Recommender systems provide users with personalized suggestions for products or services. These systems often rely on Collaborating Filtering (CF), where past transactions are analyzed in order to establish connections between users and products. The two more successful approaches to CF are latent factor models, which directly profile both users and products, and neighborhood models, which analyze similarities between products or users. In this work we introduce some innovations to both approaches. The factor and neighborhood models can now be smoothly merged, thereby building a more accurate combined model. Further accuracy improvements are achieved by extending the models to exploit both explicit and implicit feedback by the users. The methods are tested on the Netflix data. Results are better than those previously published on that dataset. In addition, we suggest a new evaluation metric, which highlights the differences among methods, based on their performance at a top-K recommendation task.

Such systems are particularly useful for entertainment products such as movies, music, and TV shows. Many customers will view the same movie, and each customer is likely to view numerous different movies. Customers have proven willing to indicate their level of satisfaction with particular movies, so a huge volume of data is available about which movies appeal to which customers. Companies can analyze this data to recommend movies to particular customers. RecommendeR system stRategiesBroadly speaking, recommender systems are based on one of two strategies. The content filtering approach creates a profile for each user or product to characterize its nature. For example, a movie profile could include attributes regarding its genre, the participating actors, its box office popularity, and so forth. User profiles might include demographic information or answers provided on a suitable questionnaire. The profiles allow programs to associate users with matching products. Of course, content-based strategies require gathering external information that might not be available or easy to collect.A known successful realization of content filtering is the Music Genome Project, which is used for the Internet radio service Pandora.com. A trained music analyst scores M odern consumers are inundated with choices. Electronic retailers and content providers offer a huge selection of products, with unprecedented opportunities to meet a variety of special needs and tastes. Matching consumers with the most appropriate products is key to enhancing user satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, more retailers have become interested in recommender systems, which analyze patterns of user interest in products to provide personalized recommendations that suit a user's taste. Because good personalized recommendations can add another dimension to the user experience, e-commerce leaders like Amazon.com and Netflix have made recommender systems a salient part of their websites.

在本文中，我们提出了一种方法，用于预测社交媒体对等体之间的信任链接，其中一个是在多识别信任建模的人工智能面积。特别是，我们提出了一种数据驱动的多面信任信任建模，该信任建模包括许多不同的特征以进行全面分析。我们专注于展示类似用户的聚类如何实现关键新功能：支持更个性化的，从而为用户提供更准确的预测。在信任感知项目推荐任务中说明，我们在大yelp数据集的上下文中评估所提出的框架。然后，我们讨论如何提高社交媒体的可信关系的检测可以帮助在最近爆发的社交网络环境中支持在线用户的违法行为和谣言的传播。我们的结论是关于一个特别易受资助的用户基础，老年人的反思，以说明关于用户组的推理价值，期望通过通过数据分析获得的洞察力集成已知偏好的一些未来方向。

在这个大数据时代，当前一代很难从在线平台中包含的大量数据中找到正确的数据。在这种情况下，需要一个信息过滤系统，可以帮助他们找到所需的信息。近年来，出现了一个称为推荐系统的研究领域。推荐人变得重要，因为他们拥有许多现实生活应用。本文回顾了推荐系统在电子商务，电子商务，电子资源，电子政务，电子学习和电子生活中的不同技术和发展。通过分析有关该主题的最新工作，我们将能够详细概述当前的发展，并确定建议系统中的现有困难。最终结果为从业者和研究人员提供了对建议系统及其应用的必要指导和见解。

如今，可以在许多电子商务平台上找到自动建议，并且此类建议可以为消费者和提供商创造巨大的价值。但是，通常并非所有推荐的物品都具有相同的利润率，因此，提供商可能会诱使促进最大化其利润的项目。在短期内，消费者可能会接受非最佳建议，但从长远来看，他们可能会失去信任。最终，这导致了设计平衡推荐策略的问题，这些策略既考虑消费者和提供商的价值，并带来持续的业务成功。这项工作提出了一个基于基于代理的建模的仿真框架，旨在帮助提供者探索不同推荐策略的纵向动态。在我们的模型中，消费者代理人收到了提供者的建议，并且建议的质量随着时间的推移影响消费者的信任。我们设计了几种推荐策略，可以使提供商的利润更大，或者对消费者公用事业。我们的模拟表明，一种混合​​策略会增加消费者公用事业的权重，但没有忽略盈利能力，从长远来看会导致累计利润最高。与纯粹的消费者或面向利润的策略相比，这种混合策略的利润增加了约20％。我们还发现，社交媒体可以加强观察到的现象。如果消费者严重依赖社交媒体，最佳战略的累积利润进一步增加。为了确保可重复性并培养未来的研究，我们将公开共享我们的灵活模拟框架。

