跨域多式分类是一个具有挑战性的问题,要求快速域适应以处理在永无止境和快速变化的环境中的不同但相关的流。尽管现有的多式分类器在目标流中没有标记的样品,但它们仍然会产生昂贵的标签成本,因为它们需要完全标记的源流样品。本文旨在攻击跨域多发行分类问题中极端标签短缺问题的问题,在过程运行之前,仅提供了很少的标记源流样品。我们的解决方案,即从部分地面真理(Leopard)中学习的流流过程,建立在一个灵活的深度聚类网络上,在该网络中,其隐藏的节点,层和簇被添加并在不同的数据分布方面动态删除。同时的特征学习和聚类技术为群集友好的潜在空间提供了同时的特征学习和聚类技术的基础。域的适应策略依赖于对抗域的适应技术,在该技术中,训练特征提取器以欺骗域分类器对源和目标流进行分类。我们的数值研究证明了豹子的功效,在24例中,与突出算法相比,它可以提高性能的改善。豹子的源代码在\ url {https://github.com/wengweng001/leopard.git}中共享。
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Transfer learning aims at improving the performance of target learners on target domains by transferring the knowledge contained in different but related source domains. In this way, the dependence on a large number of target domain data can be reduced for constructing target learners. Due to the wide application prospects, transfer learning has become a popular and promising area in machine learning. Although there are already some valuable and impressive surveys on transfer learning, these surveys introduce approaches in a relatively isolated way and lack the recent advances in transfer learning. Due to the rapid expansion of the transfer learning area, it is both necessary and challenging to comprehensively review the relevant studies. This survey attempts to connect and systematize the existing transfer learning researches, as well as to summarize and interpret the mechanisms and the strategies of transfer learning in a comprehensive way, which may help readers have a better understanding of the current research status and ideas. Unlike previous surveys, this survey paper reviews more than forty representative transfer learning approaches, especially homogeneous transfer learning approaches, from the perspectives of data and model. The applications of transfer learning are also briefly introduced. In order to show the performance of different transfer learning models, over twenty representative transfer learning models are used for experiments. The models are performed on three different datasets, i.e., Amazon Reviews, Reuters-21578, and Office-31. And the experimental results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate transfer learning models for different applications in practice.
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Domain adaptation aims at generalizing a high-performance learner on a target domain via utilizing the knowledge distilled from a source domain which has a different but related data distribution. One solution to domain adaptation is to learn domain invariant feature representations while the learned representations should also be discriminative in prediction. To learn such representations, domain adaptation frameworks usually include a domain invariant representation learning approach to measure and reduce the domain discrepancy, as well as a discriminator for classification. Inspired by Wasserstein GAN, in this paper we propose a novel approach to learn domain invariant feature representations, namely Wasserstein Distance Guided Representation Learning (WD-GRL). WDGRL utilizes a neural network, denoted by the domain critic, to estimate empirical Wasserstein distance between the source and target samples and optimizes the feature extractor network to minimize the estimated Wasserstein distance in an adversarial manner. The theoretical advantages of Wasserstein distance for domain adaptation lie in its gradient property and promising generalization bound. Empirical studies on common sentiment and image classification adaptation datasets demonstrate that our proposed WDGRL outperforms the state-of-the-art domain invariant representation learning approaches.
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虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据,但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是,在现实世界的应用中,不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限,手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是,模型性能因域之间的差异(域移位或数据集偏差)而劣化。为了克服注释的负担,域适应(DA)旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA(UDA)处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异,并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中,我们首先定义UDA问题。其次,我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后,我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。
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Deep domain adaptation has emerged as a new learning technique to address the lack of massive amounts of labeled data. Compared to conventional methods, which learn shared feature subspaces or reuse important source instances with shallow representations, deep domain adaptation methods leverage deep networks to learn more transferable representations by embedding domain adaptation in the pipeline of deep learning. There have been comprehensive surveys for shallow domain adaptation, but few timely reviews the emerging deep learning based methods. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of deep domain adaptation methods for computer vision applications with four major contributions. First, we present a taxonomy of different deep domain adaptation scenarios according to the properties of data that define how two domains are diverged. Second, we summarize deep domain adaptation approaches into several categories based on training loss, and analyze and compare briefly the state-of-the-art methods under these categories. Third, we overview the computer vision applications that go beyond image classification, such as face recognition, semantic segmentation and object detection. Fourth, some potential deficiencies of current methods and several future directions are highlighted.
