获得具有语义注释的文本数据集是一个艰苦的过程，但对于自然语言过程（NLP）的监督培训至关重要。通常，在特定于域的上下文中开发和应用新的NLP管道通常需要定制设计的数据集来以监督机器学习方式解决NLP任务。当使用非英语语言进行医学数据处理时，这会暴露出几个次要和主要的相互联系的问题，例如缺乏任务匹配数据集以及特定于任务的预训练模型。在我们的工作中，我们建议利用审计的语言模型来培训数据获取，以便检索足够大的数据集，以训练更小，更有效的模型，以便使用特定的特定任务。为了证明您的方法的有效性，我们创建了一个自定义数据集，我们用来培训用于德国文本的医学模型，但在原则上我们的方法仍然不依赖语言。我们获得的数据集以及我们的预培训模型可在以下网址公开获取：https：//github.com/frankkramer-lab/gptnermed

我们提出了一个针对德国医学自然语言处理的统计模型，该模型训练了命名实体识别（NER），作为开放的公开模型。这项工作是我们第一个Gernerm模型的精致继任者，我们的工作大大优于我们的工作。我们证明了结合多种技术的有效性，以通过在预审预测的深度语言模型（LM），单词平衡和神经机器翻译上转移学习的方式来实现实体识别绩效。由于开放的公共医疗实体识别模型在德国文本上的稀疏情况，这项工作为医疗NLP作为基线模型的德国研究社区提供了好处。由于我们的模型基于公共英语数据，因此提供了其权重，而无需法律限制使用和分发。示例代码和统计模型可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/frankkramer-lab/gernermed-pp

与结构形式的结构良好的电子健康记录和数字方法集成的当前采用的现状和数字方法的集成通常被认为与使用传统的非结构化文本的患者数据文档相比较差。医疗数据分析领域的数据挖掘通常需要仅依赖于处理非结构化数据来检索相关数据。在自然语言处理（NLP）中，统计模型已在各种任务中成功示出，如语音部分标记，关系提取（RE）和命名实体识别（NER）。在这项工作中，我们呈现了专用于检测德语文本数据中的医疗实体类型的必要任务的第一个开放的神经NLP模型。在这里，我们避免了通过在自定义数据集上培训我们的模型通过佩戴的神经机翻译模型从公共可用数据集转换的自定义数据集中培训我们的模型来避免保护敏感患者数据的冲突和统计模型权重的出版。示例代码和统计模型可用于：https://github.com/frankkramer-lab/germed

We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.

背景：在信息提取和自然语言处理域中，可访问的数据集对于复制和比较结果至关重要。公开可用的实施和工具可以用作基准，并促进更复杂的应用程序的开发。但是，在临床文本处理的背景下，可访问数据集的数量很少 - 现有工具的数量也很少。主要原因之一是数据的敏感性。对于非英语语言，这个问题更为明显。方法：为了解决这种情况，我们介绍了一个工作台：德国临床文本处理模型的集合。这些模型接受了德国肾脏病报告的识别语料库的培训。结果：提出的模型为内域数据提供了有希望的结果。此外，我们表明我们的模型也可以成功应用于德语的其他生物医学文本。我们的工作台公开可用，因此可以开箱即用，或转移到相关问题上。

GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) is a large-scale autoregressive language model developed by OpenAI, which has demonstrated impressive few-shot performance on a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Hence, an intuitive application is to use it for data annotation. In this paper, we investigate whether GPT-3 can be used as a good data annotator for NLP tasks. Data annotation is the process of labeling data that could be used to train machine learning models. It is a crucial step in the development of NLP systems, as it allows the model to learn the relationship between the input data and the desired output. Given the impressive language capabilities of GPT-3, it is natural to wonder whether it can be used to effectively annotate data for NLP tasks. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of GPT-3 as a data annotator by comparing it with traditional data annotation methods and analyzing its output on a range of tasks. Through this analysis, we aim to provide insight into the potential of GPT-3 as a general-purpose data annotator in NLP.

由于结构化数据通常不足，因此在开发用于临床信息检索和决策支持系统模型时，需要从电子健康记录中的自由文本中提取标签。临床文本中最重要的上下文特性之一是否定，这表明没有发现。我们旨在通过比较荷兰临床注释中的三种否定检测方法来改善标签的大规模提取。我们使用Erasmus医疗中心荷兰临床语料库比较了基于ContextD的基于规则的方法，即使用MEDCAT和（Fineted）基于Roberta的模型的BilstM模型。我们发现，Bilstm和Roberta模型都在F1得分，精度和召回方面始终优于基于规则的模型。此外，我们将每个模型的分类错误系统地分类，这些错误可用于进一步改善特定应用程序的模型性能。在性能方面，将三个模型结合起来并不有益。我们得出的结论是，尤其是基于Bilstm和Roberta的模型在检测临床否定方面非常准确，但是最终，根据手头的用例，这三种方法最终都可以可行。

