基于深度学习的方法保持最先进的导致低级图像处理任务，但由于其黑匣子结构而难以解释。展开的优化网络通过从经典迭代优化方法导出它们的架构而不使用来自标准深度学习工具盒的技巧来构建深神经网络的可解释的替代方案。到目前为止，这种方法在使用可解释结构的同时，在使用其可解释的结构的同时证明了接近最先进的模型的性能，以实现相对的低学习参数计数。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个展开的卷积字典学习网络（CDLNET），并在低和高参数计数方面展示其竞争的去噪和联合去噪和去除脱落（JDD）性能。具体而言，我们表明，当缩放到类似的参数计数时，所提出的模型优于最先进的完全卷积的去噪和JDD模型。此外，我们利用模型的可解释结构提出了网络中阈值的噪声适应性参数化，该阈值能够实现最先进的盲目的表现，以及在训练期间看不见的噪声水平的完美概括。此外，我们表明这种性能延伸到JDD任务和无监督的学习。

Deep neural networks provide unprecedented performance gains in many real world problems in signal and image processing. Despite these gains, future development and practical deployment of deep networks is hindered by their blackbox nature, i.e., lack of interpretability, and by the need for very large training sets. An emerging technique called algorithm unrolling or unfolding offers promise in eliminating these issues by providing a concrete and systematic connection between iterative algorithms that are used widely in signal processing and deep neural networks. Unrolling methods were first proposed to develop fast neural network approximations for sparse coding. More recently, this direction has attracted enormous attention and is rapidly growing both in theoretic investigations and practical applications. The growing popularity of unrolled deep networks is due in part to their potential in developing efficient, high-performance and yet interpretable network architectures from reasonable size training sets. In this article, we review algorithm unrolling for signal and image processing. We extensively cover popular techniques for algorithm unrolling in various domains of signal and image processing including imaging, vision and recognition, and speech processing. By reviewing previous works, we reveal the connections between iterative algorithms and neural networks and present recent theoretical results. Finally, we provide a discussion on current limitations of unrolling and suggest possible future research directions.

高光谱成像为各种应用提供了新的视角，包括使用空降或卫星遥感，精密养殖，食品安全，行星勘探或天体物理学的环境监测。遗憾的是，信息的频谱分集以各种劣化来源的牺牲品，并且目前获取的缺乏准确的地面“清洁”高光谱信号使得恢复任务具有挑战性。特别是，与传统的RGB成像问题相比，培训深度神经网络用于恢复难以深入展现的传统RGB成像问题。在本文中，我们提倡基于稀疏编码原理的混合方法，其保留与手工图像前导者编码域知识的经典技术的可解释性，同时允许在没有大量数据的情况下训练模型参数。我们在各种去噪基准上展示了我们的方法是计算上高效并且显着优于现有技术。

我们在凸优化和深度学习的界面上引入了一类新的迭代图像重建算法，以启发凸出和深度学习。该方法包括通过训练深神网络（DNN）作为Denoiser学习先前的图像模型，并将其替换为优化算法的手工近端正则操作员。拟议的airi（``````````````'''''）框架，用于成像复杂的强度结构，并从可见性数据中扩散和微弱的发射，继承了优化的鲁棒性和解释性，以及网络的学习能力和速度。我们的方法取决于三个步骤。首先，我们从光强度图像设计了一个低动态范围训练数据库。其次，我们以从数据的信噪比推断出的噪声水平来训练DNN Denoiser。我们使用训练损失提高了术语，可确保算法收敛，并通过指示进行即时数据库动态范围增强。第三，我们将学习的DeNoiser插入前向后的优化算法中，从而产生了一个简单的迭代结构，该结构与梯度下降的数据输入步骤交替出现Denoising步骤。我们已经验证了SARA家族的清洁，优化算法的AIRI，并经过DNN训练，可以直接从可见性数据中重建图像。仿真结果表明，AIRI与SARA及其基于前卫的版本USARA具有竞争力，同时提供了显着的加速。干净保持更快，但质量较低。端到端DNN提供了进一步的加速，但质量远低于AIRI。