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对抗性持续学习对于持续学习问题有效,因为存在特征对齐过程,从而产生了对灾难性遗忘问题敏感性低的任务不变特征。然而,ACL方法施加了相当大的复杂性,因为它依赖于特定于任务的网络和歧视器。它还经历了一个迭代培训过程,该过程不适合在线(单周)持续学习问题。本文提出了一种可扩展的对抗性持续学习(比例)方法,提出了一个参数生成器,将共同特征转换为特定于任务的功能,并在对抗性游戏中进行单个歧视器,以诱导共同的特征。训练过程是在元学习时尚中使用三个损失功能组合进行的。缩放比例优于明显的基线,其准确性和执行时间都明显。
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半监督域适应(SSDA)是一种具有挑战性的问题,需要克服1)以朝向域的较差的数据和2)分布换档的方法。不幸的是,由于培训数据偏差朝标标样本训练,域适应(DA)和半监督学习(SSL)方法的简单组合通常无法解决这两个目的。在本文中,我们介绍了一种自适应结构学习方法,以规范SSL和DA的合作。灵感来自多视图学习,我们建议的框架由共享特征编码器网络和两个分类器网络组成,用于涉及矛盾的目的。其中,其中一个分类器被应用于组目标特征以提高级别的密度,扩大了鲁棒代表学习的分类集群的间隙。同时,其他分类器作为符号器,试图散射源功能以增强决策边界的平滑度。目标聚类和源扩展的迭代使目标特征成为相应源点的扩张边界内的封闭良好。对于跨域特征对齐和部分标记的数据学习的联合地址,我们应用最大平均差异(MMD)距离最小化和自培训(ST)将矛盾结构投影成共享视图以进行可靠的最终决定。对标准SSDA基准的实验结果包括Domainnet和Office-Home,展示了我们对最先进的方法的方法的准确性和稳健性。
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We introduce a new representation learning approach for domain adaptation, in which data at training and test time come from similar but different distributions. Our approach is directly inspired by the theory on domain adaptation suggesting that, for effective domain transfer to be achieved, predictions must be made based on features that cannot discriminate between the training (source) and test (target) domains.The approach implements this idea in the context of neural network architectures that are trained on labeled data from the source domain and unlabeled data from the target domain (no labeled target-domain data is necessary). As the training progresses, the approach promotes the emergence of features that are (i) discriminative for the main learning task on the source domain and (ii) indiscriminate with respect to the shift between the domains. We show that this adaptation behaviour can be achieved in almost any feed-forward model by augmenting it with few standard layers and a new gradient reversal layer. The resulting augmented architecture can be trained using standard backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent, and can thus be implemented with little effort using any of the deep learning packages.We demonstrate the success of our approach for two distinct classification problems (document sentiment analysis and image classification), where state-of-the-art domain adaptation performance on standard benchmarks is achieved. We also validate the approach for descriptor learning task in the context of person re-identification application.
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睡眠分期在诊断和治疗睡眠障碍中非常重要。最近,已经提出了许多数据驱动的深度学习模型,用于自动睡眠分期。他们主要在一个大型公共标签的睡眠数据集上训练该模型,并在较小的主题上对其进行测试。但是,他们通常认为火车和测试数据是从相同的分布中绘制的,这可能在现实世界中不存在。最近已经开发了无监督的域适应性(UDA)来处理此域移位问题。但是,以前用于睡眠分期的UDA方法具有两个主要局限性。首先,他们依靠一个完全共享的模型来对齐,该模型可能会在功能提取过程中丢失特定于域的信息。其次,它们仅在全球范围内将源和目标分布对齐,而无需考虑目标域中的类信息,从而阻碍了测试时模型的分类性能。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个名为Adast的新型对抗性学习框架,以解决未标记的目标域中的域转移问题。首先,我们开发了一个未共享的注意机制,以保留两个领域中的域特异性特征。其次,我们设计了一种迭代自我训练策略,以通过目标域伪标签提高目标域上的分类性能。我们还建议双重分类器,以提高伪标签的鲁棒性和质量。在六个跨域场景上的实验结果验证了我们提出的框架的功效及其优于最先进的UDA方法。源代码可在https://github.com/emadeldeen24/adast上获得。
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The standard closed-set domain adaptation approaches seek to mitigate distribution discrepancies between two domains under the constraint of both sharing identical label sets. However, in realistic scenarios, finding an optimal source domain with identical label space is a challenging task. Partial domain adaptation alleviates this problem of procuring a labeled dataset with identical label space assumptions and addresses a more practical scenario where the source label set subsumes the target label set. This, however, presents a few additional obstacles during adaptation. Samples with categories private to the source domain thwart relevant knowledge transfer and degrade model performance. In this work, we try to address these issues by coupling variational information and adversarial learning with a pseudo-labeling technique to enforce class distribution alignment and minimize the transfer of superfluous information from the source samples. The experimental findings in numerous cross-domain classification tasks demonstrate that the proposed technique delivers superior and comparable accuracy to existing methods.
