特征表示的相似性在与域适应有关的问题的成功中起着枢转作用。特征相似性包括边际分布的不变性以及给定所需响应$ Y $（例如，类标签）的条件分布的闭合性。不幸的是，传统方法始终学习此类功能，而无需完全考虑到$ Y $以$ y $以$ y $考虑到信息，这又可能导致条件分布的不匹配或歧视结构的歧视结构的混合。在这项工作中，我们介绍了最近提出的冯Neumann有条件分歧，以提高多个域的可转移。我们表明，这种新的分歧是可差异的，并且有资格容易地量化功能与$ y $之间的功能依赖性。给定多个源任务时，我们将这种分歧整合到捕获$ y $，并且设计新颖的学习目标，假设这些源任务同时或顺序观察。在这两种情况下，我们在新任务的较小概括误差方面获得了对最先进的方法的有利性能，以及在源任务上丢失的灾难性遗忘的较少（在顺序设置中）。

Survival analysis is the branch of statistics that studies the relation between the characteristics of living entities and their respective survival times, taking into account the partial information held by censored cases. A good analysis can, for example, determine whether one medical treatment for a group of patients is better than another. With the rise of machine learning, survival analysis can be modeled as learning a function that maps studied patients to their survival times. To succeed with that, there are three crucial issues to be tackled. First, some patient data is censored: we do not know the true survival times for all patients. Second, data is scarce, which led past research to treat different illness types as domains in a multi-task setup. Third, there is the need for adaptation to new or extremely rare illness types, where little or no labels are available. In contrast to previous multi-task setups, we want to investigate how to efficiently adapt to a new survival target domain from multiple survival source domains. For this, we introduce a new survival metric and the corresponding discrepancy measure between survival distributions. These allow us to define domain adaptation for survival analysis while incorporating censored data, which would otherwise have to be dropped. Our experiments on two cancer data sets reveal a superb performance on target domains, a better treatment recommendation, and a weight matrix with a plausible explanation.

Domain adaptation aims at generalizing a high-performance learner on a target domain via utilizing the knowledge distilled from a source domain which has a different but related data distribution. One solution to domain adaptation is to learn domain invariant feature representations while the learned representations should also be discriminative in prediction. To learn such representations, domain adaptation frameworks usually include a domain invariant representation learning approach to measure and reduce the domain discrepancy, as well as a discriminator for classification. Inspired by Wasserstein GAN, in this paper we propose a novel approach to learn domain invariant feature representations, namely Wasserstein Distance Guided Representation Learning (WD-GRL). WDGRL utilizes a neural network, denoted by the domain critic, to estimate empirical Wasserstein distance between the source and target samples and optimizes the feature extractor network to minimize the estimated Wasserstein distance in an adversarial manner. The theoretical advantages of Wasserstein distance for domain adaptation lie in its gradient property and promising generalization bound. Empirical studies on common sentiment and image classification adaptation datasets demonstrate that our proposed WDGRL outperforms the state-of-the-art domain invariant representation learning approaches.

所有著名的机器学习算法构成了受监督和半监督的学习工作，只有在一个共同的假设下：培训和测试数据遵循相同的分布。当分布变化时，大多数统计模型必须从新收集的数据中重建，对于某些应用程序，这些数据可能是昂贵或无法获得的。因此，有必要开发方法，以减少在相关领域中可用的数据并在相似领域中进一步使用这些数据，从而减少需求和努力获得新的标签样品。这引起了一个新的机器学习框架，称为转移学习：一种受人类在跨任务中推断知识以更有效学习的知识能力的学习环境。尽管有大量不同的转移学习方案，但本调查的主要目的是在特定的，可以说是最受欢迎的转移学习中最受欢迎的次级领域，概述最先进的理论结果，称为域适应。在此子场中，假定数据分布在整个培训和测试数据中发生变化，而学习任务保持不变。我们提供了与域适应性问题有关的现有结果的首次最新描述，该结果涵盖了基于不同统计学习框架的学习界限。

对抗性学习策略在处理单源域适应（DA）问题时表现出显着的性能，并且最近已应用于多源DA（MDA）问题。虽然大多数现有的MDA策略依赖于多个域歧视员设置，但其对潜伏空间表示的影响已经不知识。在这里，我们采用了一种信息 - 理论方法来识别和解决MDA上多个域鉴别器的潜在不利影响：域歧视信息的解体，有限的计算可扩展性以及培训期间损失梯度的大方差。我们在信息正规化的背景下通过情况进行对抗性DA来检查上述问题。这还提供了使用单一和统一域鉴别器的理论正当理由。基于这个想法，我们实施了一种名为多源信息正规化适应网络（MIAN）的新型神经结构。大规模实验表明，尽管其结构简洁，可靠，可显着优于其他最先进的方法。