多臂匪徒（MAB）提供了一种原则性的在线学习方法，以达到探索和剥削之间的平衡。由于表现出色和反馈学习低，没有学习在多种情况下采取行动，因此多臂匪徒在诸如推荐系统等应用程序中引起了广泛的关注。同样，在推荐系统中，协作过滤（CF）可以说是推荐系统中最早，最具影响力的方法。至关重要的是，新用户和不断变化的推荐项目池是推荐系统需要解决的挑战。对于协作过滤，经典方法是训练模型离线，然后执行在线测试，但是这种方法无法再处理用户偏好的动态变化，即所谓的冷启动。那么，如何在没有有效信息的情况下有效地向用户推荐项目？为了解决上述问题，已经提出了一个基于多臂强盗的协作过滤推荐系统，名为BanditMF。 BANDITMF旨在解决多军强盗算法和协作过滤中的两个挑战：（1）如何在有效信息稀缺的条件下解决冷启动问题以进行协作过滤，（2）强大社会关系域中的强盗算法问题是由独立估计与每个用户相关的未知参数并忽略用户之间的相关性引起的。

随着深度学习技术扩展到现实世界推荐任务，已经开发出许多深度神经网络的协作滤波（CF）模型基于各种神经结构，例如多层的神经架构将用户项目交互项目投影到潜伏特征空间中Perceptron，自动编码器和图形神经网络。然而，大多数现有的协作过滤系统不充分设计用于处理缺失的数据。特别是，为了在训练阶段注入负信号，这些解决方案很大程度上依赖于未观察到的用户项交互，并且简单地将它们视为负实例，这带来了推荐性能下降。为了解决问题，我们开发了一个协作反射增强的AutoEncoder网络（Cranet），它能够探索从观察到和未观察的用户项交互的可转移知识。 Cranet的网络架构由具有反射接收器网络的集成结构和信息融合自动统计器模块形成，其推荐框架具有在互动和非互动项目上编码隐式用户的成对偏好的能力。另外，基于参数正规化的捆绑重量方案旨在对两级颅骨模型进行鲁棒联合训练。我们终于在对应于两个推荐任务的四个不同基准数据集上进行了实验验证了Cranet，以表明，与各种最先进的推荐技术相比，脱叠用户项交互的负信号提高了性能。我们的源代码可在https://github.com/akaxlh/cranet上获得。

Item recommendation is the task of predicting a personalized ranking on a set of items (e.g. websites, movies, products). In this paper, we investigate the most common scenario with implicit feedback (e.g. clicks, purchases). There are many methods for item recommendation from implicit feedback like matrix factorization (MF) or adaptive knearest-neighbor (kNN). Even though these methods are designed for the item prediction task of personalized ranking, none of them is directly optimized for ranking. In this paper we present a generic optimization criterion BPR-Opt for personalized ranking that is the maximum posterior estimator derived from a Bayesian analysis of the problem. We also provide a generic learning algorithm for optimizing models with respect to BPR-Opt. The learning method is based on stochastic gradient descent with bootstrap sampling. We show how to apply our method to two state-of-the-art recommender models: matrix factorization and adaptive kNN. Our experiments indicate that for the task of personalized ranking our optimization method outperforms the standard learning techniques for MF and kNN. The results show the importance of optimizing models for the right criterion.

大多数现有推荐系统仅基于评级数据，并且他们忽略了可能会增加建议质量的其他信息来源，例如文本评论或用户和项目特征。此外，这些系统的大多数仅适用于小型数据集（数千个观察）并且无法处理大型数据集（具有数百万观察结果）。我们提出了一种推荐人算法，该算法将评级建模技术（即潜在因子模型）与基于文本评论（即潜在Dirichlet分配）的主题建模方法组合，并且我们扩展了算法，使其允许添加额外的用户和项目 - 对系统的特定信息。我们使用具有不同大小的Amazon.com数据集来评估算法的性能，对应于23个产品类别。将建筑模型与四种其他型号进行比较后，我们发现将患有评级的文本评语相结合，导致更好的建议。此外，我们发现为模型添加额外的用户和项目功能会提高其预测精度，这对于中型和大数据集尤其如此。

Recommender systems are ubiquitous in most of our interactions in the current digital world. Whether shopping for clothes, scrolling YouTube for exciting videos, or searching for restaurants in a new city, the recommender systems at the back-end power these services. Most large-scale recommender systems are huge models trained on extensive datasets and are black-boxes to both their developers and end-users. Prior research has shown that providing recommendations along with their reason enhances trust, scrutability, and persuasiveness of the recommender systems. Recent literature in explainability has been inundated with works proposing several algorithms to this end. Most of these works provide item-style explanations, i.e., `We recommend item A because you bought item B.' We propose a novel approach, RecXplainer, to generate more fine-grained explanations based on the user's preference over the attributes of the recommended items. We perform experiments using real-world datasets and demonstrate the efficacy of RecXplainer in capturing users' preferences and using them to explain recommendations. We also propose ten new evaluation metrics and compare RecXplainer to six baseline methods.