Discriminative model learning for image denoising has been recently attracting considerable attentions due to its favorable denoising performance. In this paper, we take one step forward by investigating the construction of feed-forward denoising convolutional neural networks (DnCNNs) to embrace the progress in very deep architecture, learning algorithm, and regularization method into image denoising. Specifically, residual learning and batch normalization are utilized to speed up the training process as well as boost the denoising performance. Different from the existing discriminative denoising models which usually train a specific model for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at a certain noise level, our DnCNN model is able to handle Gaussian denoising with unknown noise level (i.e., blind Gaussian denoising). With the residual learning strategy, DnCNN implicitly removes the latent clean image in the hidden layers. This property motivates us to train a single DnCNN model to tackle with several general image denoising tasks such as Gaussian denoising, single image super-resolution and JPEG image deblocking. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that our DnCNN model can not only exhibit high effectiveness in several general image denoising tasks, but also be efficiently implemented by benefiting from GPU computing.

传统上，信号处理，通信和控制一直依赖经典的统计建模技术。这种基于模型的方法利用代表基本物理，先验信息和其他领域知识的数学公式。简单的经典模型有用，但对不准确性敏感，当真实系统显示复杂或动态行为时，可能会导致性能差。另一方面，随着数据集变得丰富，现代深度学习管道的力量增加，纯粹的数据驱动的方法越来越流行。深度神经网络（DNNS）使用通用体系结构，这些架构学会从数据中运行，并表现出出色的性能，尤其是针对受监督的问题。但是，DNN通常需要大量的数据和巨大的计算资源，从而限制了它们对某些信号处理方案的适用性。我们对将原则数学模型与数据驱动系统相结合的混合技术感兴趣，以从两种方法的优势中受益。这种基于模型的深度学习方法通​​过为特定问题设计的数学结构以及从有限的数据中学习来利用这两个部分领域知识。在本文中，我们调查了研究和设计基于模型的深度学习系统的领先方法。我们根据其推理机制将基于混合模型/数据驱动的系统分为类别。我们对以系统的方式将基于模型的算法与深度学习以及具体指南和详细的信号处理示例相结合的领先方法进行了全面综述。我们的目的是促进对未来系统的设计和研究信号处理和机器学习的交集，这些系统结合了两个领域的优势。

我们提出了一种监督学习稀疏促进正规化器的方法，以降低信号和图像。促进稀疏性正则化是解决现代信号重建问题的关键要素。但是，这些正规化器的基础操作员通常是通过手动设计的，要么以无监督的方式从数据中学到。监督学习（主要是卷积神经网络）在解决图像重建问题方面的最新成功表明，这可能是设计正规化器的富有成果的方法。为此，我们建议使用带有参数，稀疏的正规器的变异公式来贬低信号，其中学会了正常器的参数，以最大程度地减少在地面真实图像和测量对的训练集中重建的平均平方误差。培训涉及解决一个具有挑战性的双层优化问题；我们使用denoising问题的封闭形式解决方案得出了训练损失梯度的表达，并提供了随附的梯度下降算法以最大程度地减少其。我们使用结构化1D信号和自然图像的实验表明，所提出的方法可以学习一个超过众所周知的正规化器（总变化，DCT-SPARSITY和无监督的字典学习）的操作员和用于DeNoisis的协作过滤。尽管我们提出的方法是特定于denoising的，但我们认为它可以适应线性测量模型的较大类反问题，使其在广泛的信号重建设置中适用。