监督学习的关键假设是培训和测试数据遵循相同的概率分布。然而，这种基本假设在实践中并不总是满足，例如，由于不断变化的环境，样本选择偏差，隐私问题或高标签成本。转移学习（TL）放松这种假设，并允许我们在分销班次下学习。通常依赖于重要性加权的经典TL方法 - 基于根据重要性（即测试过度训练密度比率）的训练损失培训预测器。然而，由于现实世界机器学习任务变得越来越复杂，高维和动态，探讨了新的新方法，以应对这些挑战最近。在本文中，在介绍基于重要性加权的TL基础之后，我们根据关节和动态重要预测估计审查最近的进步。此外，我们介绍一种因果机制转移方法，该方法包含T1中的因果结构。最后，我们讨论了TL研究的未来观点。

最近，使用自动编码器（由使用神经网络建模的编码器，渠道和解码器组成）的通信系统的端到端学习问题最近被证明是一种有希望的方法。实际采用这种学习方法面临的挑战是，在变化的渠道条件（例如无线链接）下，它需要经常对自动编码器进行重新训练，以保持低解码错误率。由于重新培训既耗时又需要大量样本，因此当通道分布迅速变化时，它变得不切实际。我们建议使用不更改编码器和解码器网络的快速和样本（几射击）域的适应方法来解决此问题。不同于常规的训练时间无监督或半监督域的适应性，在这里，我们有一个训练有素的自动编码器，来自源分布，我们希望（在测试时间）使用仅使用一个小标记的数据集和无标记的数据来适应（测试时间）到目标分布。我们的方法着重于基于高斯混合物网络的通道模型，并根据类和组件条件仿射变换制定其适应性。学习的仿射转换用于设计解码器的最佳输入转换以补偿分布变化，并有效地呈现在接近源分布的解码器输入中。在实际MMWAVE FPGA设置以及无线设置共有的许多模拟分布变化上，使用非常少量的目标域样本来证明我们方法在适应时的有效性。

已知生物制剂在他们的生活过程中学习许多不同的任务，并且能够重新审视以前的任务和行为，而没有表现不损失。相比之下，人工代理容易出于“灾难性遗忘”，在以前任务上的性能随着所获取的新的任务而恶化。最近使用该方法通过鼓励参数保持接近以前任务的方法来解决此缺点。这可以通过（i）使用特定的参数正常数来完成，该参数正常数是在参数空间中映射合适的目的地，或（ii）通过将渐变投影到不会干扰先前任务的子空间来指导优化旅程。然而，这些方法通常在前馈和经常性神经网络中表现出子分子表现，并且经常性网络对支持生物持续学习的神经动力学研究感兴趣。在这项工作中，我们提出了自然的持续学习（NCL），一种统一重量正则化和预测梯度下降的新方法。 NCL使用贝叶斯重量正常化来鼓励在收敛的所有任务上进行良好的性能，并将其与梯度投影结合使用先前的精度，这可以防止在优化期间陷入灾难性遗忘。当应用于前馈和经常性网络中的连续学习问题时，我们的方法占据了标准重量正则化技术和投影的方法。最后，训练有素的网络演变了特定于任务特定的动态，这些动态被认为是学习的新任务，类似于生物电路中的实验结果。

Incremental learning (IL) has received a lot of attention recently, however, the literature lacks a precise problem definition, proper evaluation settings, and metrics tailored specifically for the IL problem. One of the main objectives of this work is to fill these gaps so as to provide a common ground for better understanding of IL. The main challenge for an IL algorithm is to update the classifier whilst preserving existing knowledge. We observe that, in addition to forgetting, a known issue while preserving knowledge, IL also suffers from a problem we call intransigence, inability of a model to update its knowledge. We introduce two metrics to quantify forgetting and intransigence that allow us to understand, analyse, and gain better insights into the behaviour of IL algorithms. We present RWalk, a generalization of EWC++ (our efficient version of EWC [7]) and Path Integral [26] with a theoretically grounded KL-divergence based perspective. We provide a thorough analysis of various IL algorithms on MNIST and CIFAR-100 datasets. In these experiments, RWalk obtains superior results in terms of accuracy, and also provides a better trade-off between forgetting and intransigence.