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特征表示的相似性在与域适应有关的问题的成功中起着枢转作用。特征相似性包括边际分布的不变性以及给定所需响应$ Y $(例如,类标签)的条件分布的闭合性。不幸的是,传统方法始终学习此类功能,而无需完全考虑到$ Y $以$ y $以$ y $考虑到信息,这又可能导致条件分布的不匹配或歧视结构的歧视结构的混合。在这项工作中,我们介绍了最近提出的冯Neumann有条件分歧,以提高多个域的可转移。我们表明,这种新的分歧是可差异的,并且有资格容易地量化功能与$ y $之间的功能依赖性。给定多个源任务时,我们将这种分歧整合到捕获$ y $,并且设计新颖的学习目标,假设这些源任务同时或顺序观察。在这两种情况下,我们在新任务的较小概括误差方面获得了对最先进的方法的有利性能,以及在源任务上丢失的灾难性遗忘的较少(在顺序设置中)。
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Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.
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语义分割在广泛的计算机视觉应用中起着基本作用,提供了全球对图像​​的理解的关键信息。然而,最先进的模型依赖于大量的注释样本,其比在诸如图像分类的任务中获得更昂贵的昂贵的样本。由于未标记的数据替代地获得更便宜,因此无监督的域适应达到了语义分割社区的广泛成功并不令人惊讶。本调查致力于总结这一令人难以置信的快速增长的领域的五年,这包含了语义细分本身的重要性,以及将分段模型适应新环境的关键需求。我们提出了最重要的语义分割方法;我们对语义分割的域适应技术提供了全面的调查;我们揭示了多域学习,域泛化,测试时间适应或无源域适应等较新的趋势;我们通过描述在语义细分研究中最广泛使用的数据集和基准测试来结束本调查。我们希望本调查将在学术界和工业中提供具有全面参考指导的研究人员,并有助于他们培养现场的新研究方向。
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最近的智能故障诊断(IFD)的进展大大依赖于深度代表学习和大量标记数据。然而,机器通常以各种工作条件操作,或者目标任务具有不同的分布,其中包含用于训练的收集数据(域移位问题)。此外,目标域中的新收集的测试数据通常是未标记的,导致基于无监督的深度转移学习(基于UDTL为基础的)IFD问题。虽然它已经实现了巨大的发展,但标准和开放的源代码框架以及基于UDTL的IFD的比较研究尚未建立。在本文中,我们根据不同的任务,构建新的分类系统并对基于UDTL的IFD进行全面审查。对一些典型方法和数据集的比较分析显示了基于UDTL的IFD中的一些开放和基本问题,这很少研究,包括特征,骨干,负转移,物理前导等的可转移性,强调UDTL的重要性和再现性 - 基于IFD,整个测试框架将发布给研究界以促进未来的研究。总之,发布的框架和比较研究可以作为扩展界面和基本结果,以便对基于UDTL的IFD进行新的研究。代码框架可用于\ url {https:/github.com/zhaozhibin/udtl}。
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Domain adaptation methods reduce domain shift typically by learning domain-invariant features. Most existing methods are built on distribution matching, e.g., adversarial domain adaptation, which tends to corrupt feature discriminability. In this paper, we propose Discriminative Radial Domain Adaptation (DRDR) which bridges source and target domains via a shared radial structure. It's motivated by the observation that as the model is trained to be progressively discriminative, features of different categories expand outwards in different directions, forming a radial structure. We show that transferring such an inherently discriminative structure would enable to enhance feature transferability and discriminability simultaneously. Specifically, we represent each domain with a global anchor and each category a local anchor to form a radial structure and reduce domain shift via structure matching. It consists of two parts, namely isometric transformation to align the structure globally and local refinement to match each category. To enhance the discriminability of the structure, we further encourage samples to cluster close to the corresponding local anchors based on optimal-transport assignment. Extensively experimenting on multiple benchmarks, our method is shown to consistently outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on varied tasks, including the typical unsupervised domain adaptation, multi-source domain adaptation, domain-agnostic learning, and domain generalization.
