Item recommendation is the task of predicting a personalized ranking on a set of items (e.g. websites, movies, products). In this paper, we investigate the most common scenario with implicit feedback (e.g. clicks, purchases). There are many methods for item recommendation from implicit feedback like matrix factorization (MF) or adaptive knearest-neighbor (kNN). Even though these methods are designed for the item prediction task of personalized ranking, none of them is directly optimized for ranking. In this paper we present a generic optimization criterion BPR-Opt for personalized ranking that is the maximum posterior estimator derived from a Bayesian analysis of the problem. We also provide a generic learning algorithm for optimizing models with respect to BPR-Opt. The learning method is based on stochastic gradient descent with bootstrap sampling. We show how to apply our method to two state-of-the-art recommender models: matrix factorization and adaptive kNN. Our experiments indicate that for the task of personalized ranking our optimization method outperforms the standard learning techniques for MF and kNN. The results show the importance of optimizing models for the right criterion.

Recommender systems provide users with personalized suggestions for products or services. These systems often rely on Collaborating Filtering (CF), where past transactions are analyzed in order to establish connections between users and products. The two more successful approaches to CF are latent factor models, which directly profile both users and products, and neighborhood models, which analyze similarities between products or users. In this work we introduce some innovations to both approaches. The factor and neighborhood models can now be smoothly merged, thereby building a more accurate combined model. Further accuracy improvements are achieved by extending the models to exploit both explicit and implicit feedback by the users. The methods are tested on the Netflix data. Results are better than those previously published on that dataset. In addition, we suggest a new evaluation metric, which highlights the differences among methods, based on their performance at a top-K recommendation task.

Such systems are particularly useful for entertainment products such as movies, music, and TV shows. Many customers will view the same movie, and each customer is likely to view numerous different movies. Customers have proven willing to indicate their level of satisfaction with particular movies, so a huge volume of data is available about which movies appeal to which customers. Companies can analyze this data to recommend movies to particular customers. RecommendeR system stRategiesBroadly speaking, recommender systems are based on one of two strategies. The content filtering approach creates a profile for each user or product to characterize its nature. For example, a movie profile could include attributes regarding its genre, the participating actors, its box office popularity, and so forth. User profiles might include demographic information or answers provided on a suitable questionnaire. The profiles allow programs to associate users with matching products. Of course, content-based strategies require gathering external information that might not be available or easy to collect.A known successful realization of content filtering is the Music Genome Project, which is used for the Internet radio service Pandora.com. A trained music analyst scores M odern consumers are inundated with choices. Electronic retailers and content providers offer a huge selection of products, with unprecedented opportunities to meet a variety of special needs and tastes. Matching consumers with the most appropriate products is key to enhancing user satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, more retailers have become interested in recommender systems, which analyze patterns of user interest in products to provide personalized recommendations that suit a user's taste. Because good personalized recommendations can add another dimension to the user experience, e-commerce leaders like Amazon.com and Netflix have made recommender systems a salient part of their websites.

In recent years, deep neural networks have yielded immense success on speech recognition, computer vision and natural language processing. However, the exploration of deep neural networks on recommender systems has received relatively less scrutiny. In this work, we strive to develop techniques based on neural networks to tackle the key problem in recommendation -collaborative filtering -on the basis of implicit feedback.Although some recent work has employed deep learning for recommendation, they primarily used it to model auxiliary information, such as textual descriptions of items and acoustic features of musics. When it comes to model the key factor in collaborative filtering -the interaction between user and item features, they still resorted to matrix factorization and applied an inner product on the latent features of users and items.By replacing the inner product with a neural architecture that can learn an arbitrary function from data, we present a general framework named NCF, short for Neural networkbased Collaborative Filtering. NCF is generic and can express and generalize matrix factorization under its framework. To supercharge NCF modelling with non-linearities, we propose to leverage a multi-layer perceptron to learn the user-item interaction function. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets show significant improvements of our proposed NCF framework over the state-of-the-art methods. Empirical evidence shows that using deeper layers of neural networks offers better recommendation performance.