Transfer learning aims at improving the performance of target learners on target domains by transferring the knowledge contained in different but related source domains. In this way, the dependence on a large number of target domain data can be reduced for constructing target learners. Due to the wide application prospects, transfer learning has become a popular and promising area in machine learning. Although there are already some valuable and impressive surveys on transfer learning, these surveys introduce approaches in a relatively isolated way and lack the recent advances in transfer learning. Due to the rapid expansion of the transfer learning area, it is both necessary and challenging to comprehensively review the relevant studies. This survey attempts to connect and systematize the existing transfer learning researches, as well as to summarize and interpret the mechanisms and the strategies of transfer learning in a comprehensive way, which may help readers have a better understanding of the current research status and ideas. Unlike previous surveys, this survey paper reviews more than forty representative transfer learning approaches, especially homogeneous transfer learning approaches, from the perspectives of data and model. The applications of transfer learning are also briefly introduced. In order to show the performance of different transfer learning models, over twenty representative transfer learning models are used for experiments. The models are performed on three different datasets, i.e., Amazon Reviews, Reuters-21578, and Office-31. And the experimental results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate transfer learning models for different applications in practice.

虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据，但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是，在现实世界的应用中，不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限，手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是，模型性能因域之间的差异（域移位或数据集偏差）而劣化。为了克服注释的负担，域适应（DA）旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA（UDA）处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异，并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中，我们首先定义UDA问题。其次，我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后，我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。

Conventional unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) assumes that training data are sampled from a single domain. This neglects the more practical scenario where training data are collected from multiple sources, requiring multi-source domain adaptation. We make three major contributions towards addressing this problem. First, we collect and annotate by far the largest UDA dataset, called DomainNet, which contains six domains and about 0.6 million images distributed among 345 categories, addressing the gap in data availability for multi-source UDA research. Second, we propose a new deep learning approach, Moment Matching for Multi-Source Domain Adaptation (M 3 SDA), which aims to transfer knowledge learned from multiple labeled source domains to an unlabeled target domain by dynamically aligning moments of their feature distributions. Third, we provide new theoretical insights specifically for moment matching approaches in both single and multiple source domain adaptation. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the power of our new dataset in benchmarking state-of-the-art multi-source domain adaptation methods, as well as the advantage of our proposed model. Dataset and Code are available at http://ai.bu.edu/M3SDA/

分发概括是将模型从实验室转移到现实世界时的关键挑战之一。现有努力主要侧重于源和目标域之间建立不变的功能。基于不变的功能，源域上的高性能分类可以在目标域上同样良好。换句话说，不变的功能是\ emph {transcorable}。然而，在实践中，没有完全可转换的功能，并且一些算法似乎学习比其他算法更学习“更可转移”的特征。我们如何理解和量化此类\ EMPH {可转录性}？在本文中，我们正式定义了一种可以量化和计算域泛化的可转换性。我们指出了与域之间的常见差异措施的差异和连接，例如总变化和Wassersein距离。然后，我们证明我们可以使用足够的样本估计我们的可转换性，并根据我们的可转移提供目标误差的新上限。经验上，我们评估现有算法学习的特征嵌入的可转换性，以获得域泛化。令人惊讶的是，我们发现许多算法并不完全学习可转让的功能，尽管很少有人仍然可以生存。鉴于此，我们提出了一种用于学习可转移功能的新算法，并在各种基准数据集中测试，包括RotationMnist，PACS，Office和Wilds-FMOW。实验结果表明，该算法在许多最先进的算法上实现了一致的改进，证实了我们的理论发现。

Recent work reported the label alignment property in a supervised learning setting: the vector of all labels in the dataset is mostly in the span of the top few singular vectors of the data matrix. Inspired by this observation, we derive a regularization method for unsupervised domain adaptation. Instead of regularizing representation learning as done by popular domain adaptation methods, we regularize the classifier so that the target domain predictions can to some extent ``align" with the top singular vectors of the unsupervised data matrix from the target domain. In a linear regression setting, we theoretically justify the label alignment property and characterize the optimality of the solution of our regularization by bounding its distance to the optimal solution. We conduct experiments to show that our method can work well on the label shift problems, where classic domain adaptation methods are known to fail. We also report mild improvement over domain adaptation baselines on a set of commonly seen MNIST-USPS domain adaptation tasks and on cross-lingual sentiment analysis tasks.