Self-attentive transformer models have recently been shown to solve the next item recommendation task very efficiently. The learned attention weights capture sequential dynamics in user behavior and generalize well. Motivated by the special structure of learned parameter space, we question if it is possible to mimic it with an alternative and more lightweight approach. We develop a new tensor factorization-based model that ingrains the structural knowledge about sequential data within the learning process. We demonstrate how certain properties of a self-attention network can be reproduced with our approach based on special Hankel matrix representation. The resulting model has a shallow linear architecture and compares competitively to its neural counterpart.

推荐系统是机器学习系统的子类，它们采用复杂的信息过滤策略来减少搜索时间，并向任何特定用户建议最相关的项目。混合建议系统以不同的方式结合了多种建议策略，以从其互补的优势中受益。一些混合推荐系统已经结合了协作过滤和基于内容的方法来构建更强大的系统。在本文中，我们提出了一个混合推荐系统，该系统将基于最小二乘（ALS）的交替正方（ALS）的协作过滤与深度学习结合在一起，以增强建议性能，并克服与协作过滤方法相关的限制，尤其是关于其冷启动问题。本质上，我们使用ALS（协作过滤）的输出来影响深度神经网络（DNN）的建议，该建议结合了大数据处理框架中的特征，上下文，结构和顺序信息。我们已经进行了几项实验，以测试拟议混合体架构向潜在客户推荐智能手机的功效，并将其性能与其他开源推荐人进行比较。结果表明，所提出的系统的表现优于几个现有的混合推荐系统。

In recent years, deep neural networks have yielded immense success on speech recognition, computer vision and natural language processing. However, the exploration of deep neural networks on recommender systems has received relatively less scrutiny. In this work, we strive to develop techniques based on neural networks to tackle the key problem in recommendation -collaborative filtering -on the basis of implicit feedback.Although some recent work has employed deep learning for recommendation, they primarily used it to model auxiliary information, such as textual descriptions of items and acoustic features of musics. When it comes to model the key factor in collaborative filtering -the interaction between user and item features, they still resorted to matrix factorization and applied an inner product on the latent features of users and items.By replacing the inner product with a neural architecture that can learn an arbitrary function from data, we present a general framework named NCF, short for Neural networkbased Collaborative Filtering. NCF is generic and can express and generalize matrix factorization under its framework. To supercharge NCF modelling with non-linearities, we propose to leverage a multi-layer perceptron to learn the user-item interaction function. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets show significant improvements of our proposed NCF framework over the state-of-the-art methods. Empirical evidence shows that using deeper layers of neural networks offers better recommendation performance.

Building a successful recommender system depends on understanding both the dimensions of people's preferences as well as their dynamics. In certain domains, such as fashion, modeling such preferences can be incredibly difficult, due to the need to simultaneously model the visual appearance of products as well as their evolution over time. The subtle semantics and non-linear dynamics of fashion evolution raise unique challenges especially considering the sparsity and large scale of the underlying datasets. In this paper we build novel models for the One-Class Collaborative Filtering setting, where our goal is to estimate users' fashion-aware personalized ranking functions based on their past feedback. To uncover the complex and evolving visual factors that people consider when evaluating products, our method combines high-level visual features extracted from a deep convolutional neural network, users' past feedback, as well as evolving trends within the community. Experimentally we evaluate our method on two large real-world datasets from Amazon.com, where we show it to outperform stateof-the-art personalized ranking measures, and also use it to visualize the high-level fashion trends across the 11-year span of our dataset.