多臂匪徒（MAB）提供了一种原则性的在线学习方法，以达到探索和剥削之间的平衡。由于表现出色和反馈学习低，没有学习在多种情况下采取行动，因此多臂匪徒在诸如推荐系统等应用程序中引起了广泛的关注。同样，在推荐系统中，协作过滤（CF）可以说是推荐系统中最早，最具影响力的方法。至关重要的是，新用户和不断变化的推荐项目池是推荐系统需要解决的挑战。对于协作过滤，经典方法是训练模型离线，然后执行在线测试，但是这种方法无法再处理用户偏好的动态变化，即所谓的冷启动。那么，如何在没有有效信息的情况下有效地向用户推荐项目？为了解决上述问题，已经提出了一个基于多臂强盗的协作过滤推荐系统，名为BanditMF。 BANDITMF旨在解决多军强盗算法和协作过滤中的两个挑战：（1）如何在有效信息稀缺的条件下解决冷启动问题以进行协作过滤，（2）强大社会关系域中的强盗算法问题是由独立估计与每个用户相关的未知参数并忽略用户之间的相关性引起的。

In this paper, we introduce Factorization Machines (FM) which are a new model class that combines the advantages of Support Vector Machines (SVM) with factorization models. Like SVMs, FMs are a general predictor working with any real valued feature vector. In contrast to SVMs, FMs model all interactions between variables using factorized parameters. Thus they are able to estimate interactions even in problems with huge sparsity (like recommender systems) where SVMs fail. We show that the model equation of FMs can be calculated in linear time and thus FMs can be optimized directly. So unlike nonlinear SVMs, a transformation in the dual form is not necessary and the model parameters can be estimated directly without the need of any support vector in the solution. We show the relationship to SVMs and the advantages of FMs for parameter estimation in sparse settings.On the other hand there are many different factorization models like matrix factorization, parallel factor analysis or specialized models like SVD++, PITF or FPMC. The drawback of these models is that they are not applicable for general prediction tasks but work only with special input data. Furthermore their model equations and optimization algorithms are derived individually for each task. We show that FMs can mimic these models just by specifying the input data (i.e. the feature vectors). This makes FMs easily applicable even for users without expert knowledge in factorization models.

Building a successful recommender system depends on understanding both the dimensions of people's preferences as well as their dynamics. In certain domains, such as fashion, modeling such preferences can be incredibly difficult, due to the need to simultaneously model the visual appearance of products as well as their evolution over time. The subtle semantics and non-linear dynamics of fashion evolution raise unique challenges especially considering the sparsity and large scale of the underlying datasets. In this paper we build novel models for the One-Class Collaborative Filtering setting, where our goal is to estimate users' fashion-aware personalized ranking functions based on their past feedback. To uncover the complex and evolving visual factors that people consider when evaluating products, our method combines high-level visual features extracted from a deep convolutional neural network, users' past feedback, as well as evolving trends within the community. Experimentally we evaluate our method on two large real-world datasets from Amazon.com, where we show it to outperform stateof-the-art personalized ranking measures, and also use it to visualize the high-level fashion trends across the 11-year span of our dataset.

推荐系统的目标是通过用户项目的交互历史记录对每个用户和每个项目之间的相关性进行建模，以便最大程度地提高样本得分并最大程度地减少负面样本。当前，两个流行的损失功能被广泛用于优化推荐系统：点心和成对。尽管这些损失功能被广泛使用，但是有两个问题。 （1）这些传统损失功能不适合推荐系统的目标，并充分利用了先验知识信息。 （2）这些传统损失功能的缓慢收敛速度使各种建议模型的实际应用变得困难。为了解决这些问题，我们根据先验知识提出了一个名为“监督个性化排名”（SPR）的新型损失函数。提出的方法通过利用原始数据中每个用户或项目的相互作用历史记录的先验知识来改善BPR损失。与BPR不同，而不是构建<用户，正面项目，负面项目>三元组，而是拟议的SPR构造<用户，相似的用户，正面项目，负面项目，否定项目> Quadruples。尽管SPR非常简单，但非常有效。广泛的实验表明，我们提出的SPR不仅取得了更好的建议性能，而且还可以显着加速收敛速度，从而大大减少所需的训练时间。

如何从未标记的数据中采样高质量的负面实例，即负抽样，对于培训隐式协作过滤和对比度学习模型很重要。尽管以前的研究提出了一些样本信息实例的方法，但很少有用于将假阴性与无偏见的负面抽样区分开。根据我们对否定分数的订单关系分析，我们首先得出了真正的负面阴性的阶级有条件密度。接下来，我们为负分类设计了贝叶斯分类器，从中定义了一个模型 - 不合稳定后验概率估计值，即实例为真为负面作为定量负信号度量。我们还提出了一项贝叶斯最佳抽样规则，以采样高质量的负面因素。提出的贝叶斯阴性采样（BNS）算法具有线性时间复杂性。实验研究以更好的采样质量和更好的建议性能来验证BNS优于同龄人的优势。

Many existing approaches to collaborative filtering can neither handle very large datasets nor easily deal with users who have very few ratings. In this paper we present the Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (PMF) model which scales linearly with the number of observations and, more importantly, performs well on the large, sparse, and very imbalanced Netflix dataset. We further extend the PMF model to include an adaptive prior on the model parameters and show how the model capacity can be controlled automatically. Finally, we introduce a constrained version of the PMF model that is based on the assumption that users who have rated similar sets of movies are likely to have similar preferences. The resulting model is able to generalize considerably better for users with very few ratings. When the predictions of multiple PMF models are linearly combined with the predictions of Restricted Boltzmann Machines models, we achieve an error rate of 0.8861, that is nearly 7% better than the score of Netflix's own system.