We introduce a new representation learning approach for domain adaptation, in which data at training and test time come from similar but different distributions. Our approach is directly inspired by the theory on domain adaptation suggesting that, for effective domain transfer to be achieved, predictions must be made based on features that cannot discriminate between the training (source) and test (target) domains.The approach implements this idea in the context of neural network architectures that are trained on labeled data from the source domain and unlabeled data from the target domain (no labeled target-domain data is necessary). As the training progresses, the approach promotes the emergence of features that are (i) discriminative for the main learning task on the source domain and (ii) indiscriminate with respect to the shift between the domains. We show that this adaptation behaviour can be achieved in almost any feed-forward model by augmenting it with few standard layers and a new gradient reversal layer. The resulting augmented architecture can be trained using standard backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent, and can thus be implemented with little effort using any of the deep learning packages.We demonstrate the success of our approach for two distinct classification problems (document sentiment analysis and image classification), where state-of-the-art domain adaptation performance on standard benchmarks is achieved. We also validate the approach for descriptor learning task in the context of person re-identification application.

This paper addresses the problem of unsupervised domain adaption from theoretical and algorithmic perspectives. Existing domain adaptation theories naturally imply minimax optimization algorithms, which connect well with the domain adaptation methods based on adversarial learning. However, several disconnections still exist and form the gap between theory and algorithm. We extend previous theories (Mansour et al., 2009c;Ben-David et al., 2010) to multiclass classification in domain adaptation, where classifiers based on the scoring functions and margin loss are standard choices in algorithm design. We introduce Margin Disparity Discrepancy, a novel measurement with rigorous generalization bounds, tailored to the distribution comparison with the asymmetric margin loss, and to the minimax optimization for easier training. Our theory can be seamlessly transformed into an adversarial learning algorithm for domain adaptation, successfully bridging the gap between theory and algorithm. A series of empirical studies show that our algorithm achieves the state of the art accuracies on challenging domain adaptation tasks.

利用来自多个域的标记数据来启用没有标签的另一个域中的预测是一个重大但充满挑战的问题。为了解决这个问题，我们介绍了框架Dapdag（\ textbf {d} omain \ textbf {a}通过\ textbf {p} daptation daptation daptation \ textbf {p} erturbed \ textbf {dag}重建），并建议学习对人群进行投入的自动化统计信息给定特征并重建有向的无环图（DAG）作为辅助任务。在观察到的变量中，允许有条件的分布在由潜在环境变量$ e $领导的域变化的变量中，假定基础DAG结构不变。编码器旨在用作$ e $的推理设备，而解码器重建每个观察到的变量，以其DAG中的图形父母和推断的$ e $进行。我们以端到端的方式共同训练编码器和解码器，并对具有混合变量的合成和真实数据集进行实验。经验结果表明，重建DAG有利于近似推断。此外，我们的方法可以在预测任务中与其他基准测试实现竞争性能，具有更好的适应能力，尤其是在目标领域与源域显着不同的目标领域。

传统的监督学习方法，尤其是深的学习方法，发现对分发超出（OOD）示例敏感，主要是因为所学习的表示与由于其域特异性相关性的变异因子混合了语义因素，而只有语义因子导致输出。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种基于因果推理的因果语义生成模型（CSG），以便分别建模两个因素，以及从单个训练域中的oo ood预测的制定方法，这是常见和挑战的。该方法基于因果不变原理，在变形贝斯中具有新颖的设计，用于高效学习和易于预测。从理论上讲，我们证明，在某些条件下，CSG可以通过拟合训练数据来识别语义因素，并且这种语义识别保证了泛化概率的界限和适应的成功。实证研究表明，改善了卓越的基线表现。

跨域多式分类是一个具有挑战性的问题，要求快速域适应以处理在永无止境和快速变化的环境中的不同但相关的流。尽管现有的多式分类器在目标流中没有标记的样品，但它们仍然会产生昂贵的标签成本，因为它们需要完全标记的源流样品。本文旨在攻击跨域多发行分类问题中极端标签短缺问题的问题，在过程运行之前，仅提供了很少的标记源流样品。我们的解决方案，即从部分地面真理（Leopard）中学习的流流过程，建立在一个灵活的深度聚类网络上，在该网络中，其隐藏的节点，层和簇被添加并在不同的数据分布方面动态删除。同时的特征学习和聚类技术为群集友好的潜在空间提供了同时的特征学习和聚类技术的基础。域的适应策略依赖于对抗域的适应技术，在该技术中，训练特征提取器以欺骗域分类器对源和目标流进行分类。我们的数值研究证明了豹子的功效，在24例中，与突出算法相比，它可以提高性能的改善。豹子的源代码在\ url {https://github.com/wengweng001/leopard.git}中共享。

Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.