神经网络嵌入的成功使人们对使用知识图进行各种机器学习和信息检索任务产生了重新兴趣。特别是，基于图形嵌入的当前建议方法已显示出最新的性能。这些方法通常编码潜在的评级模式和内容功能。与以前的工作不同，在本文中，我们建议利用从图表中提取的嵌入，这些嵌入结合了从评分中的信息和文本评论中表达的基于方面的意见。然后，我们根据亚马逊和Yelp评论在六个域上生成的图表调整和评估最新的图形嵌入技术，优于基线推荐器。我们的方法具有提供解释的优势，该解释利用了用户对推荐项目的基于方面的意见。此外，我们还提供了使用方面意见作为可视化仪表板中的解释的建议的适用性的示例，该说明允许获取有关从输入图的嵌入中获得的有关类似用户的最喜欢和最不喜欢的方面的信息。

推荐系统，也称为推荐系统，是一种信息过滤系统，其尝试预测用户的额定值或偏好。本文根据类型，Pearson相关系数，基于KNN的基于KNN的基于KNN的滤波，使用TFIDF和SVD，基于TFIDF和SVD的协作滤波，基于TFIDF和SVD，基于TFIDF和SVD，基于TFIDF和SVD，基于SVD，基于TFIDF和SVD，基于SVD的协作的推荐系统技术来设计和实现完整的电影推荐系统原型。除此之外，我们还提供了一种新颖的想法，适用机器学习技术，基于流派构建电影的集群，然后观察定义了截线的惯性数量。已经描述了本工作中讨论的方法的约束，以及一个策略如何克服另一个策略的缺点。在集团镜头网站上的数据集电影镜片上完成了整个工作，其中包含100836个额定值和3683个TAG应用程序，跨越9742部电影。这些数据是由610年3月29日的610名用户在2018年3月29日和2018年9月24日创建。

Recommender systems can strongly influence which information we see online, e.g., on social media, and thus impact our beliefs, decisions, and actions. At the same time, these systems can create substantial business value for different stakeholders. Given the growing potential impact of such AI-based systems on individuals, organizations, and society, questions of fairness have gained increased attention in recent years. However, research on fairness in recommender systems is still a developing area. In this survey, we first review the fundamental concepts and notions of fairness that were put forward in the area in the recent past. Afterward, through a review of more than 150 scholarly publications, we present an overview of how research in this field is currently operationalized, e.g., in terms of general research methodology, fairness measures, and algorithmic approaches. Overall, our analysis of recent works points to specific research gaps. In particular, we find that in many research works in computer science, very abstract problem operationalizations are prevalent, and questions of the underlying normative claims and what represents a fair recommendation in the context of a given application are often not discussed in depth. These observations call for more interdisciplinary research to address fairness in recommendation in a more comprehensive and impactful manner.

Many existing approaches to collaborative filtering can neither handle very large datasets nor easily deal with users who have very few ratings. In this paper we present the Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (PMF) model which scales linearly with the number of observations and, more importantly, performs well on the large, sparse, and very imbalanced Netflix dataset. We further extend the PMF model to include an adaptive prior on the model parameters and show how the model capacity can be controlled automatically. Finally, we introduce a constrained version of the PMF model that is based on the assumption that users who have rated similar sets of movies are likely to have similar preferences. The resulting model is able to generalize considerably better for users with very few ratings. When the predictions of multiple PMF models are linearly combined with the predictions of Restricted Boltzmann Machines models, we achieve an error rate of 0.8861, that is nearly 7% better than the score of Netflix's own system.

在媒体流媒体的普及之后，许多视频流服务是不断购买新的视频内容来挖掘它们的潜在利润。因此，必须处理新添加的内容，以便建议给合适的用户。在本文中，我们通过探索各种深度学习功能提供视频建议的潜力来解决新的项目冷启动问题。调查的深度学习功能包括从视频内容中捕获视觉外观，音频和运动信息的功能。我们还探讨了不同的融合方法来评估这些功能模式如何组合以完全利用它们捕获的互补信息。关于电影建议的真实视频数据集的实验表明，深度学习功能优于手工制作的功能。特别是，使用深度学习音频功能和以自行信型的深度学习功能生成的建议优于MFCC和最先进的IDT功能。此外，与手工制作特征和文本元数据的各种深度学习特征的组合产生了显着的建议改善，而不是仅相结合的前者。

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by collaborative filtering, we define a general class of models that includes many MIRT models. We discuss the use of penalized joint maximum likelihood (JML) to estimate individual models and cross-validation to select the best performing model. This model evaluation process can be optimized using batching techniques, such that even sparse large-scale data can be analyzed efficiently. We illustrate our approach with simulated and real data, including an example from a massive open online course (MOOC). The high-dimensional model fit to this large and sparse dataset does not lend itself well to traditional methods of factor interpretation. By analogy to recommender-system applications, we propose an alternative "validation" of the factor model, using auxiliary information about the popularity of items consulted during an open-book exam in the course.