highly inefficient. Still, no alternative methods have been widely adopted in the field. Hindsight Credit Assignment is a promising, but still unexplored candidate, which aims to solve the problems of both long-term and counterfactual credit assignment. In this thesis, we empirically investigate Hindsight Credit Assignment to identify its main benefits, and key points to improve. Then, we apply it to factored state representations, and in particular to state representations based on the causal structure of the environment. In this setting, we propose a variant of Hindsight Credit Assignment that effectively exploits a given causal structure. We show that our modification greatly decreases the workload of Hindsight Credit Assignment, making it more efficient and enabling it to outperform the baseline credit assignment method on various tasks. This opens the way to other methods based on given or learned causal structures.

通过与环境进行互动而没有任何外部监督是一个重要的挑战，可以通过与环境进行互动来学习各种技能。特别是，获得可以达到任何给定状态的目标条件的代理在许多应用中都有用。我们提出了一种新的方法，用于训练这种目标条件的代理，而没有任何外部奖励或任何领域知识。我们使用随机步行来训练可及性网络，以预测两个状态之间的相似性。然后，该可达性网络将用于构建目标记忆，其中包含过去的观察结果，这些观察值多样化且平衡。最后，我们训练一个目标条件条件的政策网络，其目标是从目标记忆中取得的目标，并通过可达性网络和目标记忆进行奖励。当代理商发现并学习新目标时，所有组件在整个培训中都进行了更新。我们将方法应用于连续的控制导航和机器人操纵任务。

In reinforcement learning applications like robotics, agents usually need to deal with various input/output features when specified with different state/action spaces by their developers or physical restrictions. This indicates unnecessary re-training from scratch and considerable sample inefficiency, especially when agents follow similar solution steps to achieve tasks. In this paper, we aim to transfer similar high-level goal-transition knowledge to alleviate the challenge. Specifically, we propose PILoT, i.e., Planning Immediate Landmarks of Targets. PILoT utilizes the universal decoupled policy optimization to learn a goal-conditioned state planner; then, distills a goal-planner to plan immediate landmarks in a model-free style that can be shared among different agents. In our experiments, we show the power of PILoT on various transferring challenges, including few-shot transferring across action spaces and dynamics, from low-dimensional vector states to image inputs, from simple robot to complicated morphology; and we also illustrate a zero-shot transfer solution from a simple 2D navigation task to the harder Ant-Maze task.