图像增强方法通常假定噪声是无关的，并且将降解模型近似为零均值的加性高斯。但是，这种假设不适合生物医学成像系统，在生物医学成像系统中，基于传感器的噪声源与信号强度成正比，并且噪声更好地表示为泊松过程。在这项工作中，我们探讨了一种基于词典学习的方法，并提出了一种新颖的自我监督学习方法，用于单像denoising，其中噪声近似为泊松过程，不需要干净的地面真实数据。具体而言，我们近似于通过反复的神经网络进行图像降级的传统迭代优化算法，该神经网络可实现相对于网络的权重的稀疏性。由于稀疏表示形式基于基础图像，因此它能够抑制图像贴片中的虚假组件（噪声），从而引入隐式正则化，以通过网络结构来降级任务。在两个生物成像数据集上的实验表明，我们的方法在PSNR和SSIM方面优于最先进的方法。我们的定性结果表明，除了在标准定量指标上进行更高的性能外，我们还能够比其他比较方法恢复更多的细节。我们的代码可在https://github.com/tacalvin/poisson2sparse上公开提供。

经典图像恢复算法使用各种前瞻性，无论是明确的还是明确的。他们的前沿是手工设计的，它们的相应权重是启发式分配的。因此，深度学习方法通​​常会产生优异的图像恢复质量。然而，深度网络是能够诱导强烈且难以预测的幻觉。在学习图像时，网络隐含地学会联合忠于观察到的数据;然后是不可能的原始数据和下游的幻觉数据的分离。这限制了它们在图像恢复中的广泛采用。此外，通常是降解模型过度装备的受害者的幻觉部分。我们提出了一种具有解耦的网络先前的幻觉和数据保真度的方法。我们将我们的框架称为贝叶斯队的生成先前（BigPrior）的集成。我们的方法植根于贝叶斯框架中，并将其紧密连接到经典恢复方法。实际上，它可以被视为大型经典恢复算法的概括。我们使用网络反转来从生成网络中提取图像先前信息。我们表明，在图像着色，染色和去噪，我们的框架始终如一地提高了反演结果。我们的方法虽然部分依赖于生成网络反演的质量，具有竞争性的监督和任务特定的恢复方法。它还提供了一种额外的公制，其阐述了每像素的先前依赖程度相对于数据保真度。

在许多工程应用中，例如雷达/声纳/超声成像等许多工程应用中，稀疏多通道盲卷（S-MBD）的问题经常出现。为了降低其计算和实施成本，我们提出了一种压缩方法，该方法可以及时从更少的测量值中进行盲目恢复。提出的压缩通过过滤器随后进行亚采样来测量信号，从而大大降低了实施成本。我们得出理论保证，可从压缩测量中识别和回收稀疏过滤器。我们的结果允许设计广泛的压缩过滤器。然后，我们提出了一个由数据驱动的展开的学习框架，以学习压缩过滤器并解决S-MBD问题。编码器是一个经常性的推理网络，该网络将压缩测量结果映射到稀疏过滤器的估计值中。我们证明，与基于优化的方法相比，我们展开的学习方法对源形状的选择更为强大，并且具有更好的恢复性能。最后，在具有有限数据的应用程序（少数图）的应用中，我们强调了与传统深度学习相比，展开学习的卓越概括能力。

Image reconstruction using deep learning algorithms offers improved reconstruction quality and lower reconstruction time than classical compressed sensing and model-based algorithms. Unfortunately, clean and fully sampled ground-truth data to train the deep networks is often unavailable in several applications, restricting the applicability of the above methods. We introduce a novel metric termed the ENsemble Stein's Unbiased Risk Estimate (ENSURE) framework, which can be used to train deep image reconstruction algorithms without fully sampled and noise-free images. The proposed framework is the generalization of the classical SURE and GSURE formulation to the setting where the images are sampled by different measurement operators, chosen randomly from a set. We evaluate the expectation of the GSURE loss functions over the sampling patterns to obtain the ENSURE loss function. We show that this loss is an unbiased estimate for the true mean-square error, which offers a better alternative to GSURE, which only offers an unbiased estimate for the projected error. Our experiments show that the networks trained with this loss function can offer reconstructions comparable to the supervised setting. While we demonstrate this framework in the context of MR image recovery, the ENSURE framework is generally applicable to arbitrary inverse problems.