大多数现有推荐系统仅基于评级数据，并且他们忽略了可能会增加建议质量的其他信息来源，例如文本评论或用户和项目特征。此外，这些系统的大多数仅适用于小型数据集（数千个观察）并且无法处理大型数据集（具有数百万观察结果）。我们提出了一种推荐人算法，该算法将评级建模技术（即潜在因子模型）与基于文本评论（即潜在Dirichlet分配）的主题建模方法组合，并且我们扩展了算法，使其允许添加额外的用户和项目 - 对系统的特定信息。我们使用具有不同大小的Amazon.com数据集来评估算法的性能，对应于23个产品类别。将建筑模型与四种其他型号进行比较后，我们发现将患有评级的文本评语相结合，导致更好的建议。此外，我们发现为模型添加额外的用户和项目功能会提高其预测精度，这对于中型和大数据集尤其如此。

在本文中，我们提出了一种方法，用于预测社交媒体对等体之间的信任链接，其中一个是在多识别信任建模的人工智能面积。特别是，我们提出了一种数据驱动的多面信任信任建模，该信任建模包括许多不同的特征以进行全面分析。我们专注于展示类似用户的聚类如何实现关键新功能：支持更个性化的，从而为用户提供更准确的预测。在信任感知项目推荐任务中说明，我们在大yelp数据集的上下文中评估所提出的框架。然后，我们讨论如何提高社交媒体的可信关系的检测可以帮助在最近爆发的社交网络环境中支持在线用户的违法行为和谣言的传播。我们的结论是关于一个特别易受资助的用户基础，老年人的反思，以说明关于用户组的推理价值，期望通过通过数据分析获得的洞察力集成已知偏好的一些未来方向。

在推荐系统中，一个普遍的挑战是冷门问题，在系统中，相互作用非常有限。为了应对这一挑战，最近，许多作品将元优化的想法介绍到建议方案中，即学习仅通过过去的几个交互项目来学习用户偏好。核心想法是为所有用户学习全局共享的元启动参数，并分别为每个用户迅速调整其本地参数。他们的目的是在各种用户的偏好学习中得出一般知识，以便通过博学的先验和少量培训数据迅速适应未来的新用户。但是，以前的作品表明，推荐系统通常容易受到偏见和不公平的影响。尽管元学习成功地通过冷启动提高了推荐性能，但公平性问题在很大程度上被忽略了。在本文中，我们提出了一个名为Clover的全面的公平元学习框架，以确保元学习的推荐模型的公平性。我们系统地研究了三种公平性 - 个人公平，反事实公平和推荐系统中的群体公平，并建议通过多任务对抗学习方案满足所有三种类型。我们的框架提供了一种通用的培训范式，适用于不同的元学习推荐系统。我们证明了三叶草对三个现实世界数据集的代表性元学习用户偏好估计器的有效性。经验结果表明，三叶草可以实现全面的公平性，而不会恶化整体的冷淡建议性能。

推荐系统是机器学习系统的子类，它们采用复杂的信息过滤策略来减少搜索时间，并向任何特定用户建议最相关的项目。混合建议系统以不同的方式结合了多种建议策略，以从其互补的优势中受益。一些混合推荐系统已经结合了协作过滤和基于内容的方法来构建更强大的系统。在本文中，我们提出了一个混合推荐系统，该系统将基于最小二乘（ALS）的交替正方（ALS）的协作过滤与深度学习结合在一起，以增强建议性能，并克服与协作过滤方法相关的限制，尤其是关于其冷启动问题。本质上，我们使用ALS（协作过滤）的输出来影响深度神经网络（DNN）的建议，该建议结合了大数据处理框架中的特征，上下文，结构和顺序信息。我们已经进行了几项实验，以测试拟议混合体架构向潜在客户推荐智能手机的功效，并将其性能与其他开源推荐人进行比较。结果表明，所提出的系统的表现优于几个现有的混合推荐系统。