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监督学习的关键假设是培训和测试数据遵循相同的概率分布。然而,这种基本假设在实践中并不总是满足,例如,由于不断变化的环境,样本选择偏差,隐私问题或高标签成本。转移学习(TL)放松这种假设,并允许我们在分销班次下学习。通常依赖于重要性加权的经典TL方法 - 基于根据重要性(即测试过度训练密度比率)的训练损失培训预测器。然而,由于现实世界机器学习任务变得越来越复杂,高维和动态,探讨了新的新方法,以应对这些挑战最近。在本文中,在介绍基于重要性加权的TL基础之后,我们根据关节和动态重要预测估计审查最近的进步。此外,我们介绍一种因果机制转移方法,该方法包含T1中的因果结构。最后,我们讨论了TL研究的未来观点。
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无监督域适应(UDA)旨在将知识从标记的源域传输到未标记的目标域。传统上,基于子空间的方法为此问题形成了一类重要的解决方案。尽管他们的数学优雅和易腐烂性,但这些方法通常被发现在产生具有复杂的现实世界数据集的领域不变的功能时无效。由于近期具有深度网络的代表学习的最新进展,本文重新访问了UDA的子空间对齐,提出了一种新的适应算法,始终如一地导致改进的泛化。与现有的基于对抗培训的DA方法相比,我们的方法隔离了特征学习和分配对准步骤,并利用主要辅助优化策略来有效地平衡域不契约的目标和模型保真度。在提供目标数据和计算要求的显着降低的同时,基于子空间的DA竞争性,有时甚至优于几种标准UDA基准测试的最先进的方法。此外,子空间对准导致本质上定期的模型,即使在具有挑战性的部分DA设置中,也表现出强大的泛化。最后,我们的UDA框架的设计本身支持对测试时间的新目标域的逐步适应,而无需从头开始重新检测模型。总之,由强大的特征学习者和有效的优化策略提供支持,我们将基于子空间的DA建立为可视识别的高效方法。
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无监督的域适应性(UDA)已成功地应用于没有标签的标记源域转移到目标域的知识。最近引入了可转移的原型网络(TPN),进一步解决了班级条件比对。在TPN中,虽然在潜在空间中明确执行了源和目标域之间的类中心的接近度,但尚未完全研究基础的细颗粒亚型结构和跨域紧凑性。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新方法,以适应性地执行细粒度的亚型意识对准,以提高目标域的性能,而无需两个域中的子类型标签。我们方法的见解是,由于不同的条件和标签变化,同类中未标记的亚型在亚型内具有局部接近性,同时表现出不同的特征。具体而言,我们建议通过使用中间伪标签同时执行亚型的紧凑度和阶级分离。此外,我们系统地研究了有或不具有亚型数字的各种情况,并建议利用基本的亚型结构。此外,开发了一个动态队列框架,以使用替代处理方案稳步地进化亚型簇质心。与最先进的UDA方法相比,使用多视图的先天性心脏病数据和VISDA和域进行了实验结果,显示了我们的亚型意识UDA的有效性和有效性。
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大多数现代无人监督域适应(UDA)方法源于域对齐,即,学习源和目标功能,使用源标签学习目标域分类器。在半监督域适应(SSDA)中,当学习者可以访问少量目标域标签时,先前的方法遵循UDA理论以使用域对齐进行学习。我们表明SSDA的情况是不同的,并且可以在不需要对齐的情况下学习良好的目标分类器。我们使用自我监督的预测(通过旋转预测)和一致性正则化来实现良好的分开的目标集群,同时在学习低误差目标分类器时。凭借我们预先推价和一致性(PAC)方法,我们在该半监控域适应任务上实现了最新的目标准确性,超过了多个数据集的多个对抗域对齐方法。 PAC,同时使用简单的技术,对DomainNet和Visda-17等大而挑战的SSDA基准进行了非常好的,通常通过相当的边距来表现最近的艺术状态。我们的实验代码可以在https://github.com/venkatesh-saligrama/pac找到
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最近,面部生物识别是对传统认证系统的方便替代的巨大关注。因此,检测恶意尝试已经发现具有重要意义,导致面部抗欺骗〜(FAS),即面部呈现攻击检测。与手工制作的功能相反,深度特色学习和技术已经承诺急剧增加FAS系统的准确性,解决了实现这种系统的真实应用的关键挑战。因此,处理更广泛的发展以及准确的模型的新研究区越来越多地引起了研究界和行业的关注。在本文中,我们为自2017年以来对与基于深度特征的FAS方法相关的文献综合调查。在这一主题上阐明,基于各种特征和学习方法的语义分类。此外,我们以时间顺序排列,其进化进展和评估标准(数据集内集和数据集互联集合中集)覆盖了FAS的主要公共数据集。最后,我们讨论了开放的研究挑战和未来方向。
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