插件播放（PNP）框架使得将高级图像deno的先验集成到优化算法中成为可能，以有效地解决通常以最大后验（MAP）估计问题为例的各种图像恢复任务。乘法乘数的交替方向方法（ADMM）和通过denoing（红色）算法的正则化是这类方法的两个示例，这些示例在图像恢复方面取得了突破。但是，尽管前一种方法仅适用于近端算法，但最近已经证明，当DeOisers缺乏Jacobian对称性时，没有任何正规化解释红色算法，这恰恰是最实际的DINOISERS的情况。据我们所知，没有任何方法来训练直接代表正规器梯度的网络，该网络可以直接用于基于插入梯度的算法中。我们表明，可以在共同训练相应的地图Denoiser的同时训练直接建模MAP正常化程序梯度的网络。我们在基于梯度的优化方法中使用该网络，并获得与其他通用插件方法相比，获得更好的结果。我们还表明，正规器可以用作展开梯度下降的预训练网络。最后，我们证明了由此产生的Denoiser允许更好地收敛插件ADMM。

We address the image denoising problem, where zero-mean white and homogeneous Gaussian additive noise is to be removed from a given image. The approach taken is based on sparse and redundant representations over trained dictionaries. Using the K-SVD algorithm, we obtain a dictionary that describes the image content effectively. Two training options are considered: using the corrupted image itself, or training on a corpus of high-quality image database. Since the K-SVD is limited in handling small image patches, we extend its deployment to arbitrary image sizes by defining a global image prior that forces sparsity over patches in every location in the image. We show how such Bayesian treatment leads to a simple and effective denoising algorithm. This leads to a state-of-the-art denoising performance, equivalent and sometimes surpassing recently published leading alternative denoising methods.

Deep convolutional networks have become a popular tool for image generation and restoration. Generally, their excellent performance is imputed to their ability to learn realistic image priors from a large number of example images. In this paper, we show that, on the contrary, the structure of a generator network is sufficient to capture a great deal of low-level image statistics prior to any learning. In order to do so, we show that a randomly-initialized neural network can be used as a handcrafted prior with excellent results in standard inverse problems such as denoising, superresolution, and inpainting. Furthermore, the same prior can be used to invert deep neural representations to diagnose them, and to restore images based on flash-no flash input pairs.

近年来，在诸如denoing，压缩感应，介入和超分辨率等反问题中使用深度学习方法的使用取得了重大进展。尽管这种作品主要是由实践算法和实验驱动的，但它也引起了各种有趣的理论问题。在本文中，我们调查了这一作品中一些突出的理论发展，尤其是生成先验，未经训练的神经网络先验和展开算法。除了总结这些主题中的现有结果外，我们还强调了一些持续的挑战和开放问题。

We propose a novel image denoising strategy based on an enhanced sparse representation in transform domain. The enhancement of the sparsity is achieved by grouping similar 2-D image fragments (e.g., blocks) into 3-D data arrays which we call "groups." Collaborative filtering is a special procedure developed to deal with these 3-D groups. We realize it using the three successive steps: 3-D transformation of a group, shrinkage of the transform spectrum, and inverse 3-D transformation. The result is a 3-D estimate that consists of the jointly filtered grouped image blocks. By attenuating the noise, the collaborative filtering reveals even the finest details shared by grouped blocks and, at the same time, it preserves the essential unique features of each individual block. The filtered blocks are then returned to their original positions. Because these blocks are overlapping, for each pixel, we obtain many different estimates which need to be combined. Aggregation is a particular averaging procedure which is exploited to take advantage of this redundancy. A significant improvement is obtained by a specially developed collaborative Wiener filtering. An algorithm based on this novel denoising strategy and its efficient implementation are presented in full detail; an extension to color-image denoising is also developed. The experimental results demonstrate that this computationally scalable algorithm achieves state-of-the-art denoising performance in terms of both peak signal-to-noise ratio and subjective visual quality.