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

数据增强是自然语言处理（NLP）模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分，以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中，我们呈现NL-Cogmenter，这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架，它支持创建两个转换（对数据的修改）和过滤器（根据特定功能的数据拆分）。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器，用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构，Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用（\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter}）。

与标准命名实体识别（NER）相比，在历史文本中识别人，位置和组织是一个巨大的挑战。为了获得机器可读的语料库，通常需要扫描历史文本，并且需要执行光学特征识别（OCR）。结果，历史文献包含错误。此外，位置或组织等实体可以随着时间的推移而改变，这构成了另一个挑战。总体而言，历史文本带有几种特殊性，这些特殊性与现代文本有很大不同，并且在该领域几乎无法使用训练神经标记器的大型标记的Corpora。在这项工作中，我们通过培训大型历史语言模型来解决历史，英语，法语，瑞典语和芬兰语的历史文献。我们通过使用未标记的数据预处理语言模型来规避大量标记数据的需求。我们提出了Hmbert，这是一种历史多语言基于BERT的语言模型，并以多种不同大小的版本发布该模型。此外，我们通过解决下游NER作为今年HIPE-2022共享任务的一部分来评估HMBERT的能力，并提供详细的分析和见解。对于多种语言的经典评论粗粒ner挑战，我们的标记者Histeria的表现优于其他团队的三种语言中的其他团队的模型。

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.

In the absence of readily available labeled data for a given task and language, annotation projection has been proposed as one of the possible strategies to automatically generate annotated data which may then be used to train supervised systems. Annotation projection has often been formulated as the task of projecting, on parallel corpora, some labels from a source into a target language. In this paper we present T-Projection, a new approach for annotation projection that leverages large pretrained text2text language models and state-of-the-art machine translation technology. T-Projection decomposes the label projection task into two subtasks: (i) The candidate generation step, in which a set of projection candidates using a multilingual T5 model is generated and, (ii) the candidate selection step, in which the candidates are ranked based on translation probabilities. We evaluate our method in three downstream tasks and five different languages. Our results show that T-projection improves the average F1 score of previous methods by more than 8 points.

In the era of digital healthcare, the huge volumes of textual information generated every day in hospitals constitute an essential but underused asset that could be exploited with task-specific, fine-tuned biomedical language representation models, improving patient care and management. For such specialized domains, previous research has shown that fine-tuning models stemming from broad-coverage checkpoints can largely benefit additional training rounds over large-scale in-domain resources. However, these resources are often unreachable for less-resourced languages like Italian, preventing local medical institutions to employ in-domain adaptation. In order to reduce this gap, our work investigates two accessible approaches to derive biomedical language models in languages other than English, taking Italian as a concrete use-case: one based on neural machine translation of English resources, favoring quantity over quality; the other based on a high-grade, narrow-scoped corpus natively written in Italian, thus preferring quality over quantity. Our study shows that data quantity is a harder constraint than data quality for biomedical adaptation, but the concatenation of high-quality data can improve model performance even when dealing with relatively size-limited corpora. The models published from our investigations have the potential to unlock important research opportunities for Italian hospitals and academia. Finally, the set of lessons learned from the study constitutes valuable insights towards a solution to build biomedical language models that are generalizable to other less-resourced languages and different domain settings.

The widespread of offensive content online, such as hate speech and cyber-bullying, is a global phenomenon. This has sparked interest in the artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) communities, motivating the development of various systems trained to detect potentially harmful content automatically. These systems require annotated datasets to train the machine learning (ML) models. However, with a few notable exceptions, most datasets on this topic have dealt with English and a few other high-resource languages. As a result, the research in offensive language identification has been limited to these languages. This paper addresses this gap by tackling offensive language identification in Sinhala, a low-resource Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 17 million people in Sri Lanka. We introduce the Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset (SOLD) and present multiple experiments on this dataset. SOLD is a manually annotated dataset containing 10,000 posts from Twitter annotated as offensive and not offensive at both sentence-level and token-level, improving the explainability of the ML models. SOLD is the first large publicly available offensive language dataset compiled for Sinhala. We also introduce SemiSOLD, a larger dataset containing more than 145,000 Sinhala tweets, annotated following a semi-supervised approach.

A long-running goal of the clinical NLP community is the extraction of important variables trapped in clinical notes. However, roadblocks have included dataset shift from the general domain and a lack of public clinical corpora and annotations. In this work, we show that large language models, such as InstructGPT, perform well at zero- and few-shot information extraction from clinical text despite not being trained specifically for the clinical domain. Whereas text classification and generation performance have already been studied extensively in such models, here we additionally demonstrate how to leverage them to tackle a diverse set of NLP tasks which require more structured outputs, including span identification, token-level sequence classification, and relation extraction. Further, due to the dearth of available data to evaluate these systems, we introduce new datasets for benchmarking few-shot clinical information extraction based on a manual re-annotation of the CASI dataset for new tasks. On the clinical extraction tasks we studied, the GPT-3 systems significantly outperform existing zero- and few-shot baselines.