隐式反馈经常用于开发个性化的推荐服务，因为其无处不在和现实世界中的可访问性。为了有效地利用此类信息，大多数研究都采用成对排名方法对构建的培训三胞胎（用户，正面项目，负项目），并旨在区分每个用户的正面项目和负面项目。但是，这些方法中的大多数都同样对待所有训练三胞胎，这忽略了不同的正或负项目之间的微妙差异。另一方面，即使其他一些作品利用用户行为的辅助信息（例如，停留时间）来捕获这种微妙的差异，但很难获得这样的辅助信息。为了减轻上述问题，我们提出了一个名为Triplet重要性学习（TIL）的新型培训框架，该框架可以自适应地学习训练三胞胎的重要性得分。我们为重要性得分生成的两种策略设计了两种策略，并将整个过程作为双层优化，这不需要任何基于规则的设计。我们将提出的训练程序与基于图形神经网络（GNN）基于图形的推荐模型的几个矩阵分解（MF）集成在一起，证明了我们的框架的兼容性。通过使用与许多最先进方法的三个现实世界数据集进行比较，我们表明我们所提出的方法在top-k推荐方面的召回@k方面优于3-21 \％的最佳现有模型。

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by collaborative filtering, we define a general class of models that includes many MIRT models. We discuss the use of penalized joint maximum likelihood (JML) to estimate individual models and cross-validation to select the best performing model. This model evaluation process can be optimized using batching techniques, such that even sparse large-scale data can be analyzed efficiently. We illustrate our approach with simulated and real data, including an example from a massive open online course (MOOC). The high-dimensional model fit to this large and sparse dataset does not lend itself well to traditional methods of factor interpretation. By analogy to recommender-system applications, we propose an alternative "validation" of the factor model, using auxiliary information about the popularity of items consulted during an open-book exam in the course.

推荐系统在塑造现代网络生态系统中起关键作用。这些系统在（1）提出建议之间交替（2）收集用户对这些建议的响应，以及（3）根据此反馈重新审判建议算法。在此过程中，推荐系统会影响随后用于更新它的用户行为数据，从而创建反馈循环。最近的工作表明，反馈循环可能会损害建议质量并使用户行为均匀，从而在部署推荐系统时提高道德和绩效问题。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了反馈循环（CAFL）的因果调整，该算法可证明使用因果推理打破反馈回路，并可以应用于优化培训损失的任何建议算法。我们的主要观察结果是，如果原因是因果量的原因，即推荐系统不会遭受反馈循环的影响，即对用户评级的建议分布。此外，我们可以通过调整推荐系统对用户偏好的预测来计算从观察数据中计算此干预分布。使用模拟环境，我们证明CAFL与先前的校正方法相比提高了建议质量。

在这个大数据时代，当前一代很难从在线平台中包含的大量数据中找到正确的数据。在这种情况下，需要一个信息过滤系统，可以帮助他们找到所需的信息。近年来，出现了一个称为推荐系统的研究领域。推荐人变得重要，因为他们拥有许多现实生活应用。本文回顾了推荐系统在电子商务，电子商务，电子资源，电子政务，电子学习和电子生活中的不同技术和发展。通过分析有关该主题的最新工作，我们将能够详细概述当前的发展，并确定建议系统中的现有困难。最终结果为从业者和研究人员提供了对建议系统及其应用的必要指导和见解。

Factorization machines (FMs) are a powerful tool for regression and classification in the context of sparse observations, that has been successfully applied to collaborative filtering, especially when side information over users or items is available. Bayesian formulations of FMs have been proposed to provide confidence intervals over the predictions made by the model, however they usually involve Markov-chain Monte Carlo methods that require many samples to provide accurate predictions, resulting in slow training in the context of large-scale data. In this paper, we propose a variational formulation of factorization machines that allows us to derive a simple objective that can be easily optimized using standard mini-batch stochastic gradient descent, making it amenable to large-scale data. Our algorithm learns an approximate posterior distribution over the user and item parameters, which leads to confidence intervals over the predictions. We show, using several datasets, that it has comparable or better performance than existing methods in terms of prediction accuracy, and provide some applications in active learning strategies, e.g., preference elicitation techniques.

In this paper, we study item advertisements for small businesses. This application recommends prospective customers to specific items requested by businesses. From analysis, we found that the existing Recommender Systems (RS) were ineffective for small/new businesses with a few sales history. Training samples in RS can be highly biased toward popular businesses with sufficient sales and can decrease advertising performance for small businesses. We propose a meta-learning-based RS to improve advertising performance for small/new businesses and shops: Meta-Shop. Meta-Shop leverages an advanced meta-learning optimization framework and builds a model for a shop-level recommendation. It also integrates and transfers knowledge between large and small shops, consequently learning better features in small shops. We conducted experiments on a real-world E-commerce dataset and a public benchmark dataset. Meta-Shop outperformed a production baseline and the state-of-the-art RS models. Specifically, it achieved up to 16.6% relative improvement of Recall@1M and 40.4% relative improvement of nDCG@3 for user recommendations to new shops compared to the other RS models.