在弱光环境下，手持式摄影在长时间的曝光设置下遭受了严重的相机震动。尽管现有的Deblurry算法在暴露良好的模糊图像上表现出了令人鼓舞的性能，但它们仍然无法应对低光快照。在实用的低光脱毛中，复杂的噪声和饱和区是两个主导挑战。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种称为图像的新型非盲脱毛方法，并具有特征空间Wiener Deonervolution网络（Infwide），以系统地解决这些问题。在算法设计方面，Infwide提出了一个两分支的架构，该体系结构明确消除了噪声并幻觉，使图像空间中的饱和区域抑制了特征空间中的响起文物，并将两个互补输出与一个微妙的多尺度融合网络集成在一起高质量的夜间照片浮雕。为了进行有效的网络培训，我们设计了一组损失功能，集成了前向成像模型和向后重建，以形成近环的正则化，以确保深神经网络的良好收敛性。此外，为了优化Infwide在实际弱光条件下的适用性，采用基于物理过程的低光噪声模型来合成现实的嘈杂夜间照片进行模型训练。利用传统的Wiener Deonervolution算法的身体驱动的特征并引起了深层神经网络的表示能力，Infwide可以恢复细节，同时抑制在脱毛期间的不愉快的人工制品。关于合成数据和实际数据的广泛实验证明了所提出的方法的出色性能。

Deconvolution is a widely used strategy to mitigate the blurring and noisy degradation of hyperspectral images~(HSI) generated by the acquisition devices. This issue is usually addressed by solving an ill-posed inverse problem. While investigating proper image priors can enhance the deconvolution performance, it is not trivial to handcraft a powerful regularizer and to set the regularization parameters. To address these issues, in this paper we introduce a tuning-free Plug-and-Play (PnP) algorithm for HSI deconvolution. Specifically, we use the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to decompose the optimization problem into two iterative sub-problems. A flexible blind 3D denoising network (B3DDN) is designed to learn deep priors and to solve the denoising sub-problem with different noise levels. A measure of 3D residual whiteness is then investigated to adjust the penalty parameters when solving the quadratic sub-problems, as well as a stopping criterion. Experimental results on both simulated and real-world data with ground-truth demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.

We propose a deep learning method for single image superresolution (SR). Our method directly learns an end-to-end mapping between the low/high-resolution images. The mapping is represented as a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) [15] that takes the lowresolution image as the input and outputs the high-resolution one. We further show that traditional sparse-coding-based SR methods can also be viewed as a deep convolutional network. But unlike traditional methods that handle each component separately, our method jointly optimizes all layers. Our deep CNN has a lightweight structure, yet demonstrates state-of-the-art restoration quality, and achieves fast speed for practical on-line usage.

本文提出了图像恢复的新变异推理框架和一个卷积神经网络（CNN）结构，该结构可以解决所提出的框架所描述的恢复问题。较早的基于CNN的图像恢复方法主要集中在网络体系结构设计或培训策略上，具有非盲方案，其中已知或假定降解模型。为了更接近现实世界的应用程序，CNN还接受了整个数据集的盲目培训，包括各种降解。然而，给定有多样化的图像的高质量图像的条件分布太复杂了，无法通过单个CNN学习。因此，也有一些方法可以提供其他先验信息来培训CNN。与以前的方法不同，我们更多地专注于基于贝叶斯观点以及如何重新重新重构目标的恢复目标。具体而言，我们的方法放松了原始的后推理问题，以更好地管理子问题，因此表现得像分裂和互动方案。结果，与以前的框架相比，提出的框架提高了几个恢复问题的性能。具体而言，我们的方法在高斯denoising，现实世界中的降噪，盲图超级分辨率和JPEG压缩伪像减少方面提供了最先进的性能。