自然语言处理领域（NLP）最近看到使用预先接受训练的语言模型来解决几乎任何任务的大量变化。尽管对各种任务的基准数据集显示了很大的改进，但这些模型通常在非标准域中对临床领域的临床域进行次优，其中观察到预训练文件和目标文件之间的巨大差距。在本文中，我们的目标是通过对语言模型的域特定培训结束这种差距，我们调查其对多种下游任务和设置的影响。我们介绍了预先训练的Clin-X（临床XLM-R）语言模型，并展示了Clin-X如何通过两种语言的十个临床概念提取任务的大幅度优于其他预先训练的变压器模型。此外，我们展示了如何通过基于随机分裂和交叉句子上下文的集合来利用我们所提出的任务和语言 - 无人机模型架构进一步改善变压器模型。我们在低资源和转移设置中的研究显​​示，尽管只有250个标记的句子，但在只有250个标记的句子时，缺乏带注释数据的稳定模型表现。我们的结果突出了专业语言模型作为非标准域中的概念提取的Clin-X的重要性，但也表明我们的任务 - 无人机模型架构跨越测试任务和语言是强大的，以便域名或任务特定的适应不需要。 Clin-Xlanguage模型和用于微调和传输模型的源代码在https://github.com/boschresearch/clin\_x/和Huggingface模型集线器上公开使用。

GPT-3显示了培训的大规模语言模型（LMS）的卓越情调学习能力，培训数十亿规模数据。在这里，我们解决了GPT-3纸张报告的一些剩余问题，例如非英语LM，不同大小模型的性能，以及最近引入的迅速优化对上下文学习的效果。为实现这一目标，我们介绍了HyperClova，一个韩国VPT-3的韩国变体训练在一个以韩国为中心的560b标准的令牌。通过我们的韩国特定标记化，HyperClova与我们的培训配置增强，显示了韩国各种下游任务的最先进的上下游零射击和几秒钟学习表演。此外，我们展示了基于及时的学习的性能优势，并演示如何集成到迅速的工程管道中。然后，我们讨论了通过引入Hyperclova Studio，互动提示工程界面向ML的非专家提供AI原型设计能力来实现No Code AI范例的可能性。最后，我们展示了我们具有三个成功的内部应用程序的方法的潜力。

In this work, we present an evaluation of smaller BLOOM model variants (350m/560m and 1b3/1b7) on various natural language processing tasks. This includes GLUE - language understanding, prompt-based zero-shot and few-shot text classification and extraction, question answering, prompt-based text generation, and multi-lingual text classification to understand model strengths/weaknesses and behavior. Empirical results show that BLOOM variants under-perform on all GLUE tasks (except WNLI), question-answering, and text generation. The variants bloom for WNLI, with an accuracy of 56.3%, and for prompt-based few-shot text extraction on MIT Movies and ATIS datasets. The BLOOM variants on average have 7% greater accuracy over GPT-2 and GPT-Neo models on Director and Airline Name extraction from MIT Movies and ATIS datasets, respectively.

大型预先训练的语言模型已经显示了几次拍摄学习的承诺，只提供了几个任务特定示例给出了基于文本的任务。款式将很快解决到目前为止为人类研究助理保留的分类任务吗？现有的基准标记不设计用于衡量应用设置的进度，因此不要直接回答这个问题。 RAFT基准（现实世界注释的少量拍摄任务）侧重于自然发生的任务，并使用镜像部署的评估设置。 RAFT的基线评估揭示了当前技术斗争的地区：推理在许多班级的长篇文章和任务上。人类基线表明，非专家人类难以反映出一些分类任务，反映了现实世界的价值有时依赖于域名专业知识。甚至非专业人类基线F1分数超过GPT-3平均为0.11。 RAFT DataSets和排行榜将跟踪哪些模型改进在https://raft.elict.org中转化为现实世界的优势。

句子嵌入通常用于文本聚类和语义检索任务中。最先进的句子表示方法基于大量手动标记句子对集合的人工神经网络。高资源语言（例如英语或中文）可以使用足够数量的注释数据。在不太受欢迎的语言中，必须使用多语言模型，从而提供较低的性能。在本出版物中，我们通过提出一种培训有效的语言特定句子编码的方法来解决此问题，而无需手动标记数据。我们的方法是从句子对准双语文本语料库中自动构建释义对数据集。然后，我们使用收集的数据来微调具有附加复发池层的变压器语言模型。我们的句子编码器可以在不到一天的时间内在一张图形卡上进行培训，从而在各种句子级的任务上实现高性能。我们在波兰语中评估了八个语言任务的方法，并将其与最佳可用多语言句子编码器进行比较。